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Article ; Online: An update on the current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of human ascariasis.

Hon, Kam Lun / Leung, Alexander K C

2024

Abstract: Introduction: Globally, Ascaris lumbricoides is the commonest helminthic infection that affects people in underdeveloped countries and returning immigrants in industrialized nations. This article aims to provide latest updates on the epidemiology, ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Globally, Ascaris lumbricoides is the commonest helminthic infection that affects people in underdeveloped countries and returning immigrants in industrialized nations. This article aims to provide latest updates on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pharmacotherapy of ascariasis. Areas covered: A PubMed search was conducted using Clinical Queries and the key terms 'human ascariasis' OR 'Ascaris lumbricoides.' Ascaris lumbricoides is highly endemic in tropical and subtropic regions and among returning immigrants in industrialized nations. Predisposing factors include poor sanitation and poverty. The prevalence is greatest in young children. Most infected patients are asymptomatic. Patients with A. lumbricoides infection should be treated with anti-helminthic drugs to prevent complications from migration of the worm. Mebendazole and albendazole are indicated for children and nonpregnant women. Pregnant individuals should be treated with pyrantel pamoate. Expert opinion: Cure rates with anthelmintic treatment are high. No emerging pharmacotherapy can replace these existing drugs of good efficacy, safety profile and low cost for public health. It is opinioned that advances in the management of ascariasis include diagnostic accuracy at affordable costs, Emodepside is highly effective in single doses against ascarids in mammals and in human trials. The drug could be registered for human use in multiple neglected tropical diseases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2001535-5
ISSN	1744-7666 ; 1465-6566
ISSN (online)	1744-7666
ISSN	1465-6566
DOI	10.1080/14656566.2024.2319686
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Zs.A 5130: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Lichen Striatus: An Updated Review.

Leung, Alexander K C / Lam, Joseph M / Barankin, Benjamin / Leong, Kin Fon

Current pediatric reviews

2024

Abstract: Background: Lichen striatus is a benign dermatosis that affects mainly children. This condition mimics many other dermatoses.: Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations of lichen striatus ... ...

Abstract	Background: Lichen striatus is a benign dermatosis that affects mainly children. This condition mimics many other dermatoses. Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations of lichen striatus to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary investigations, unnecessary referrals, and mismanagement of lichen striatus. Methods: A search was conducted in June 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "Lichen striatus". The search strategy included all observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews published within the past ten years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of this article. Results: Lichen striatus is a benign self-limited T-cell mediated dermatosis characterized by a linear inflammatory papular eruption seen primarily in children. The onset is usually sudden with minimal or absent symptomatology. The eruption in typical lichen striatus consists of discrete, skin- colored, pink, erythematous, or violaceous, flat-topped, slightly elevated, smooth or scaly papules that coalesce to form a dull red, potentially scaly, interrupted or continuous band over days to weeks. Although any part of the body may be involved, the extremities are the sites of predilection. Typically, the rash is solitary, unilateral, and follows Blaschko lines. In dark-skinned individuals, the skin lesions may be hypopigmented at onset. Nails may be affected alone or, more commonly, along with the skin lesions of lichen striatus. The differential diagnoses of lichen striatus are many and the salient features of other conditions are highlighted in the text. Conclusion: Lichen striatus is a self-limited condition that often resolves within one year without residual scarring but may have transient post-inflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation. As such, treatment may not be necessary. For patients who desire treatment for cosmesis or for the symptomatic treatment of pruritus, a low- to mid-potency topical corticosteroid or a topical immunomodulator can be used. A fading cream can be used for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6336
ISSN (online)	1875-6336
DOI	10.2174/0115733963273945240101042423
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Article: Asymptomatic linear erythematous plaques following the lines of Blaschko on the cheek.

Leung, Alexander K C / Leong, Kin Fon / Lam, Joseph M

Paediatrics & child health

2022 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 136–137

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2106767-3
ISSN	1918-1485 ; 1205-7088
ISSN (online)	1918-1485
ISSN	1205-7088
DOI	10.1093/pch/pxab113
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Zs.A 5774: Show issues

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Book: Acne

Hon, K. L. E. / Leung, Alexander K. C.

causes, treatment and myths

(Dermatology)

2010

Author's details	K. I. E. Hon ; Alexander K. C. Leung
Series title	Dermatology
Keywords	Acne Vulgaris ; Acne Vulgaris / diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential
Language	English
Size	VIII, 89 S.
Publisher	Nova Science Publ
Publishing place	New York
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT016359001
ISBN	978-1-61668-258-3 ; 1-61668-258-2
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Shelf mark	Loan status	Location
2011 A 5179	order for loan	Magazin

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Article ; Online: Premature thelarche: An Updated Review.

