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Article ; Online: Post-reinforcement pauses during slot machine gambling are moderated by immersion.

Murch, W Spencer / Ferrari, Mario A / Clark, Luke

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

2024 , Page(s) 17470218241239054

Abstract: The post-reinforcement pause (PRP) is an operant effect in which response latencies increase on trials following the receipt and consumption of reward. Human studies demonstrate analogous effects in electronic gambling machines that utilise random ratio ... ...

Abstract	The post-reinforcement pause (PRP) is an operant effect in which response latencies increase on trials following the receipt and consumption of reward. Human studies demonstrate analogous effects in electronic gambling machines that utilise random ratio reinforcement schedules. We sought to identify moderators of the human PRP effect, hypothesising that the magnitude of gamblers' PRPs is moderated by the type of reinforcing outcome (genuine wins vs. losses-disguised-as-wins [LDWs] vs. free-spin bonus features) and individuals' level of gambling
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219170-2
ISSN	1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
ISSN (online)	1747-0226
ISSN	0033-555X ; 1747-0218
DOI	10.1177/17470218241239054
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Article ; Online: Engineered highs: Reward variability and frequency as potential prerequisites of behavioural addiction.

Clark, Luke / Zack, Martin

Addictive behaviors

2023 Volume 140, Page(s) 107626

Abstract: Influential learning-based accounts of substance addictions posit the attribution of incentive salience to drug-associated cues, and its escalation by the direct dopaminergic effects of drugs. In translating this account to disordered gambling, we have ... ...

Abstract	Influential learning-based accounts of substance addictions posit the attribution of incentive salience to drug-associated cues, and its escalation by the direct dopaminergic effects of drugs. In translating this account to disordered gambling, we have noted how the intermittent nature of monetary rewards in gambling (i.e. the variable ratio) may allow for analogous learning processes, via effects on dopaminergic signalling. The aim of the present article is to consider how multiple sources of reward variability operate within modern gambling products, and how similar sources of variability, as well as some novel sources of variability, also apply to other digital products implicated in behavioural addictions, including gaming, shopping, social media and online pornography. Online access to these activities facilitates not only unparalleled accessibility but also introduces novel forms of reward variability, as seen in the effects of infinite scrolls and personalized recommendations. We use the term uncertainty to refer to the subjective experience of reward variability. We further highlight two psychological factors that appear to moderate the effects of uncertainty: 1) the timecourse of uncertainty, especially with regard to its resolution, 2) the frequency of exposure, allowing temporal compression. Collectively, the evidence illustrates how qualitative and quantitative variability of reward can confer addictive potential to non-drug reinforcers by exploiting the psychological and neural processes that rely on predictability to guide reward seeking behaviour.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Reward ; Motivation ; Behavior, Addictive ; Gambling/psychology ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	197618-7
ISSN	1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
ISSN (online)	1873-6327
ISSN	0306-4603
DOI	10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107626
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Zs.A 1214: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Gender gaps in publications and citations in gambling studies: Comparisons against addiction science.

Sinclair, Eliscia Siu-Lin Liang / Clark, Luke

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

2024

Abstract: Objective: Women in academia publish fewer papers and receive fewer citations than men. These gender gaps likely reflect systemic biases operating over several levels, from journal editorial policies to academic career progression. This study sought to ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Women in academia publish fewer papers and receive fewer citations than men. These gender gaps likely reflect systemic biases operating over several levels, from journal editorial policies to academic career progression. This study sought to characterize gender gaps for publications and citations in the field of gambling studies. Method: An automated gender inference procedure classified authors' binarized gender from their first names. Gender gaps were computed for publications and citations of papers in gambling studies, using the wider field of addiction science as a benchmark. Publication data were scraped from eight peer-reviewed gambling/addictions journals and separately from all gambling publications listed in PubMed. Results: Men authored 16% more publications than women among gambling papers and 23% more publications among nongambling addictions papers. Although robust gender gaps were observed in specialist gambling journals, we find limited overall evidence for gender inequality being greater in gambling studies. Indeed, among nongambling addiction papers, men published more, despite a greater apparent representation of women in the field. The gender gap was most pronounced for the last authorships, denoting seniority. Among the first authorships, there was variability between journals, and some journals displayed approximate parity. There was limited evidence for any corresponding gender gap in citation counts. Conclusions: Gender gaps in gambling research, and addiction science more broadly, adhere to wider trends in academia, including the associations with academic seniority. Variability between individual journals supports the role of journal editorial policies to increase the representation and visibility of women researchers in addiction science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2101111-4
ISSN	1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
ISSN (online)	1939-1501
ISSN	0893-164X
DOI	10.1037/adb0000985
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Article ; Online: Correction to: Continuity and Change in the Genetic and Environmental Etiology of Youth Antisocial Behavior.

