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  1. Article ; Online: Glial cell response to Epstein-Barr Virus infection: A plausible contribution to virus-associated inflammatory reactions in the brain.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Virology

    2021  Volume 559, Page(s) 182–195

    Abstract: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is clinically related to various neurological ailments. The manipulation of neural homeostasis through altered glial cells functions is enigmatic. We investigated EBV mediated nuances in glial cells through direct infection ( ... ...

    Abstract Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is clinically related to various neurological ailments. The manipulation of neural homeostasis through altered glial cells functions is enigmatic. We investigated EBV mediated nuances in glial cells through direct infection (group-1) or by supplementing them with EBV-infected lymphocytes (PBMCs) supernatant (group-3). Also, the cells were co-cultured with infected PBMCs (group-2). Upon confirmation of infection in U-87 MG through qRT-PCR, the gene expression of crucial molecules was analysed. We reported enhanced expression of IL6 in group-1 and 3 unlike group-2. PBMCs migrated and invaded the matrigel significantly when exposed to group-1 and 3 conditions. Thus, EBV may aid neuroinflammatory reactions through PBMCs infiltration. Also, the exposure of neurons to conditioned supernatant from group-2 caused reduced neuronal healing. Additionally, group-1 milieu contained chemical modulators that induced glial cells death and reduced NF-κB. Conclusively, the three modes of EBV infection can influence glial cells' functions to maneuver the microenvironment distinctly.
    MeSH term(s) Apoptosis ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/virology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Gene Expression/immunology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Inflammation/immunology ; Inflammation/virology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology ; Neuroglia/immunology ; Neuroglia/virology ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
    Chemical Substances Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 200425-2
    ISSN 1096-0341 ; 0042-6822
    ISSN (online) 1096-0341
    ISSN 0042-6822
    DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A comparative analysis of COVID-19 outbreak on age groups and both the sexes of population from India and other countries.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Baral, Budhadev / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Journal of infection in developing countries

    2021  Volume 15, Issue 3, Page(s) 333–341

    Abstract: Introduction: The study of epidemiological outcomes of COVID-19 in the affected countries needs to be conducted to implement an effective strategy.: Methodology: Our study included age and sex-based analysis of epidemiological data of infected and ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The study of epidemiological outcomes of COVID-19 in the affected countries needs to be conducted to implement an effective strategy.
    Methodology: Our study included age and sex-based analysis of epidemiological data of infected and deceased patients from various countries. The patient data was graphically depicted with the slope's calculation to describe a gradual or steep spread of the disease along with subsequent rise or fall in the death reports.
    Results: Population groups of 20-49 years of age and 50 years-above were highly vulnerable to infection. Interestingly, 20-49 years of age group was most affected in India. However, higher population of the deceased were reported in the 50 years-above in all countries. India and South Korea demonstrated a gradual appearance of COVID-19 positive cases than other countries illustrated by reduced slope %. Further the highest percentage of infected people and deaths were reported from the densely populated states of India. We observed a sex independent prevalence of COVID-19. The BCG and JE vaccine are unique in the vaccination regime of India and South Korea.
    Conclusions: Reduced ACE-2 expression in the children's nasal epithelium may be responsible for reduced SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Countries showed varying patterns in COVID-19 spread and associated mortality. It may be influenced by factors, such as screening strategy, countries demography, implementation of lockdown, etc. Due to limited evidence, it would be difficult to point to the influence of the virus on either sexes. Although vaccines may stimulate non-specific immunity, experimental proofs are needed to demonstrate the potential of any vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/mortality ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Susceptibility ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-31
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2394024-4
    ISSN 1972-2680 ; 2036-6590
    ISSN (online) 1972-2680
    ISSN 2036-6590
    DOI 10.3855/jidc.13698
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Decoding the Host-Parasite Protein Interactions Involved in Cerebral Malaria Through Glares of Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

    Indari, Omkar / Sk, Md Fulbabu / Jakhmola, Shweta / Jonniya, Nisha Amarnath / Jha, Hem Chandra / Kar, Parimal

    The journal of physical chemistry. B

    2022  Volume 126, Issue 2, Page(s) 387–402

    Abstract: Malaria causes millions of deaths every year. The malaria parasite spends a substantial part of its life cycle inside human erythrocytes. Inside erythrocytes, it synthesizes and displays various proteins onto the erythrocyte surface, such ... ...

    Abstract Malaria causes millions of deaths every year. The malaria parasite spends a substantial part of its life cycle inside human erythrocytes. Inside erythrocytes, it synthesizes and displays various proteins onto the erythrocyte surface, such as
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Endothelial Protein C Receptor ; Erythrocytes/metabolism ; Humans ; Malaria, Cerebral ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Parasites/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Protein Binding ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Endothelial Protein C Receptor ; Protozoan Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1520-5207
    ISSN (online) 1520-5207
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07850
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: An Update on Antiviral Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2: How Far Have We Come?

