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  1. Article ; Online: Inactivation of the Basolateral Amygdala to Insular Cortex Pathway Makes Sign-Tracking Sensitive to Outcome Devaluation.

    Keefer, Sara E / Kochli, Daniel E / Calu, Donna J

    eNeuro

    2022  Volume 9, Issue 5

    Abstract: Goal-tracking (GT) rats are sensitive to Pavlovian outcome devaluation while sign-tracking (ST) rats are devaluation insensitive. During outcome devaluation, GT rats flexibly modify responding to cues based on the current value of the associated outcome. ...

    Abstract Goal-tracking (GT) rats are sensitive to Pavlovian outcome devaluation while sign-tracking (ST) rats are devaluation insensitive. During outcome devaluation, GT rats flexibly modify responding to cues based on the current value of the associated outcome. However, ST rats rigidly respond to cues regardless of the current outcome value. Prior work demonstrated disconnection of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and anterior insular cortex (aIC) decreased both GT and ST behaviors. Given the role of these regions in appetitive motivation and behavioral flexibility, we predicted that disrupting BLA to aIC pathway during outcome devaluation would reduce flexibility in GT rats and reduce rigid appetitive motivation in ST rats. We inhibited the BLA to aIC pathway by infusing inhibitory DREADDs (hM4Di-mcherry) or control (mCherry) virus into the BLA and implanted cannulae into the aIC to inhibit BLA terminals using intracranial injections of clozapine N-oxide (CNO). After training, we used a within
    MeSH term(s) Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Basolateral Nuclear Complex/physiology ; Insular Cortex ; Motivation ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2800598-3
    ISSN 2373-2822 ; 2373-2822
    ISSN (online) 2373-2822
    ISSN 2373-2822
    DOI 10.1523/ENEURO.0156-22.2022
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  2. Article ; Online: Investigating discriminative stimulus modulation of opioid seeking after conflict-induced abstinence in sign- and goal-tracking rats.

    Martin, David A / Keefer, Sara E / Calu, Donna J

    Psychopharmacology

    2022  Volume 239, Issue 10, Page(s) 3223–3236

    Abstract: Rationale: Discriminative stimuli (DS) are cues that predict reward availability. DS are resistant to extinction and motivate drug seeking even after long periods of abstinence. Previous studies have demonstrated that sign-tracking (ST) and goal- ... ...

    Abstract Rationale: Discriminative stimuli (DS) are cues that predict reward availability. DS are resistant to extinction and motivate drug seeking even after long periods of abstinence. Previous studies have demonstrated that sign-tracking (ST) and goal-tracking (GT) differences in Pavlovian approach predict distinct cue-modulated vulnerabilities to cocaine reinstatement. GT rats show heightened reinstatement to contextual and DS, while ST rats show heightened reinstatement to discrete stimuli. Here we examine whether DS modulate reinstatement after electric barrier-induced abstinence and whether tracking-related relapse vulnerabilities generalize to opioid relapse.
    Objectives: We examine whether DS-modulated reinstatement to fentanyl seeking persists in the presence of reduced adverse consequences after electric barrier-induced abstinence. We also examine whether tracking differences predict the magnitude of DS-modulated reinstatement of fentanyl seeking after electric barrier-induced abstinence.
    Methods: We used Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) training to determine sign-, goal-, and intermediate tracking groups in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. We then trained rats in a DS model of intermittent fentanyl self-administration, and extinguished drug seeking by imposing an electric barrier of increasing intensity. We then measured the level of DS-modulated reinstatement in the presence of a reduced electric barrier intensity.
    Results: We report that DS strongly modulate fentanyl seeking after electric barrier-induced abstinence. DS-modulation of fentanyl acquisition, electric barrier-induced abstinence, and reinstatement was similar for sign- and goal-tracking groups.
    Conclusions: Discriminative stimuli powerfully motivate opioid seeking, despite continued aversive consequences. Pavlovian approach differences do not predict the level of DS-modulated reinstatement to fentanyl seeking after conflict-induced abstinence.
    MeSH term(s) Analgesics, Opioid ; Animals ; Cocaine ; Female ; Fentanyl/pharmacology ; Goals ; Male ; Polyesters ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recurrence
    Chemical Substances Analgesics, Opioid ; Polyesters ; Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR) ; Fentanyl (UF599785JZ)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-16
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 130601-7
    ISSN 1432-2072 ; 0033-3158
    ISSN (online) 1432-2072
    ISSN 0033-3158
    DOI 10.1007/s00213-022-06204-7
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  3. Article ; Online: Probing the motivational circuitry of binge eating.