Carroll, Sarah L / Clark, D Angus / Hyde, Luke W / Klump, Kelly L / Burt, S Alexandra

Behavior genetics

2024 Volume 54, Issue 2, Page(s) 230

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	280238-7
ISSN	1573-3297 ; 0005-7851 ; 0001-8244
ISSN (online)	1573-3297
ISSN	0005-7851 ; 0001-8244
DOI	10.1007/s10519-023-10175-6
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Zs.B 506: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Gambling along the schizotypal spectrum: The associations between schizotypal personality, gambling-related cognitions, luck, and problem gambling.

Brooks, Gabriel A / Clark, Luke

Journal of behavioral addictions

2022

Abstract: Objective: Schizotypal personality (schizotypy) is a cluster of traits in the general population, including alterations in belief formation that may underpin delusional thinking. The psychological processes described by schizotypy could also fuel ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Schizotypal personality (schizotypy) is a cluster of traits in the general population, including alterations in belief formation that may underpin delusional thinking. The psychological processes described by schizotypy could also fuel cognitive distortions in the context of gambling. This study sought to characterize the relationships between schizotypy, gambling-related cognitive distortions, and levels of problem gambling. Methods: Analyses were conducted on three groups, a student sample (n = 104) with minimal self-reported gambling involvement, a crowdsourced sample of regular gamblers (via MTurk; n = 277), and an additional crowdsourced sample with a range of gambling involvement (via MTurk; n = 144). Primary measures included the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief (SPQ-B), the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI-21), the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Luck was measured with either the Belief in Good Luck Scale (BIGLS) or the Beliefs Around Luck Scale (BALS). Results: Small-to-moderate associations were detected between the components of schizotypy, including delusion proneness, and the gambling-related variables. Schizotypy was associated with the general belief in luck and bad luck, but not beliefs in good luck. A series of partial correlations demonstrated that when the GRCS was controlled for, the relationship between schizotypy and problem gambling was attenuated. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that schizotypy is a small-to-moderate correlate of erroneous gambling beliefs and PG. These data help characterize clinical comorbidities between the schizotypal spectrum and problem gambling, and point to shared biases relating to belief formation and decision-making under chance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-19
Publishing country	Hungary
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2817933-X
ISSN	2063-5303 ; 2063-5303
ISSN (online)	2063-5303
ISSN	2063-5303
DOI	10.1556/2006.2022.00021
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Article ; Online: Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Balance Performance During Dynamic Balance Exercises in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability.

Clark, Krista / Trickett, Justin / Donovan, Luke / Dawson, Jordan / Goetschius, John

Journal of sport rehabilitation

2024 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 181–188

Abstract: Context: Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a rehabilitation tool which may introduce a constraint, similar to muscle fatigue, that challenge patients' sensorimotor system during balance exercises. The purpose of our study was to examine whether adding BFR ...

Abstract	Context: Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a rehabilitation tool which may introduce a constraint, similar to muscle fatigue, that challenge patients' sensorimotor system during balance exercises. The purpose of our study was to examine whether adding BFR to dynamic balance exercises produced a decrease in balance performance and an increase in ratings of perceived exertion and instability in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) compared with dynamic balance exercises without BFR. Designs: Crossover design. Methods: Our sample included N = 25 young adults with a history of CAI. Participants completed 2 laboratory visits. At each visit, participants completed 4 sets (30×-15×-15×-15×) of dynamic balance exercises, performed similar to the modified star excursion balance test (SEBT), once with BFR and once with control (no BFR) conditions. We measured composite SEBT scores at baseline and during the final repetitions of each set of balance exercise (sets 1-4). We also measured ratings of perceived exertion and instability following each balance exercise set. Results: We observed no difference in composite SEBT scores between conditions at baseline; however, composite SEBT scores were significantly lower during all balance exercises sets 1 to 4 with the BFR condition compared with control. During the BFR condition, composite SEBT scores were significantly lower during all balance exercise sets compared with baseline. During the control condition, composite SEBT scores did not significantly change between baseline and each balance exercise set. Ratings of perceived exertion and instability scores were significantly greater in the BFR group compared with the control group during all balance exercise sets. Conclusions: Individuals with CAI demonstrated lower composite SEBT scores and greater perceived instability and exertion during dynamic balance exercise with BFR compared to without BFR. BFR introduced a novel muscle fatigue constraint during dynamic balance exercises in individuals with CAI. Additional research is needed to determine if adding BFR to balance training could improve clinical outcomes in CAI patients.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Humans ; Ankle ; Exercise Therapy ; Exercise ; Joint Instability ; Muscle Fatigue
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1106769-x
ISSN	1543-3072 ; 1056-6716
ISSN (online)	1543-3072
ISSN	1056-6716
DOI	10.1123/jsr.2023-0182
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Article ; Online: Behavioural expressions of loss-chasing in gambling: A systematic scoping review.