Leung, Alexander K C / Lam, Joseph M / Hon, Kam Lun

Current pediatric reviews

2023

Abstract: Background: Premature thelarche is the most common pubertal disorder in girls. The condition should be differentiated from central precocious puberty which may result in early epiphyseal fusion and reduced adult height, necessitating treatment.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Premature thelarche is the most common pubertal disorder in girls. The condition should be differentiated from central precocious puberty which may result in early epiphyseal fusion and reduced adult height, necessitating treatment. Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations of premature thelarche and the clinical features and laboratory tests that may help distinguish premature thelarche from central precocious puberty. Methods: A search was conducted in September 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term " Premature thelarche". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used to compile the present article. Results: Premature thelarche denotes isolated breast development before the age of 8 years in girls who do not manifest other signs of pubertal development. The condition is especially prevalent during the first two years of life. The majority of cases of premature thelarche are idiopathic. The condition may result from an unsuppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the early years of life, an "overactivation" of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in early childhood secondary to altered sensitivity to steroids of the hypothalamic receptors controlling sexual maturation, increased circulating free estradiol, increased sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogens, and exposure to exogenous estrogens. The cardinal feature of premature thelarche is breast development which occurs without additional signs of pubertal development in girls under 8 years of age. The enlargement may involve only one breast, both breasts asymmetrically, or both breasts symmetrically. The breast size may fluctuate cyclically. The enlarged breast tissue may be transiently tender. There should be no significant changes in the nipples or areolae and no pubic or axillary hair. The vulva, labia majora, labia minora, and vagina remain prepubertal. Affected girls have a childlike body habitus and do not have mature contours. They are of average height and weight. Growth and osseous maturation, the onset of puberty and menarche, and the pattern of adolescent sexual development remain normal. Most cases of premature thelarche can be diagnosed on clinical grounds. Laboratory tests are seldom indicated. No single test can reliably differentiate premature thelarche from precocious puberty. Conclusion: Premature thelarche is benign, and no therapy is necessary apart from parental reassurance. As enlargement of breasts may be the first sign of central precocious puberty, a prolonged follow-up period every 3 to 6 months with close monitoring of other pubertal events and linear growth is indicated in all instances.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-26
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6336
ISSN (online)	1875-6336
DOI	10.2174/1573396320666230726110658
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Insights from Overviewing Selective International Guidelines for Pediatric Asthma.

Hon, Kam Lun Ellis / Ng, Daniel K K / Chiu, Wa Keung / Leung, Alexander K C

Current pediatric reviews

2024

Abstract: Background: Asthma is a chronic atopic and inflammatory bronchial disease characterized by recurring symptoms and, episodic reversible bronchial obstruction and easily triggered bronchospasms. Asthma often begins in childhood. International guidelines ... ...

Abstract	Background: Asthma is a chronic atopic and inflammatory bronchial disease characterized by recurring symptoms and, episodic reversible bronchial obstruction and easily triggered bronchospasms. Asthma often begins in childhood. International guidelines are widely accepted and implemented; however, there are similarities and differences in the management approaches. There is no national guideline in many cities in Asia. This review aims to provide a practical perspective on current recommendations in the management of childhood asthma, specifically in the following aspects: diagnosis, classification of severity, treatment options, and asthma control, and to provide physicians with up-to-date information for the management of asthma. Methods: We used the PubMed function of Clinical Queries and searched keywords of "Asthma", "Pediatric," AND "Guidelines" as the search engine. "Clinical Prediction Guides", "Etiology", "Diagnosis", "Therapy," "Prognosis," and "Narrow" scope were used as filters. The search was conducted in November 2022. The information retrieved from this search was used in compiling the present article. Results: Diagnosis is clinically based on symptom pattern, response to therapy with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and spirometric pulmonary function testing (PFT). Asthma is classified in accordance with symptom frequency, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), atopic versus nonatopic etiology, where atopy means a predisposition toward a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Asthma is also classified as intermittent or persistent (mild to severe). Unfortunately, there is no disease cure for asthma. However, symptoms can be prevented by trigger avoidance and suppressed with inhaled corticosteroids. Antileukotriene agents or long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) may be used together with inhaled corticosteroids if symptoms of asthma are not controlled. Rapidly worsening symptoms are usually treated with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. Intravenous corticosteroids and hospitalization are required in severe cases of asthma attacks. Some guidelines also provide recommendations on the use of biologics and immunotherapy. Conclusion: Asthma is diagnosed clinically, with supporting laboratory testing. Treatment is based on severity classification, from intermittent to persistent. Inhaled bronchodilator and steroid anti-inflammatory form the main stay of management.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6336
ISSN (online)	1875-6336
DOI	10.2174/0115733963270829231221062201
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Infectious Mononucleosis: An Updated Review.