    Martin, David A / Calu, Donna J

    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

    2019  Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 577–578

    MeSH term(s) Binge-Eating Disorder ; Bulimia ; Humans ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 639471-1
    ISSN 1740-634X ; 0893-133X
    ISSN (online) 1740-634X
    ISSN 0893-133X
    DOI 10.1038/s41386-019-0568-4
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  4. Article ; Online: Choose your path: Divergent basolateral amygdala efferents differentially mediate incentive motivation, flexibility and decision-making.

    Keefer, Sara E / Gyawali, Utsav / Calu, Donna J

    Behavioural brain research

    2021  Volume 409, Page(s) 113306

    Abstract: To survive in a complex environment, individuals form associations between environmental stimuli and rewards to organize and optimize reward seeking behaviors. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) uses these learned associations to inform decision-making ... ...

    Abstract To survive in a complex environment, individuals form associations between environmental stimuli and rewards to organize and optimize reward seeking behaviors. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) uses these learned associations to inform decision-making processes. In this review, we describe functional projections between BLA and its cortical and striatal targets that promote learning and motivational processes central to decision-making. Specifically, we compare and contrast divergent projections from the BLA to the orbitofrontal (OFC) and to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and examine the roles of these pathways in associative learning, value-guided decision-making, choice behaviors, as well as cue and context-driven drug seeking. Finally, we consider how these projections are involved in disorders of motivation, with a focus on Substance Use Disorder.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Basolateral Nuclear Complex/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Learning/physiology ; Motivation/physiology ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-19
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 449927-x
    ISSN 1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
    ISSN (online) 1872-7549
    ISSN 0166-4328
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113306
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  5. Article ; Online: Stability of individual differences in sucralose taste preference.

    Bacharach, Sam Z / Calu, Donna J

    PloS one

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) e0216431

    Abstract: Outbred rats display variable preferences for bittersweet solutions, expressed as preference or avoidance of high concentrations of artificial sweeteners over water. This may reflect individual differences in appetitive/aversive conflict processing that ... ...

    Abstract Outbred rats display variable preferences for bittersweet solutions, expressed as preference or avoidance of high concentrations of artificial sweeteners over water. This may reflect individual differences in appetitive/aversive conflict processing that may have predictive validity for disorders of motivation. Here we use a homecage two-bottle choice procedure to examine the test/retest stability and between-tastant consistency in sucralose preference to determine the reliability of bittersweet taste preference. Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener that is preferred by some rats and avoided by others. We sought to determine whether sucralose preference is consistent with preference of sucrose/quinine solutions that have known sweet and bitter taste qualities, respectively. We give fluid restricted rats 45-minutes homecage access to water and ascending concentrations of sucralose (SUCRA; 0.0025-10mM) or a compound solution of sucrose (116mM) + quinine (0.002-2mM) (SQ). We use a within-subject counterbalanced design (SUCRA or SQ testing) to determine preference of each bittersweet solution relative to water. We observed individual variability in preference for SUCRA and SQ, such that some rats preferred bittersweet solutions over water (preferring) while other rats preferred water over bittersweet solutions (avoiding). Within tastant, this preference remained stable across repeated testing. Between solutions, SUCRA preference scores correlated with SQ scores, suggesting consistent taste conflict processing for both bittersweet solutions. Population level analyses confirmed that preference generalizes across bittersweet solutions, and that rats' preferences for bittersweet solutions relative to water are stable over time. The test/retest and between-tastant reliability of this taste conflict screening procedure support the potential utility of this model for exploring individual variability in appetitive/aversive conflict processes mediating motivated behavior.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Individuality ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Sucrose/analogs & derivatives ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Sweetening Agents/pharmacology ; Taste Perception/physiology
    Chemical Substances Sweetening Agents ; Sucrose (57-50-1) ; trichlorosucrose (96K6UQ3ZD4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0216431
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  6. Article ; Online: Effects of 5-HT

