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  1. Article ; Online: Attachment discs of the diving bell spider Argyroneta aquatica.

    Schaber, Clemens F / Grawe, Ingo / Gorb, Stanislav N

    Communications biology

    2023  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 1232

    Abstract: To adhere their silk threads for the construction of webs and to fix the dragline, spiders produce attachment discs of piriform silk. Uniquely, the aquatic spider Argyroneta aquatica spends its entire life cycle underwater. Therefore, it has to glue its ... ...

    Abstract To adhere their silk threads for the construction of webs and to fix the dragline, spiders produce attachment discs of piriform silk. Uniquely, the aquatic spider Argyroneta aquatica spends its entire life cycle underwater. Therefore, it has to glue its attachment discs to substrates underwater. Here we show that Argyroneta aquatica applies its thread anchors within an air layer around the spinnerets maintained by superhydrophobic setae. During spinning, symmetric movements of the spinnerets ensure retaining air in the contact area. The flat structure of the attachment discs is thought to facilitate fast curing of the piriform adhesive cement and improves the resistance against drag forces. Pull-off tests on draglines connected with attachment discs on different hydrophilic substrates point to dragline rupture as the failure mode. The Young´s modulus of the dragline (8.3 GPa) is within the range as in terrestrial spiders. The shown structural and behavioral adaptations can be the model for new artificial underwater gluing devices.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Movement ; Silk/chemistry ; Spiders
    Chemical Substances Silk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2399-3642
    ISSN (online) 2399-3642
    DOI 10.1038/s42003-023-05575-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Attachment discs of the diving bell spider Argyroneta aquatica

    Clemens F. Schaber / Ingo Grawe / Stanislav N. Gorb

    Communications Biology, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract To adhere their silk threads for the construction of webs and to fix the dragline, spiders produce attachment discs of piriform silk. Uniquely, the aquatic spider Argyroneta aquatica spends its entire life cycle underwater. Therefore, it has to ... ...

    Abstract Abstract To adhere their silk threads for the construction of webs and to fix the dragline, spiders produce attachment discs of piriform silk. Uniquely, the aquatic spider Argyroneta aquatica spends its entire life cycle underwater. Therefore, it has to glue its attachment discs to substrates underwater. Here we show that Argyroneta aquatica applies its thread anchors within an air layer around the spinnerets maintained by superhydrophobic setae. During spinning, symmetric movements of the spinnerets ensure retaining air in the contact area. The flat structure of the attachment discs is thought to facilitate fast curing of the piriform adhesive cement and improves the resistance against drag forces. Pull-off tests on draglines connected with attachment discs on different hydrophilic substrates point to dragline rupture as the failure mode. The Young´s modulus of the dragline (8.3 GPa) is within the range as in terrestrial spiders. The shown structural and behavioral adaptations can be the model for new artificial underwater gluing devices.
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Composition and substrate-dependent strength of the silken attachment discs in spiders.

    Grawe, Ingo / Wolff, Jonas O / Gorb, Stanislav N

    Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

    2014  Volume 11, Issue 98, Page(s) 20140477

    Abstract: Araneomorph spiders have evolved different silks with dissimilar material properties, serving different purposes. The two-compound pyriform secretion is used to glue silk threads to substrates or to other threads. It is applied in distinct patterns, ... ...

    Abstract Araneomorph spiders have evolved different silks with dissimilar material properties, serving different purposes. The two-compound pyriform secretion is used to glue silk threads to substrates or to other threads. It is applied in distinct patterns, called attachment discs. Although ubiquitously found in spider silk applications and hypothesized to be strong and versatile at low material consumption, the performance of attachment discs on different substrates remains unknown. Here, we analyse the detachment forces and fracture mechanics of the attachment discs spun by five different species on three different substrates, by pulling on the upstream part of the attached thread. Results show that although the adhesion of the pyriform glue is heavily affected by the substrate, even on Teflon it is frequently strong enough to hold the spider's weight. As plant surfaces are often difficult to wet, they are hypothesized to be the major driving force for evolution of the pyriform secretion.
    MeSH term(s) Adhesives ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Fibroins/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy ; Polytetrafluoroethylene/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Spiders ; Surface Properties ; Tensile Strength
    Chemical Substances Adhesives ; Polytetrafluoroethylene (9002-84-0) ; Fibroins (9007-76-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2156283-0
    ISSN 1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
    ISSN (online) 1742-5662
    ISSN 1742-5689
    DOI 10.1098/rsif.2014.0477
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Spider's super-glue: thread anchors are composite adhesives with synergistic hierarchical organization.

    Wolff, Jonas O / Grawe, Ingo / Wirth, Marina / Karstedt, André / Gorb, Stanislav N

    Soft matter

    2015  Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) 2394–2403

    Abstract: Silk is a key innovation in spiders, fascinating both biologists and material scientists. However, to fulfil their biological function silken threads must be strongly fastened to substrates or other threads. The majority of modern spiders produce a ... ...

    Abstract Silk is a key innovation in spiders, fascinating both biologists and material scientists. However, to fulfil their biological function silken threads must be strongly fastened to substrates or other threads. The majority of modern spiders produce a unique and rather unexplored bio-adhesive: the two-compound pyriform secretion, which is spun into elaborate patterns (so called attachment discs) and used to anchor silken threads to substrates. Strong adhesion is achieved on a high variety of surfaces with a minimum of material consumption. Pyriform threads polymerize under ambient conditions, become functional within less than a second and can remain stable for years. They are biodegradable, biocompatible and highly versatile - the adhesion and the overall toughness of the attachment disc can be controlled by spinneret movements on a macroscopic level (ref. 1: V. Sahni et al., Nat. Commun., 2012, 3, 1106, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2099). We found that the pyriform thread is a silk fibre that is coated with glue-like cement consisting of aligned nanofibrils, lipid enclosures and a dense, isotropic boundary layer. The threads are spun in a meshwork pattern that promotes stress distribution and crack arresting. Our results demonstrate, that hierarchical organization and fibre embedding may explain the high adhesive strength and flaw tolerance of a structure made by the same, rather simple type of silk glands.
    MeSH term(s) Adhesives/chemistry ; Adhesives/metabolism ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Silk/chemistry ; Silk/metabolism ; Spiders/chemistry ; Spiders/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Adhesives ; Silk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2191476-X
    ISSN 1744-6848 ; 1744-683X
    ISSN (online) 1744-6848
    ISSN 1744-683X
    DOI 10.1039/c4sm02130d
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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