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  1. Article ; Online: Evidence-based guidelines for recommending cochlear implantation for young children: Audiological criteria and optimizing age at implantation.

    Leigh, Jaime R / Dettman, Shani J / Dowell, Richard C

    International journal of audiology

    2016  Volume 55 Suppl 2, Page(s) S9–S18

    Abstract: Objective: Establish up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for recommending cochlear implantation for young children.: Design: Speech perception results for early-implanted children were compared to children using traditional amplification. Equivalent ...

    Abstract Objective: Establish up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for recommending cochlear implantation for young children.
    Design: Speech perception results for early-implanted children were compared to children using traditional amplification. Equivalent pure-tone average (PTA) hearing loss for cochlear implant (CI) users was established. Language of early-implanted children was assessed over six years and compared to hearing peers.
    Study sample: Seventy-eight children using CIs and 62 children using traditional amplification with hearing losses ranging 25-120 dB HL PTA (speech perception study). Thirty-two children who received a CI before 2.5 years of age (language study).
    Results: Speech perception outcomes suggested that children with a PTA greater than 60 dB HL have a 75% chance of benefit over traditional amplification. More conservative criteria applied to the data suggested that children with PTA greater than 82 dB HL have a 95% chance of benefit. Children implanted under 2.5 years with no significant cognitive deficits made normal language progress but retained a delay approximately equal to their age at implantation.
    Conclusions: Hearing-impaired children under three years of age may benefit from cochlear implantation if their PTA exceeds 60 dB HL bilaterally. Implantation as young as possible should minimize any language delay resulting from an initial period of auditory deprivation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2073098-6
    ISSN 1708-8186 ; 1499-2027
    ISSN (online) 1708-8186
    ISSN 1499-2027
    DOI 10.3109/14992027.2016.1157268
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  2. Article ; Online: Speech Perception Outcomes for Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients Using a Lateral Wall or Perimodiolar Array.

    Moran, Michelle / Vandali, Andrew / Briggs, Robert J S / Dettman, Shani / Cowan, Robert S C / Dowell, Richard C

    Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology

    2018  Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 608–616

    Abstract: Aim: To assess the speech perception outcomes of adult CI recipients with significant preimplant low frequency hearing, examining differences between perimodiolar and lateral wall electrode placement in order to provide clinical guidance for clinicians ... ...

    Abstract Aim: To assess the speech perception outcomes of adult CI recipients with significant preimplant low frequency hearing, examining differences between perimodiolar and lateral wall electrode placement in order to provide clinical guidance for clinicians and surgeons.
    Methods: A prospective cohort study was undertaken identifying all adults who received a thin straight electrode array (TSEA) at the Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital (RVEEH) from 2010 to 2015 and who had a preimplant low frequency pure tone median ≤70 dB HL (n = 63). A retrospective review was completed of the RVEEH database to identify a comparison group who had been implanted with a perimodiolar electrode array, comprising adults implanted between 2004 and 2011 (PM Group) with preimplant hearing equivalent to the TSEA group (n = 70). The TSEA Group were further divided into subgroups in which n = 19 used EAS (TSEA-EAS) and n = 44 who used electric-only hearing (TSEA-Standard).
    Results: There was no significant difference in median speech perception outcomes between the TSEA and PM Groups (TSEA 61.7%, PM 67.3%, p = 0.954). A significant difference was found between the TSEA-EAS and TSEA-Standard subgroups for median speech perception outcome (TSEA-EAS median 73.5%, TSEA-Standard median 58.3%, p = 0.043).
    Conclusions: Significant speech perception benefit following cochlear implantation was achieved with both the perimodiolar and lateral wall electrode arrays and no significant difference was found between outcomes with those array types in this population of adults with functional low frequency hearing pre-implant. Those that received a TSEA, had preserved hearing, and utilised an EAS sound processor performed better than their peers with a TSEA and electric-only hearing.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Auditory Threshold ; Cochlear Implantation/methods ; Cochlear Implants ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Speech Perception ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2036790-9
    ISSN 1537-4505 ; 1531-7129
    ISSN (online) 1537-4505
    ISSN 1531-7129
    DOI 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002189
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  3. Article ; Online: Language outcomes for children with cochlear implants enrolled in different communication programs.