    Martin, David Alexander / Gyawali, Utsav / Calu, Donna J

    Addiction biology

    2020  Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) e12926

    Abstract: The relative value of and motivation for abused drugs often increases with drug experience and differs based on drug availability. Here, we determined how different intake patterns of fentanyl, a μ-opioid agonist, alter economic demand for fentanyl and ... ...

    Abstract The relative value of and motivation for abused drugs often increases with drug experience and differs based on drug availability. Here, we determined how different intake patterns of fentanyl, a μ-opioid agonist, alter economic demand for fentanyl and how 5-HT
    MeSH term(s) Amphetamines/pharmacology ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Interactions ; Fentanyl/pharmacology ; Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology ; Male ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Self Administration ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Amphetamines ; Fluorobenzenes ; Piperidines ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists ; volinanserin (EW71EE171J) ; 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (OOM10GW9UE) ; Fentanyl (UF599785JZ)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1324314-7
    ISSN 1369-1600 ; 1355-6215
    ISSN (online) 1369-1600
    ISSN 1355-6215
    DOI 10.1111/adb.12926
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  7. Article ; Online: Decreased Ventral Tegmental Area CB1R Signaling Reduces Sign Tracking and Shifts Cue-Outcome Dynamics in Rat Nucleus Accumbens.

    Bacharach, Sam Z / Martin, David A / Stapf, Cassie A / Sun, Fangmiao / Li, Yulong / Cheer, Joseph F / Calu, Donna J

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 25, Page(s) 4684–4696

    Abstract: Sign-tracking (ST) rats show enhanced cue sensitivity before drug experience that predicts greater discrete cue-induced drug seeking compared with goal-tracking or intermediate rats. Cue-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a neurobiological ...

    Abstract Sign-tracking (ST) rats show enhanced cue sensitivity before drug experience that predicts greater discrete cue-induced drug seeking compared with goal-tracking or intermediate rats. Cue-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a neurobiological signature of sign-tracking behaviors. Here, we examine a critical regulator of the dopamine system, endocannabinoids, which bind the cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1R) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to control cue-evoked striatal dopamine levels. We use cell type-specific optogenetics, intra-VTA pharmacology, and fiber photometry to test the hypothesis that VTA CB1R receptor signaling regulates NAc dopamine levels to control sign tracking. We trained male and female rats in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task to determine their tracking groups before testing the effect of VTA → NAc dopamine inhibition. We found that this circuit is critical for mediating the vigor of the ST response. Upstream of this circuit, intra-VTA infusions of rimonabant, a CB1R inverse agonist, during PLA decrease lever and increase food cup approach in sign-trackers. Using fiber photometry to measure fluorescent signals from a dopamine sensor, GRAB
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Rats ; Male ; Animals ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Ventral Tegmental Area/physiology ; Cues ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Endocannabinoids/pharmacology ; Rimonabant/pharmacology ; Drug Inverse Agonism ; Reward ; Polyesters/metabolism ; Polyesters/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Endocannabinoids ; Rimonabant (RML78EN3XE) ; Polyesters
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1486-22.2023
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  8. Article: Corrigendum: Role of BNST CRFR1 Receptors in Incubation of Fentanyl Seeking.

    Gyawali, Utsav / Martin, David A / Sulima, Agnieszka / Rice, Kenner C / Calu, Donna J

    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

    2021  Volume 15, Page(s) 660759

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00153.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00153.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2452960-6
    ISSN 1662-5153
    ISSN 1662-5153
    DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.660759
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  9. Article: Basolateral Amygdala to Nucleus Accumbens Communication Differentially Mediates Devaluation Sensitivity of Sign- and Goal-Tracking Rats.

