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Article ; Online: Assessing morphological preservation of gastrointestinal parasites from fecal samples of wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) stored in ethanol versus formalin.

Hass, Joelle K / Henriquez, Megan C / Churcher, Jessica / Hamou, Hadjira / Morales, Suheidy Romero / Melin, Amanda D

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 3623

Abstract: The copromicroscopic identification of gastrointestinal parasites is a common, cost-effective method vital to understanding host-parasite interactions. However, its efficacy depends on effective preservation of the samples. In this study, we compare the ... ...

Abstract	The copromicroscopic identification of gastrointestinal parasites is a common, cost-effective method vital to understanding host-parasite interactions. However, its efficacy depends on effective preservation of the samples. In this study, we compare the preservation of ethanol and formalin preserved gastrointestinal parasites collected from a wild population of Costa Rican capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator). Fecal samples were collected, halved, and stored in either 10% formalin or 96% ethanol at ambient temperature, then microscopically screened for the presence of parasites. Parasites were morphologically identified and rated based on their preservation using a newly developed rubric. We identified more parasitic morphotypes in formalin-preserved samples but found no difference in the number of parasites per fecal gram (PFG) between mediums. There was no difference in the PFG of two most prevalent parasite morphotypes, Filariopsis barretoi larvae and Strongyle-type eggs, and while Filariopsis larvae were better preserved in formalin, strongyle eggs showed no preservation difference between mediums. Our results support the suitability of both ethanol and formalin for morphological parasite identification in samples stored over 1 year, describe the morphological changes and challenges associated with parasite degradation, and highlight the potential for future studies to use both morphological and molecular methods in non-invasively collected samples.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Parasites ; Cebus capucinus ; Cebus ; Formaldehyde ; Ethanol ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology ; Feces/parasitology
Chemical Substances	Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525) ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-53915-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Activity budget and gut microbiota stability and flexibility across reproductive states in wild capuchin monkeys in a seasonal tropical dry forest.

Webb, Shasta E / Orkin, Joseph D / Williamson, Rachel E / Melin, Amanda D

Animal microbiome

2023 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 63

Abstract: Background: Energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation are significant forces in mammalian evolution. To mitigate increased energy costs associated with reproduction, female mammals have evolved behavioural and physiological responses. Some ... ...

Abstract	Background: Energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation are significant forces in mammalian evolution. To mitigate increased energy costs associated with reproduction, female mammals have evolved behavioural and physiological responses. Some species alter activity to conserve energy during pregnancy and lactation, while others experience changes in metabolism and fat deposition. Restructuring of gut microbiota with shifting reproductive states may also help females increase the energy gained from foods, especially during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to examine the relationships among behaviour, gut microbiota composition, and reproductive state in a wild, non-human primate to better understand reproductive ecology. We combined life history data with > 13,000 behavioural scans and 298 fecal samples collected longitudinally across multiple years from 33 white-faced capuchin monkey (Cebus imitator) females. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and used the DADA2 pipeline to analyze microbial diversity. We used PICRUSt2 to assess putative functions. Results: Reproductive state explained some variation in activity, but overall resting behaviours were relatively stable across pregnancy and lactation. Foraging was less frequent among females in the early stage of nursing compared to the cycling stage, though otherwise remained at comparable levels. Maximum temperature was a strong, significantly positive predictor of resting, while social dominance had a small but significantly negative effect on resting. Ecological variables such as available fruit biomass and rainfall had a small but significantly positive effects on measures of foraging time. Gut microbial community structure, including richness, alpha diversity, and beta diversity remained stable across the reproductive cycle. In pairwise comparisons, pregnant females exhibited increased relative abundances of multiple microbial ASVs, suggesting small changes in relation to reproductive state. Reproductive state was not linked to differential abundance of putative metabolic pathways. Conclusions: Previous data suggest that activity budget and the gut microbiome shifts considerably during reproduction. The present study finds that both activity and gut microbial communities are less associated with reproduction compared to other predictors, including ecological contexts. This suggests that behavioural flexibility and gut microbial community plasticity is contrained by ecological factors in this population. These data contribute to a broader understanding of plasticity and stability in response to physiological shifts associated with mammalian reproduction.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2524-4671
ISSN (online)	2524-4671
DOI	10.1186/s42523-023-00280-6
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Article ; Online: Effectiveness of TRIzol in Inactivating Animal Pathogens.