    Indari, Omkar / Jakhmola, Shweta / Manivannan, Elangovan / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Frontiers in pharmacology

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 632677

    Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide at an exponential rate affecting millions of people instantaneously. Currently, various drugs are under investigation to treat an enormously increasing number of COVID-19 patients. This dreadful situation clearly ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide at an exponential rate affecting millions of people instantaneously. Currently, various drugs are under investigation to treat an enormously increasing number of COVID-19 patients. This dreadful situation clearly demands an efficient strategy to quickly identify drugs for the successful treatment of COVID-19. Hence, drug repurposing is an effective approach for the rapid discovery of frontline arsenals to fight against COVID-19. Successful application of this approach has resulted in the repurposing of some clinically approved drugs as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates. Several of these drugs are either antimalarials, antivirals, antibiotics or corticosteroids and they have been repurposed based on their potential to negate virus or reduce lung inflammation. Large numbers of clinical trials have been registered to evaluate the effectiveness and clinical safety of these drugs. Till date, a few clinical studies are complete and the results are primary. WHO also conducted an international, multi-country, open-label, randomized trials-a solidarity trial for four antiviral drugs. However, solidarity trials have few limitations like no placebos were used, additionally any drug may show effectiveness for a particular population in a region which may get neglected in solidarity trial analysis. The ongoing randomized clinical trials can provide reliable long-term follow-up results that will establish both clinical safety and clinical efficacy of these drugs with respect to different regions, populations and may aid up to worldwide COVID-19 treatment research. This review presents a comprehensive update on majorly repurposed drugs namely chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, ribavirin, azithromycin, umifenovir, oseltamivir as well as convalescent plasma therapy used against SARS-CoV-2. The review also summarizes the data recorded on the mechanism of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of these repurposed drugs along with the preclinical and clinical findings, therapeutic regimens, pharmacokinetics, and drug-drug interactions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-08
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2587355-6
    ISSN 1663-9812
    ISSN 1663-9812
    DOI 10.3389/fphar.2021.632677
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: In silico

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Hazarika, Zaved / Jha, Anupam Nath / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

    2021  Volume 40, Issue 12, Page(s) 5372–5385

    Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus is a tumor-associated, enveloped virus with glycoprotein receptor gHgL on its surface. gH attaches to epithelial or B cells and mediates internalization. Till date, no specific anti-EBV FDA approved drug is available. Targeting gH may ... ...

    Abstract Epstein-Barr virus is a tumor-associated, enveloped virus with glycoprotein receptor gHgL on its surface. gH attaches to epithelial or B cells and mediates internalization. Till date, no specific anti-EBV FDA approved drug is available. Targeting gH may aid in designing virus-specific therapeutics and reducing the drug induced complications in host. We investigated the influence of antiviral phytochemicals on gH using computational approaches. Through molecular docking, we performed binding energy analysis of cellocidin, bruceantin, EGCG, formononetin and sesquiterpene lactones with gH DII/DIII interface, crucial for gH functions. Further, to cause any perturbations in the protein function, the molecules must bind stably to gH. Bruceantin and EGCG interacted with high affinities to gH. Simulation of these two molecules revealed stable binding with gH throughout 100 ns moreover, van der Waal interactions stabilized overall binding. Mutation of amino acids like V265, L269, L315, I423, I459, L474 and F475 involved in stable binding to gH was predicted deleterious to protein function. We obtained no difference in RMSD between these two ligands and minor deviations in the RMSF were noticed compared to gH. Conclusively, our study provided insights into the potential of bruceantin and EGCG to target gH. Different amino acids are involved in binding of each ligand to gH, engagement of certain amino acids may affect the virus binding with epithelial or B cells. The interaction of the ligand with gH may trap it in its native conformation or induce structural flexibility thereby inhibiting the interaction with host receptors or other glycoproteins.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acids/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Phytochemicals/metabolism ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry ; Viral Proteins/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Amino Acids ; Antiviral Agents ; Glycoproteins ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Molecular Chaperones ; Phytochemicals ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; Viral Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 49157-3
    ISSN 1538-0254 ; 0739-1102
    ISSN (online) 1538-0254
    ISSN 0739-1102
    DOI 10.1080/07391102.2020.1871074
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: A plausible contributor to multiple sclerosis; presentation of antigenic myelin protein epitopes by major histocompatibility complexes.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Sk, Md Fulbabu / Chatterjee, Akash / Jain, Khushboo / Kar, Parimal / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Computers in biology and medicine

    2022  Volume 148, Page(s) 105856

    Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be induced upon successful presentation of myelin antigens by MHC I/II. Antigenic similarity between the myelin and viral proteins may worsen the immunological responses.: Methodology: Antigenic regions within ... ...