    Kochli, Daniel E / Keefer, Sara E / Gyawali, Utsav / Calu, Donna J

    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

    2020  Volume 14, Page(s) 593645

    Abstract: Rats rely on communication between the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) to express lever directed approach in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task that distinguishes sign- and goal-tracking rats. During PLA, sign-tracking rats ... ...

    Abstract Rats rely on communication between the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) to express lever directed approach in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task that distinguishes sign- and goal-tracking rats. During PLA, sign-tracking rats preferentially approach an insertable lever cue, while goal-tracking rats approach a foodcup where rewards are delivered. While sign-tracking rats inflexibly respond to cues even after the associated reward is devalued, goal-tracking rats flexibly reduce responding to cues during outcome devaluation. Here, we sought to determine whether BLA-NAc communication, which is necessary for sign, but not goal-tracking, drives a rigid appetitive approach of sign-tracking rats that are insensitive to manipulations of outcome value. Using a contralateral chemogenetic inactivation design, we injected contralateral BLA and NAc core with inhibitory DREADD (hm4Di-mCherry) or control (mCherry) constructs. To determine sign- and goal-tracking groups, we trained rats in five PLA sessions in which brief lever insertion predicts food pellet delivery. We sated rats on training pellets (devalued condition) or chow (valued condition) before systemic clozapine injections (0.1 mg/kg) to inactivate BLA and contralateral NAc during two outcome devaluation probe tests, in which we measured lever and foodcup approach. Contralateral BLA-NAc chemogenetic inactivation promoted a flexible lever approach in sign-tracking rats but disrupted the flexible foodcup approach in goal-tracking rats. Consistent with a prior BLA-NAc disconnection lesion study, we find contralateral chemogenetic inactivation of BLA and NAc core reduces lever, but not the foodcup approach in PLA. Together these findings suggest rigid appetitive associative encoding in BLA-NAc of sign-tracking rats hinders the expression of flexible behavior when outcome value changes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452960-6
    ISSN 1662-5153
    ISSN 1662-5153
    DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.593645
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  10. Article ; Online: Reward-Mediated, Model-Free Reinforcement-Learning Mechanisms in Pavlovian and Instrumental Tasks Are Related.

    Moin Afshar, Neema / Cinotti, François / Martin, David / Khamassi, Mehdi / Calu, Donna J / Taylor, Jane R / Groman, Stephanie M

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2022  Volume 43, Issue 3, Page(s) 458–471

    Abstract: Model-free and model-based computations are argued to distinctly update action values that guide decision-making processes. It is not known, however, if these model-free and model-based reinforcement learning mechanisms recruited in operationally based ... ...

    Abstract Model-free and model-based computations are argued to distinctly update action values that guide decision-making processes. It is not known, however, if these model-free and model-based reinforcement learning mechanisms recruited in operationally based instrumental tasks parallel those engaged by pavlovian-based behavioral procedures. Recently, computational work has suggested that individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward predictive cues, that is, sign- and goal-tracking behaviors, are also governed by variations in model-free and model-based value representations that guide behavior. Moreover, it is not appreciated if these systems that are characterized computationally using model-free and model-based algorithms are conserved across tasks for individual animals. In the current study, we used a within-subject design to assess sign-tracking and goal-tracking behaviors using a pavlovian conditioned approach task and then characterized behavior using an instrumental multistage decision-making (MSDM) task in male rats. We hypothesized that both pavlovian and instrumental learning processes may be driven by common reinforcement-learning mechanisms. Our data confirm that sign-tracking behavior was associated with greater reward-mediated, model-free reinforcement learning and that it was also linked to model-free reinforcement learning in the MSDM task. Computational analyses revealed that pavlovian model-free updating was correlated with model-free reinforcement learning in the MSDM task. These data provide key insights into the computational mechanisms mediating associative learning that could have important implications for normal and abnormal states.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Male ; Animals ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Reward ; Learning ; Motivation ; Conditioning, Operant ; Cues
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1113-22.2022
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