Duytschaever, Gwen / Ströher, Patrícia R / Fonseca, Kevin / van der Meer, Frank / Melin, Amanda D

Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association

2023 Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 230–241

Abstract: Introduction: Safe handling of biological samples sourced from wild ecosystems is a pressing concern for scientists in disparate fields, including ecology and evolution, OneHealth initiatives, bioresources, geography, veterinary medicine, conservation, ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Safe handling of biological samples sourced from wild ecosystems is a pressing concern for scientists in disparate fields, including ecology and evolution, OneHealth initiatives, bioresources, geography, veterinary medicine, conservation, and many others. This is especially relevant given the growing global research community and collaborative networks that often span international borders. Treatments to inactivate potential pathogens of concern during transportation and analysis of biospecimens while preserving molecular structures of interest are necessary. Objective: We provide a detailed resource on the effectiveness and limitations of TRIzol™ Reagent, a product commonly used in molecular biology to inactivate bacterial and viral pathogens found in wild animals. Methods: By literature review, we evaluate the mode of action of TRIzol Reagent and its main components on bacterial and viral structures. We also synthesize peer-reviewed literature on the effectiveness of TRIzol in inactivating a broad range of infectious bacteria and viruses. Key findings: TRIzol Reagent inactivation is based on phenol, chaotropic salts, and sodium acetate. We find evidence of widespread efficacy in deactivating bacteria and a broad range of enveloped viruses. The efficacy against a subset of potential pathogens, including some nonenveloped viruses, remains uncertain. Conclusion: Available evidence suggests that TRIzol Reagent is effective in inactivating a broad spectrum of bacteria and viruses from cells, tissues, and liquids in biological samples when the matrices are exposed to at least 10 min at room temperature to the reagent. We highlight areas that require additional research and discuss implications for laboratory protocols.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2470-1246
ISSN (online)	2470-1246
DOI	10.1089/apb.2022.0031
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Article ; Online: Activity budget and gut microbiota stability and flexibility across reproductive states in wild capuchin monkeys in a seasonal tropical dry forest

Shasta E. Webb / Joseph D. Orkin / Rachel E. Williamson / Amanda D. Melin

Animal Microbiome, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Background Energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation are significant forces in mammalian evolution. To mitigate increased energy costs associated with reproduction, female mammals have evolved behavioural and physiological responses. ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation are significant forces in mammalian evolution. To mitigate increased energy costs associated with reproduction, female mammals have evolved behavioural and physiological responses. Some species alter activity to conserve energy during pregnancy and lactation, while others experience changes in metabolism and fat deposition. Restructuring of gut microbiota with shifting reproductive states may also help females increase the energy gained from foods, especially during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to examine the relationships among behaviour, gut microbiota composition, and reproductive state in a wild, non-human primate to better understand reproductive ecology. We combined life history data with > 13,000 behavioural scans and 298 fecal samples collected longitudinally across multiple years from 33 white-faced capuchin monkey (Cebus imitator) females. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and used the DADA2 pipeline to analyze microbial diversity. We used PICRUSt2 to assess putative functions. Results Reproductive state explained some variation in activity, but overall resting behaviours were relatively stable across pregnancy and lactation. Foraging was less frequent among females in the early stage of nursing compared to the cycling stage, though otherwise remained at comparable levels. Maximum temperature was a strong, significantly positive predictor of resting, while social dominance had a small but significantly negative effect on resting. Ecological variables such as available fruit biomass and rainfall had a small but significantly positive effects on measures of foraging time. Gut microbial community structure, including richness, alpha diversity, and beta diversity remained stable across the reproductive cycle. In pairwise comparisons, pregnant females exhibited increased relative abundances of multiple microbial ASVs, suggesting small changes in relation to reproductive state. Reproductive state was not ...
Keywords	Gut microbiome ; Non-human primates ; Reproductive ecology ; Animal behaviour ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Microbiology ; QR1-502
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characteristics of antibiotic exposures for surgical procedures prior to Clostridioides difficile diagnosis—Minnesota, 2018