    Yanbay, Ennur / Hickson, Louise / Scarinci, Nerina / Constantinescu, Gabriella / Dettman, Shani J

    Cochlear implants international

    2014  Volume 15, Issue 3, Page(s) 121–135

    Abstract: Objectives: The aims of this study were to (a) compare language outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant users enrolled in three different communication programs: sign and spoken language, auditory-oral, and auditory-verbal therapy, and (b) examine ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The aims of this study were to (a) compare language outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant users enrolled in three different communication programs: sign and spoken language, auditory-oral, and auditory-verbal therapy, and (b) examine factors influencing language outcomes.
    Methods: Post-implant standard scores on language assessments of receptive vocabulary, auditory comprehension, and expressive communication were collected from files of 42 children with prelingual hearing loss who were implanted by 3;6 years of age. Early intervention history, device details, and demographic information were obtained for each child. Family involvement was evaluated using a rating scale.
    Results: After adjusting for potential covariates, there were no significant differences in language outcomes across the three groups. Overall, there was a large degree of variability with some children achieving below average scores and others achieving above average scores. Age at diagnosis of hearing loss and family involvement were significantly associated with language outcomes.
    Conclusion: Regardless of the type of communication approach received, children diagnosed with hearing loss at an early age and children with a high level of family involvement had better post-implant language scores than children diagnosed later and with lower levels of family involvement. These findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and highlight the contribution families make to the language outcomes of children with cochlear implants.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Cochlear Implants ; Communication Methods, Total ; Deafness/therapy ; Family ; Humans ; Language Development ; Sign Language
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2079515-4
    ISSN 1754-7628 ; 1467-0100
    ISSN (online) 1754-7628
    ISSN 1467-0100
    DOI 10.1179/1754762813Y.0000000062
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  4. Article ; Online: Communication development in children who receive a cochlear implant by 12 months of age.

    Leigh, Jaime / Dettman, Shani / Dowell, Richard / Briggs, Robert

    Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology

    2013  Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 443–450

    Abstract: Objective: Describe the long-term benefits of early cochlear implantation. Provide a comprehensive description of outcomes, including: language, speech production, and speech perception. Compare the communication outcomes for the early implanted ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Describe the long-term benefits of early cochlear implantation. Provide a comprehensive description of outcomes, including: language, speech production, and speech perception. Compare the communication outcomes for the early implanted children to those of normally hearing children and children who received a cochlear implant at a comparatively older age.
    Method: Retrospective review of the communication development of 35 children implanted between 6 and 12 months of age and 85 children implanted between 13 and 24 months of age. Audiologic assessments included unaided and aided audiograms, auditory brainstem response (ABR), auditory steady state response (ASSR), and otoacoustic emissons (OAEs). Formal language, speech production, and speech perception measures were administered, preimplant and at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years postimplant.
    Results: The children who received their cochlear implant by 12 months of age demonstrated language growth rates equivalent to their normally hearing peers and achieved age appropriate receptive language scores 3 years postimplant. The children who received their cochlear implant between 13 and 24 months demonstrated a significant language delay at 3 years postimplant. Speech production development followed a similar pattern to that of normal-hearing children, although was delayed, for both groups of children. Mean open-set speech perception scores were comparable with previous reports for children and adults who use cochlear implants.
    Conclusion: Children implanted by 12 months of age demonstrate better language development compared with children who receive their cochlear implant between 13 and 24 months. This supports the provision of a cochlear implant within the first year of life to enhance the likelihood that a child with severe-to-profound hearing impairment will commence elementary school with age-appropriate language skills.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness/physiopathology ; Deafness/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Language Development ; Male ; Speech/physiology ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Speech Production Measurement
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2036790-9
    ISSN 1537-4505 ; 1531-7129
    ISSN (online) 1537-4505
    ISSN 1531-7129
    DOI 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182814d2c
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  5. Article ; Online: Long-term Communication Outcomes for Children Receiving Cochlear Implants Younger Than 12 Months: A Multicenter Study.