    Abstract Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be induced upon successful presentation of myelin antigens by MHC I/II. Antigenic similarity between the myelin and viral proteins may worsen the immunological responses.
    Methodology: Antigenic regions within myelin proteins; PLP1, MBP, MOG, and MAG were analyzed using SVMTrip and EMBOSS. Homology search identified sequence similarity between the predicted host epitopes and viral proteins. NetMHCpan predicted MHC I/II binding followed by peptide-protein docking through the HPEPDOCK server. Thereafter we analyzed conformational flexibility and stability of 15 protein-peptide complexes based on high docking scores. The binding free energy was calculated using conventional (MD) and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulation.
    Results: PLP1, MBP, MAG and MOG contained numerous antigenic epitopes. MBP and MOG epitopes had sequence similarity to HHV-6 BALF5; EBNA1 and CMV glycoprotein M (gM), and EBV LMP2B, gp350/220; HHV-8 ORFs respectively. Many herpes virus proteins like tegument, envelope glycoproteins, and ORFs of EBV, CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-8 demonstrated sequence similarity with MAG and PLP1. Some antigenic peptides were also linear B-cell epitopes and influenced cytokine production by T-cell. MHC I allele HLA-B*57:01 bound to PLP1 peptide and HLA-A*68:02 bound to a MAG peptide strongly. MHC II alleles HLA-DRB1*04:05 and HLA-DR1*01:01 associated with MAG- and MOG-derived peptides, respectively, demonstrating high HPEPDOCK scores. MD simulations established stable binding of certain peptides with the MHC namely HLA-B*51:01-MBP(DYKSAHKGFKGVDAQGTLSKIFKL), HLA-B*57:01-PLP1(PDKFVGITYALTVVWLLVFACSAVPVYIYF), HLA-DR1*01:01-MOG(VEDPFYWVSPGVLVLLAVLPVLLLQITVGLVFLCLQYR) and HLA-DRB1*04:05-MAG(TWVQVSLLHFVPTREA).
    Conclusions: Cross-reactivity between self-antigens and pathogen derived immunodominant epitopes may induce MS. Our study supported the role of specific MHC alleles as a contributing MS risk factor.
    MeSH term(s) Cytomegalovirus Infections ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; HLA-DR1 Antigen ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; Histocompatibility ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ; Peptides ; Viral Proteins
    Chemical Substances Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; HLA-DR1 Antigen ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ; Peptides ; Viral Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 127557-4
    ISSN 1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
    ISSN (online) 1879-0534
    ISSN 0010-4825
    DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105856
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  7. Article ; Online: Ultrasonic Atomizer-Driven Development of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Poly(d,l-lactide-

    Kaur, Jaspreet / Jakhmola, Shweta / Singh, Ravi Raj / Joshi, Bhavana / Jha, Hem Chandra / Joshi, Abhijeet

    ACS applied bio materials

    2021  Volume 4, Issue 7, Page(s) 5627–5637

    Abstract: The path to the discovery of anticancer drugs and investigating their potential activity has remained a quest for several decades. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), also known as "Vorinostat", is a well-known histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) ... ...

    Abstract The path to the discovery of anticancer drugs and investigating their potential activity has remained a quest for several decades. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), also known as "Vorinostat", is a well-known histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and has the potential to act as a therapeutic agent against tumorigenesis. Herein, we have fabricated SAHA incorporated into biocompatible and biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-
    MeSH term(s) Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Glioblastoma/drug therapy ; Humans ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer ; Ultrasonics ; Vorinostat/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer (1SIA8062RS) ; Vorinostat (58IFB293JI)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2576-6422
    ISSN (online) 2576-6422
    DOI 10.1021/acsabm.1c00430
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Herpesviruses and the hidden links to Multiple Sclerosis neuropathology.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Upadhyay, Arun / Jain, Khushboo / Mishra, Amit / Jha, Hem Chandra

    Journal of neuroimmunology

    2021  Volume 358, Page(s) 577636

    Abstract: Herpesviruses like Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-1, VZV, and human endogenous retroviruses, have an age-old clinical association with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an autoimmune disease of the nervous system wherein the myelin ... ...