Paige D’Heilly / Amanda Beaudoin / Davis Melin / Stacy Holzbauer

Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, Vol 2, Pp s27-s

2022 Volume 27

Abstract: Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Significant risk factors for CDI include antibiotic use and healthcare exposure. Antibiotics are often administered before, during and/or after ... ...

Abstract	Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Significant risk factors for CDI include antibiotic use and healthcare exposure. Antibiotics are often administered before, during and/or after surgery to prevent postsurgical infection. The contribution of surgery-related antibiotics to the overall CDI burden has not been well described, and assessment of the appropriateness of surgical antibiotic use is complicated by complex clinical guidelines. We have described surgical antibiotic prophylaxis history among adult with CDI in Minnesota in 2018. Method: The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) performs 5-county active population- and laboratory-based CDI surveillance as a CDC Emerging Infections Program site. Incident CDI was defined as stool positive for C. difficile by toxin or molecular assay from a person aged ≥18 years with no positive test in the preceding 8 weeks. History of CDI was defined as having had a previous CDI episode in the 2009–2018 surveillance data set. Medical records were reviewed for 12 weeks prior to incident CDI test date to identify antibiotic prescriptions. Antibiotics with documented indication for surgical-site infection prevention or surgical prophylaxis were classified as “surgical antibiotic prophylaxis” (SPPX). SPPX type (eg, intraoperative, postoperative), appropriateness of SPPX, and clinical guideline adherence were not assessed. Results: During 2018, 812 incident CDIs were reported to MDH among 736 patients. SPPX preceded 84 (10.3%) cases, non-SPPX antibiotic use preceded 465 cases (57.3%), and 263 cases (32.4%) had no documented prior antibiotic use. The median age of incident CDIs with preceding SPPX was 68 years (IQR, 54–79.5). In 25 incident CDI cases with preceding SPPX (29.8%), there were no other antibiotic exposures. Among incident CDIs with preceding SPPX, 11 (13.1%) had >1 surgery event with SPPX. Prior CDI was identified for 13 (15.7%) with SPPX. Among 99 procedures with preceding SPPX, orthopedic ...
Keywords	Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluating genital skin color as a putative sexual signal in wild saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarins.

Moreira, Lais A A / Watsa, Mrinalini / Erkenswick, Gideon / Higham, James P / Melin, Amanda D

American journal of primatology

2022 Volume 85, Issue 2, Page(s) e23456

Abstract: Coevolution between signalers and receivers has played a significant role in the diversity of animal signals and sensory systems. Platyrrhines (monkeys in the Americas) exhibit a remarkable color vision polymorphism that may have been selected by both ... ...