    Dettman, Shani Joy / Dowell, Richard Charles / Choo, Dawn / Arnott, Wendy / Abrahams, Yetta / Davis, Aleisha / Dornan, Dimity / Leigh, Jaime / Constantinescu, Gabriella / Cowan, Robert / Briggs, Robert J

    Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology

    2016  Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) e82–95

    Abstract: Objective: Examine the influence of age at implant on speech perception, language, and speech production outcomes in a large unselected paediatric cohort.: Study design: This study pools available assessment data (collected prospectively and entered ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Examine the influence of age at implant on speech perception, language, and speech production outcomes in a large unselected paediatric cohort.
    Study design: This study pools available assessment data (collected prospectively and entered into respective databases from 1990 to 2014) from three Australian centers.
    Patients: Children (n = 403) with congenital bilateral severe to profound hearing loss who received cochlear implants under 6 years of age (excluding those with acquired onset of profound hearing loss after 12 mo, those with progressive hearing loss and those with mild/moderate/severe additional cognitive delay/disability).
    Main outcome measure(s): Speech perception; open-set words (scored for words and phonemes correct) and sentence understanding at school entry and late primary school time points. Language; PLS and PPVT standard score equivalents at school entry, CELF standard scores. Speech Production; DEAP percentage accuracy of vowels, consonants, phonemes-total and clusters, and percentage word-intelligibility at school entry.
    Results: Regression analysis indicated a significant effect for age-at-implant for all outcome measures. Cognitive skills also accounted for significant variance in all outcome measures except open-set phoneme scores. ANOVA with Tukey pairwise comparisons examined group differences for children implanted younger than 12 months (Group 1), between 13 and 18 months (Group 2), between 19 and 24 months (Group 3), between 25 and 42 months (Group 4), and between 43 and 72 months (Group 5). Open-set speech perception scores for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher than Groups 4 and 5. Language standard scores for Group 1 were significantly higher than Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Speech production outcomes for Group 1 were significantly higher than scores obtained for Groups 2, 3, and 4 combined. Cross tabulation and χ2 tests supported the hypothesis that a greater percentage of Group 1 children (than Groups 2, 3, 4, or 5) demonstrated language performance within the normative range by school entry.
    Conclusions: Results support provision of cochlear implants younger than 12 months of age for children with severe to profound hearing loss to optimize speech perception and subsequent language acquisition and speech production accuracy.
    MeSH term(s) Age Factors ; Australia ; Cochlear Implantation/methods ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Language ; Language Development ; Male ; Speech Perception ; Speech Production Measurement ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ZDB-ID 2036790-9
    ISSN 1537-4505 ; 1531-7129
    ISSN (online) 1537-4505
    ISSN 1531-7129
    DOI 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000915
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  6. Article ; Online: Evidence-based approach for making cochlear implant recommendations for infants with residual hearing.

    Leigh, Jaime / Dettman, Shani / Dowell, Richard / Sarant, Julia

    Ear and hearing

    2011  Volume 32, Issue 3, Page(s) 313–322

    Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop guidelines, based on the unaided pure-tone audiogram, for recommending a cochlear implant (CI) for infants and young children with residual hearing. As awareness of the benefits of early implantation ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop guidelines, based on the unaided pure-tone audiogram, for recommending a cochlear implant (CI) for infants and young children with residual hearing. As awareness of the benefits of early implantation increases and age at diagnosis decreases, an increasing number of infants are presenting for consideration of implantation with significant residual hearing in one or both ears. Determining the likelihood that these infants will have an improved speech and language outcome if they receive a CI is a challenge.
    Design: Subjects were 142 hearing impaired children (ages 4.6 to 16.2 yrs) with unaided three-frequency pure-tone average (PTA; at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) ranging from 28 to 125 dB HL: 62 used conventional amplification (analog or digital hearing aids [HAs]) and the remaining 80 used a Nucleus 24 (N24) or Freedom CI. Open-set monosyllabic word (Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten or Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant words) and sentence (Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentences) testing was administered audition alone to both groups of children.
    Results: Comparison of means for sentence testing showed that the children using CIs performed significantly better than their peers with profound hearing loss (PTA >90 dB HL) using HAs and not significantly differently to those with severe (PTA 66 to 90 dB HL) or moderate (PTA <66 dB HL) hearing loss. Comparison of means for monosyllabic word testing showed that the children using CIs performed significantly better than their peers with severe and profound hearing loss and not significantly differently to those with moderate hearing loss. Regression analysis was used to determine the equivalent unaided PTA values that corresponded to the median and first quartile scores for the children using CIs on speech perception testing. For open-set words, scored for phonemes correct, the equivalent unaided PTAs were 46 and 56 dB HL, respectively. For sentence testing, the equivalent unaided PTAs were 63 and 72 dB HL, respectively.
    Conclusions: Results suggest that recommendation for implantation can be made confidently for children presenting with bilateral profound hearing loss. For children with unaided PTA hearing levels in the range of 75 to 90 dB HL, a recommendation for implantation can also be made, provided that a 75% chance of improvement in hearing outcome is an acceptable level of benefit to the family and clinician. Children presenting with PTA hearing levels better than 75 dB HL should be encouraged to continue with binaural HA use.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implants/standards ; Counseling ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss, Bilateral/rehabilitation ; Hearing Loss, Bilateral/surgery ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/rehabilitation ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Patient Selection ; Severity of Illness Index ; Speech Discrimination Tests ; Speech Perception
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603093-2
    ISSN 1538-4667 ; 0196-0202
    ISSN (online) 1538-4667
    ISSN 0196-0202
    DOI 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182008b1c
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  7. Article: Communication development in children who receive the cochlear implant younger than 12 months: risks versus benefits.