Banerjee, Nilosmita / Chen, Zhang / Clark, Luke / Noël, Xavier

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2023 Volume 153, Page(s) 105377

Abstract: BANERJEE Nilosmita., CHEN Zhang., CLARK Luke., NOËL Xavier. Behavioural expressions of loss-chasing ...

Abstract	BANERJEE Nilosmita., CHEN Zhang., CLARK Luke., NOËL Xavier. Behavioural expressions of loss-chasing in gambling: A systematic scoping review NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 152(1) XXX-XXX, 2023. - Loss-chasing, the tendency to continue and/or intensify gambling following losses, is a key clinical symptom in gambling disorder and a central feature endorsed by at-risk problem gamblers. Despite its centrality, loss-chasing has been often operationalised across distinct behavioural expressions. The current systematic scoping review aimed to map the heterogeneous operationalisations of loss-chasing in the literature. The reviewed studies defined loss-chasing either between-sessions (n = 39) or within-sessions (n = 38), as a long-recognised distinction. For both categories, further behavioural expressions could be distinguished. Between-session loss-chasing was captured by endorsing an item 'returning another day/time to recoup losses', or behaviourally as the interval between successive sessions, or as increasing stakes in the next session. Within-session loss-chasing was defined as continuing and/or intensifying gambling either by increased risk-taking, stake size, or speed of play. Additionally, much heterogeneity was observed in the gambling contexts examined, the exact definition of loss, and the potential delineation of win-chasing. Open questions and future directions are discussed. Overall, this paper serves as a first step towards more conceptual clarity of loss-chasing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105377
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Article ; Online: Langer's illusion of control and the cognitive model of disordered gambling.

Clark, Luke / Wohl, Michael J A

Addiction (Abingdon, England)

2021 Volume 117, Issue 4, Page(s) 1146–1151

MeSH term(s)	Behavior, Addictive/psychology ; Cognition ; Gambling/psychology ; Humans ; Illusions ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1141051-6
ISSN	1360-0443 ; 0965-2140
ISSN (online)	1360-0443
ISSN	0965-2140
DOI	10.1111/add.15649
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Zs.B 551: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Surprise Signals Changing Affective Experiences in Naturalistic Sports Spectating.

Clark, Marissa D / Chang, Luke J

Neuron

2021 Volume 109, Issue 2, Page(s) 199–201

Abstract: What role does surprise play in a spectating experience? In this issue of Neuron, Antony et al. (2021) develop and validate a model of surprise to characterize the psychological and neurobiological processes underlying sports fans' experiences as they ... ...

Abstract	What role does surprise play in a spectating experience? In this issue of Neuron, Antony et al. (2021) develop and validate a model of surprise to characterize the psychological and neurobiological processes underlying sports fans' experiences as they watch the final minutes of NCAA college basketball games.
MeSH term(s)	Basketball ; Humans ; Universities
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
ZDB-ID	808167-0
ISSN	1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
ISSN (online)	1097-4199
ISSN	0896-6273
DOI	10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.022
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Zs.MG 92: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Improved purification of cyclotron [

Wang, Ivan E / Brooks, Allen F / Clark, Mara / Morrissette, Luke J / Scott, Peter J H

Nuclear medicine and biology

2024 Volume 130-131, Page(s) 108892

Abstract: Introduction: Increased demand for NetSpot and Illuccix as requirement to receive the respective Lutathera and Pluvicto radiotherapies, and monitor subsequent response to treatment, have reinforced the need to develop alternative ways of producing ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Increased demand for NetSpot and Illuccix as requirement to receive the respective Lutathera and Pluvicto radiotherapies, and monitor subsequent response to treatment, have reinforced the need to develop alternative ways of producing gallium-68 ( Methods: 68 Results: The commercially available GE Cassette gave low RCP using commercial FDA kits. To optimize this, the loading efficiency onto ZR Load and the ratio of ZR resin used to load the initial activity and subsequent elution were explored. When using a 2:4 ratio of ZR Load to ZR CG, 97.89 % RCP was observed when a 3.8 mL [ Conclusion: Methods are reported for using cyclotron-produced
MeSH term(s)	Radiopharmaceuticals/metabolism ; Gallium Radioisotopes/metabolism ; Cyclotrons ; Organometallic Compounds
Chemical Substances	Radiopharmaceuticals ; PSMA-11 ; Gallium Radioisotopes ; gallium Ga 68 dotatate (9L17Y0H71P) ; Organometallic Compounds
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1138098-6
ISSN	1872-9614 ; 0883-2897 ; 0969-8051
ISSN (online)	1872-9614
ISSN	0883-2897 ; 0969-8051
DOI	10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108892
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