Abstract	Coevolution between signalers and receivers has played a significant role in the diversity of animal signals and sensory systems. Platyrrhines (monkeys in the Americas) exhibit a remarkable color vision polymorphism that may have been selected by both natural and sexual selection, but sociosexual color signaling among platyrrhines has received almost no attention. Here, we study the color of reproductive skin among different reproductive classes in free-ranging female saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarins, modeling color spaces, and contrasts for the different visual systems. We find that the chromatic saturation and luminance of genital color vary between reproductive classes in saddleback tamarins. Chromatic contrast between the vulva and belly is lower in the parous females (PFs) relative to adult but not currently breeding females, while achromatic contrast is higher in PFs in saddleback tamarins relative to nonparous females. However, in emperor tamarins, genital color (saturation, hue, and luminance) does not vary between reproductive classes. Overall, genital skin color variation is present in tamarins and may play a role in sexual signaling. Nevertheless, the patterns are inconsistent between species, suggesting interspecific variation. Future studies should integrate the perceiver's behavioral responses and the physical and social signaling environments into comprehensive studies of communication as well as consider the role and interaction between multiple sensory modalities.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Animals ; Skin Pigmentation ; Saguinus/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Genitalia
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1495834-X
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.23456
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Article ; Online: Assessing color cues of development, breeding status and reproductive condition in captive golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).

Moreira, Lais A A / Merrigan-Johnson, Carrie / Fetherstonhaugh, Laura / Parr, Nigel A / Higham, James P / Melin, Amanda D

American journal of primatology

2023 Volume 85, Issue 10, Page(s) e23543

Abstract: Color signals play an important role in intraspecific communication and are well studied in catarrhine primates, which exhibit uniform trichromatic vision that is well suited to detecting such signals. Platyrrhine primates exhibit polymorphic color ... ...

Abstract	Color signals play an important role in intraspecific communication and are well studied in catarrhine primates, which exhibit uniform trichromatic vision that is well suited to detecting such signals. Platyrrhine primates exhibit polymorphic color vision with different individuals possessing different color vision types in most species. Intriguingly, some platyrrhine species exhibit bare faces, which are convergent with those of catarrhines. However, putative functions of bare-faced color signals in platyrrhines remain largely unexplored. We measured facial skin color of five captive golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) using color-calibrated digital photography and modeled these colors to the visual systems of the species. Our results show that facial coloration is different between infant and older adults and varies across reproductive condition, but not between breeding and nonbreeding adults. While preliminary, our study suggests that facial coloration may be involved in sociosexual signaling in golden lion tamarins, and provides intriguing evidence that we hope might stimulate more studies of bare-faced signaling in platyrrhines.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Leontopithecus ; Cues
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1495834-X
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.23543
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Article ; Online: Reduction of bitter taste receptor gene family in folivorous colobine primates relative to omnivorous cercopithecine primates.

Hou, Min / Akhtar, Muhammad Shoaib / Hayashi, Masahiro / Ashino, Ryuichi / Matsumoto-Oda, Akiko / Hayakawa, Takashi / Ishida, Takafumi / Melin, Amanda D / Imai, Hiroo / Kawamura, Shoji

Primates; journal of primatology

2024

Abstract: Bitter taste perception is important in preventing animals from ingesting potentially toxic compounds. Whole-genome assembly (WGA) data have revealed that bitter taste receptor genes (TAS2Rs) comprise a multigene family with dozens of intact and ... ...

Abstract	Bitter taste perception is important in preventing animals from ingesting potentially toxic compounds. Whole-genome assembly (WGA) data have revealed that bitter taste receptor genes (TAS2Rs) comprise a multigene family with dozens of intact and disrupted genes in primates. However, publicly available WGA data are often incomplete, especially for multigene families. In this study, we employed a targeted capture (TC) approach specifically probing TAS2Rs for ten species of cercopithecid primates with diverse diets, including eight omnivorous cercopithecine species and two folivorous colobine species. We designed RNA probes for all TAS2Rs that we modeled to be intact in the common ancestor of cercopithecids ("ancestral-cercopithecid TAS2R gene set"). The TC was followed by short-read and high-depth massive-parallel sequencing. TC retrieved more intact TAS2R genes than found in WGA databases. We confirmed a large number of gene "births" at the common ancestor of cercopithecids and found that the colobine common ancestor and the cercopithecine common ancestor had contrasting trajectories: four gene "deaths" and three gene births, respectively. The number of intact TAS2R genes was markedly reduced in colobines (25-28 detected via TC and 20-26 detected via WGA analysis) as compared with cercopithecines (27-36 via TC and 19-30 via WGA). Birth or death events occurred at almost every phylogenetic-tree branch, making the composition of intact genes variable among species. These results show that evolutionary change in intact TAS2R genes is a complex process, refute a simple general prediction that herbivory favors more TAS2R genes, and have implications for understanding dietary adaptations and the evolution of detoxification abilities.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-11
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2100453-5
ISSN	1610-7365 ; 0032-8332
ISSN (online)	1610-7365
ISSN	0032-8332
DOI	10.1007/s10329-024-01124-w
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Article: Assessing urinary odours across the oestrous cycle in a mouse model using portable and benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Tang, Jia / Poirier, Alice C / Duytschaever, Gwen / Moreira, Laís A A / Nevo, Omer / Melin, Amanda D