    Dettman, Shani J / Pinder, Darren / Briggs, Robert J S / Dowell, Richard C / Leigh, Jaime R

    Ear and hearing

    2007  Volume 28, Issue 2 Suppl, Page(s) 11S–18S

    Abstract: Background: The advent of universal neonatal hearing screening in some countries and the availability of screening programs for at-risk infants in other countries has facilitated earlier referral, diagnosis, and intervention for infants with hearing ... ...

    Abstract Background: The advent of universal neonatal hearing screening in some countries and the availability of screening programs for at-risk infants in other countries has facilitated earlier referral, diagnosis, and intervention for infants with hearing loss. Improvements in device technology, two decades of pediatric clinical experience, a growing recognition of the efficacy of cochlear implants for young children, and the recent change in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's age criteria to include children as young as 12 mo has led to increasing numbers of young children receiving cochlear implants. Evidence to support provision for infants younger than 12 mo is extrapolated from physiological studies, studies of children using hearing aids, and studies of children older than 12 mo of age with implants. To date, however, there are few published research findings regarding communication development in children between 6 and 12 mo of age who receive implants. The current study hypothesized that earlier implantation would lead to increased rates of language acquisition as the children were still in the critical period for their development.
    Method: A retrospective review was completed for 19 infants (mean age at implantation, 0.88 yr; range, 0.61-1.07, SD 0.15) and 87 toddlers (mean age at implantation, 1.60 yr; range, 1.13-2.00, SD 0.24) who received the multichannel implant in Melbourne, Australia. Preimplantation audiological assessments for these children included aided and unaided audiograms, auditory brain stem response, auditory steady state response (ASSR), and otoacoustic emission and indicated profound to total bilateral hearing loss in all cases. Communication assessment included completion of the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale and educational psychologists' cognitive and motor assessment. Computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical records for all cases were reviewed. Postimplantation language assessments were reported in terms of the rate of growth over time on the language comprehension and language expression subscales of the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale.
    Results: Results demonstrated that cochlear implantation may be performed safely in very young children with excellent language outcomes. The mean rates of receptive (1.12) and expressive (1.01) language growth for children receiving implants before the age of 12 mo were significantly greater than the rates achieved by children receiving implants between 12 and 24 mo, and matched growth rates achieved by normally hearing peers. These preliminary results support the provision of cochlear implants for children younger than 12 mo of age within experienced pediatric implantation centers.
    MeSH term(s) Age Factors ; Age of Onset ; Child ; Child Language ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implants ; Cognition ; Communication Disorders/diagnosis ; Communication Disorders/epidemiology ; Deafness/epidemiology ; Deafness/rehabilitation ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Motor Skills ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; Severity of Illness Index ; Verbal Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603093-2
    ISSN 1538-4667 ; 0196-0202
    ISSN (online) 1538-4667
    ISSN 0196-0202
    DOI 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31803153f8
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  8. Article: Speech perception in children using cochlear implants: prediction of long-term outcomes.

    Dowell, Richard C / Dettman, Shani J / Blamey, Peter J / Barker, Elizabeth J / Clark, Graeme M

    Cochlear implants international

    2002  Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–18

    Abstract: A group of 102 children using the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant were assessed for open-set speech perception abilities at six-monthly intervals following implant surgery. The group included a wide range of ages, types of hearing loss, ages at ... ...