    Abstract Herpesviruses like Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-1, VZV, and human endogenous retroviruses, have an age-old clinical association with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an autoimmune disease of the nervous system wherein the myelin sheath deteriorates. The most popular mode of virus mediated immune system manipulation is molecular mimicry. Numerous herpesvirus antigens are similar to myelin proteins. Other mechanisms described here include the activity of cytokines and autoantibodies produced by the autoreactive T and B cells, respectively, viral déjà vu, epitope spreading, CD46 receptor engagement, impaired remyelination etc. Overall, this review addresses the host-parasite association of viruses with MS.
    MeSH term(s) Autoantibodies/blood ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Herpesviridae/immunology ; Herpesviridae/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 6, Human/immunology ; Herpesvirus 6, Human/metabolism ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/blood ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
    Chemical Substances Autoantibodies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-19
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 8335-5
    ISSN 1872-8421 ; 0165-5728
    ISSN (online) 1872-8421
    ISSN 0165-5728
    DOI 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577636
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2, an Underestimated Pathogen of the Nervous System.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Indari, Omkar / Chatterjee, Sayantani / Jha, Hem Chandra

    SN comprehensive clinical medicine

    2020  Volume 2, Issue 11, Page(s) 2137–2146

    Abstract: Numerous clinical studies have reported neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients since the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), apart from the atypical signs of pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a ... ...

    Abstract Numerous clinical studies have reported neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients since the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), apart from the atypical signs of pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is expressed on various brain cells and cerebral parts, i.e., subfornical organ, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and rostral ventrolateral medulla, as well as in non-cardiovascular areas such as the motor cortex and raphe. The resident CNS cells like astrocytes and microglia also express ACE-2, thus highlighting the vulnerability of the nervous system to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and furin facilitate virus entry into the host. Besides, the probable routes of virus entry into the nervous system include the hematogenic pathway, through the vagus, the olfactory nerve, or the enteric nervous system. However, the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain needs investigation. Furthermore, a Th17-mediated cytokine storm is seen in COVID-19 cases with higher levels of IL-1β/2/7/8/9/10/17, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL-10, MCP1, and MIP1α/β. Some cytokines can cross the blood-brain barrier and activate the brain's immune cells to produce neural cytokines, leading to neuronal dysfunctions. Nonetheless, most of the neurological conditions developed due to viral infections may not have effective and registered treatments. Although, some antivirals may inhibit the virus-mediated pathogenesis and prove to be suitable in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, clinicians' and researchers' collective expertise may unravel the potential of SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent short-term and long-term CNS damage.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2947211-8
    ISSN 2523-8973 ; 2523-8973
    ISSN (online) 2523-8973
    ISSN 2523-8973
    DOI 10.1007/s42399-020-00522-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Identification of Potential Inhibitors against Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1): An Insight from Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulations.

    Jakhmola, Shweta / Jonniya, Nisha Amarnath / Sk, Md Fulbabu / Rani, Annu / Kar, Parimal / Jha, Hem Chandra

    ACS chemical neuroscience

    2021  Volume 12, Issue 16, Page(s) 3060–3072

    Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a known tumorigenic virus, is associated with various neuropathies, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is no anti-EBV FDA-approved drug available in the market. Our study targeted EBV protein EBV nuclear antigen 1 ...

    Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a known tumorigenic virus, is associated with various neuropathies, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is no anti-EBV FDA-approved drug available in the market. Our study targeted EBV protein EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), crucial in virus replication and expressed in all the stages of viral latencies. This dimeric protein binds to an 18 bp palindromic DNA sequence and initiates the process of viral replication. We chose phytochemicals and FDA-approved MS drugs based on literature survey followed by their evaluation efficacies as anti-EBNA1 molecules. Molecular docking revealed FDA drugs ozanimod, siponimod, teriflunomide, and phytochemicals; emodin; protoapigenone; and EGCG bound to EBNA1 with high affinities. ADMET and Lipinski's rule analysis of the phytochemicals predicted favorable druggability. We supported our assessments of pocket druggability with molecular dynamics simulations and binding affinity predictions by the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. Our results establish a stable binding for siponimod and ozanimod with EBNA1 mainly via van der Waals interactions. We identified hot spot residues like I481', K477', L582', and K586' in the binding of ligands. In particular, K477' at the amino terminal of EBNA1 is known to establish interaction with two bases at the major groove of the DNA. Siponimod bound to EBNA1 engaging K477', thus plausibly making it unavailable for DNA interaction. Computational alanine scanning further supported the significant roles of K477', I481', and K586' in the binding of ligands with EBNA1. Conclusively, the compounds showed promising results to be used against EBNA1.
    MeSH term(s) Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation
    Chemical Substances Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1948-7193
    ISSN (online) 1948-7193
    DOI 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00350
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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