Royal Society open science

2021 Volume 8, Issue 9, Page(s) 210172

Abstract: For female mammals, communicating the timing of ovulation is essential for reproduction. Olfactory communication via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play a key role. We investigated urinary VOCs across the oestrous cycle using laboratory mice. We ... ...

Abstract	For female mammals, communicating the timing of ovulation is essential for reproduction. Olfactory communication via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play a key role. We investigated urinary VOCs across the oestrous cycle using laboratory mice. We assessed the oestrous stage through daily vaginal cytology and analysed urinary VOCs using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), testing a portable GC-MS against a benchtop system. We detected 65 VOCs from 40 samples stored in VOC traps and analysed on a benchtop GC-MS, and 15 VOCs from 90 samples extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed on a portable GC-MS. Only three compounds were found in common between the two techniques. Urine collected from the fertile stages of the oestrous cycle had increased quantities of a few notable VOCs compared with urine from non-fertile stages. These VOCs may be indicators of fertility. However, we did not find significant differences in chemical composition among oestrous stages. It is possible that changes in VOC abundance were too small to be detected by our analytical methods. Overall, the use of VOC traps combined with benchtop GC-MS was the more successful of the two methods, yet portable GC-MS systems may still have utility for some
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2787755-3
ISSN	2054-5703
ISSN	2054-5703
DOI	10.1098/rsos.210172
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Article ; Online: Human subsistence and signatures of selection on chemosensory genes.

Veilleux, Carrie C / Garrett, Eva C / Pajic, Petar / Saitou, Marie / Ochieng, Joseph / Dagsaan, Lilia D / Dominy, Nathaniel J / Perry, George H / Gokcumen, Omer / Melin, Amanda D

Communications biology

2023 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 683

Abstract: Chemosensation (olfaction, taste) is essential for detecting and assessing foods, such that dietary shifts elicit evolutionary changes in vertebrate chemosensory genes. The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture dramatically altered how ... ...

Abstract	Chemosensation (olfaction, taste) is essential for detecting and assessing foods, such that dietary shifts elicit evolutionary changes in vertebrate chemosensory genes. The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture dramatically altered how humans acquire food. Recent genetic and linguistic studies suggest agriculture may have precipitated olfactory degeneration. Here, we explore the effects of subsistence behaviors on olfactory (OR) and taste (TASR) receptor genes among rainforest foragers and neighboring agriculturalists in Africa and Southeast Asia. We analyze 378 functional OR and 26 functional TASR genes in 133 individuals across populations in Uganda (Twa, Sua, BaKiga) and the Philippines (Agta, Mamanwa, Manobo) with differing subsistence histories. We find no evidence of relaxed selection on chemosensory genes in agricultural populations. However, we identify subsistence-related signatures of local adaptation on chemosensory genes within each geographic region. Our results highlight the importance of culture, subsistence economy, and drift in human chemosensory perception.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Diet ; Biological Evolution ; Acclimatization ; Rainforest ; Adaptation, Physiological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2399-3642
ISSN (online)	2399-3642
DOI	10.1038/s42003-023-05047-y
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