    Abstract A group of 102 children using the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant were assessed for open-set speech perception abilities at six-monthly intervals following implant surgery. The group included a wide range of ages, types of hearing loss, ages at onset of hearing loss, experience with implant use and communication modes. Multivariate analysis indicated that a shorter duration of profound hearing loss, later onset of profound hearing loss, exclusively oral/aural communication and greater experience with the implant were associated with better open-set speech perception. Developmental delay was associated with poorer speech perception and the SPEAK signal coding scheme was shown to provide better speech perception performance than previous signal processors. Results indicated that postoperative speech perception outcomes could be predicted with an accuracy that is clinically useful.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2079515-4
    ISSN 1754-7628 ; 1467-0100
    ISSN (online) 1754-7628
    ISSN 1467-0100
    DOI 10.1179/cim.2002.3.1.1
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  9. Article: Speech perception outcomes in older children who use multichannel cochlear implants: older is not always poorer.

    Dowell, Richard C / Dettman, Shani J / Hill, Katie / Winton, Elizabeth / Barker, Elizabeth J / Clark, Graeme M

    The Annals of otology, rhinology & laryngology. Supplement

    2002  Volume 189, Page(s) 97–101

    Abstract: Speech perception outcomes for early-deafened children who undergo implantation as teenagers or young adults are generally reported to be poorer than results for young children. It is important to provide appropriate expectations when counseling ... ...

    Abstract Speech perception outcomes for early-deafened children who undergo implantation as teenagers or young adults are generally reported to be poorer than results for young children. It is important to provide appropriate expectations when counseling adolescents and their families to help them make an informed choice regarding cochlear implant surgery. The considerable variation of results in this group makes this process more difficult. This study considered a number of factors in a group of 25 children who underwent implantation in Melbourne between the ages of 8 and 18 years. Each subject completed open-set speech perception testing with Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentences before and after implantation and preoperative language testing with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Data were collected regarding the type of hearing loss, age at implantation, age at hearing aid fitting, audiometric details, and preoperative and postoperative communication mode. Results were submitted to a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with postoperative open-set sentence scores as the dependent variables. The analysis suggested that 3 factors have a significant predictive value for speech perception after implantation: preoperative open-set sentence score, duration of profound hearing loss, and equivalent language age. These 3 factors accounted for 66% of the variance in this group. The results of this study suggest that children who have useful speech perception before implantation, and higher age-equivalent scores on language measures, would be expected to do well with a cochlear implant. Consistent with other studies, a shorter duration of profound hearing loss is also advantageous. The mean sentence score for this group, 47%, was not significantly different from the mean result across all children in the Melbourne program.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness/rehabilitation ; Humans ; Language Development ; Linear Models ; Prognosis ; Speech Perception ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-05-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ISSN 0096-8056
    ISSN 0096-8056
    DOI 10.1177/00034894021110s520
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  10. Article: Bilateral Cochlear Implants in Children

    Dowell, Richard C / Galvin, Karyn L / Dettman, Shani J / Leigh, Jaime R / Hughes, Kathryn C / van Hoesel, Richard

    Seminars in Hearing

    2011  Volume 32, Issue 01, Page(s) 53–72

    Abstract: This article provides a brief overview of the advantages of two-ear hearing in children and discusses the limitations, from a psychophysical and a technical perspective, which may constrain the ability of cochlear implant users to gain these benefits. ... ...

    Abstract This article provides a brief overview of the advantages of two-ear hearing in children and discusses the limitations, from a psychophysical and a technical perspective, which may constrain the ability of cochlear implant users to gain these benefits. The latest outcomes for children using bilateral cochlear implants are discussed, which suggest that results are more favorable for children who receive both devices before the age of 3.5 to 4 years. The available studies that have investigated electrophysiological responses for children receiving bilateral implants are discussed. These also support the notion that optimum development of binaural auditory skills may be more difficult after the age of 3.5 to 4 years. Studies that investigate the alternative for some children of using a hearing aid on the opposite ear to the cochlear implant are briefly discussed. These indicate that advantages for speech perception in noise and localization can be obtained consistently for children with significant residual hearing in the nonimplanted ear. The article concludes with an attempt to bring the available scientific evidence into the practical clinical context with suggestions that may assist clinicians in making recommendations for families considering bilateral cochlear implantation. Although the evidence remains limited at this time, it is reasonable to suggest that bilateral cochlear implantation can provide improved auditory skills over a single implant for children with severe and profound bilateral hearing loss. The available data suggest that the benefit may be maximized by introducing both implants as early as possible, at least before 3.5 to 4 years of age.
    Keywords Bilateral cochlear implants ; children ; hearing loss ; speech perception ; localization
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-02-01
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 604961-8
    ISSN 1098-8955 ; 0734-0451
    ISSN (online) 1098-8955
    ISSN 0734-0451
    DOI 10.1055/s-0031-1271948
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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