Leung, Alexander K C / Lam, Joseph M / Barankin, Benjamin

Current pediatric reviews

2023 Volume 20, Issue 3, Page(s) 305–322

Abstract: Background: Infectious mononucleosis is common among adolescents and young adults. Although the majority of cases resolve spontaneously, life-threatening manifestations, and complications have been recognised.: Objective: The purpose of this article ... ...

Abstract	Background: Infectious mononucleosis is common among adolescents and young adults. Although the majority of cases resolve spontaneously, life-threatening manifestations, and complications have been recognised. Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize clinicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of infectious mononucleosis. Methods: A search was conducted in October 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "infectious mononucleosis" OR "Epstein-Barr virus" OR "EBV". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the aforementioned search was used in the compilation of the present article. Results: Infectious mononucleosis, caused by Epstein-Barr virus, most commonly affects adolescents and adults aged 15 to 24 years. Epstein-Barr virus is transmitted primarily in saliva. Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by a triad of fever, tonsillar pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. Fatigue may be profound but tends to resolve within three months. Periorbital and/or palpebral edema, typically bilateral, occurs in one-third of patients. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly occur in approximately 50% and 10% of cases, respectively. A skin rash, which is usually widely scattered, erythematous, and maculopapular, occurs in approximately 10 to 45% of cases. Peripheral blood leukocytosis is observed in most patients; lymphocytes make up at least 50% of the white blood cell differential count. Atypical lymphocytes constitute more than 10% of the total lymphocyte count. The classic test for infectious mononucleosis is the demonstration of heterophile antibodies. The monospot test is the most widely used method to detect the serum heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. When confirmation of the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is required in patients with mononucleosis-like illness and a negative mono-spot test, serologic testing for antibodies to viral capsid antigens is recommended. Infectious mononucleosis is a risk factor for chronic fatigue syndrome. Spontaneous splenic rupture occurs in 0.1 to 0.5% of patients with infectious mononucleosis and is potentially life-threatening. Treatment is mainly supportive. Reduction of activity and bed rest as tolerated are recommended. Patients should be advised to avoid contact sports or strenuous exercise for 8 weeks or while splenomegaly is still present. Most patients have an uneventful recovery. Conclusion: Infectious mononucleosis is generally a benign and self-limited disease. Prompt diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary investigations and treatments and to minimize complications. Splenic rupture is the most feared complication. As avoiding exposure to EBV is almost impossible, the most effective way to prevent EBV infection and infectious mononucleosis is the development of an effective, safe, and affordable EBV vaccine that can confer life-long immunity.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Humans ; Infectious Mononucleosis/diagnosis ; Infectious Mononucleosis/therapy ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/therapy ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Splenomegaly/etiology ; Splenomegaly/complications ; Antibodies, Heterophile ; Splenic Rupture/complications
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Heterophile
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-31
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6336
ISSN (online)	1875-6336
DOI	10.2174/1573396320666230801091558
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Dry and atrophic skin with scaly hyperpigmented macules in a child with conjunctival injection and excessive corneal vascularization.

Leung, Alexander K C / Leong, Kin Fon / Lam, Joseph M

Paediatrics & child health

2022 Volume 27, Issue 7, Page(s) 385–386

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2106767-3
ISSN	1918-1485 ; 1205-7088
ISSN (online)	1918-1485
ISSN	1205-7088
DOI	10.1093/pch/pxac042
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Zs.A 5774: Show issues

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 Encephalitis versus Influenza Encephalitis: More Similarities than Differences.

Hon, Kam Lun / Leung, Alexander K C / Tan, Yok Weng / Leung, Karen K Y / Chan, Paul K S

Current pediatric reviews

2023

Abstract: Background: From time to time, physicians face challenging diagnostic and therapeutic issues concerning the acute management of children with viral encephalitis.: Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review on the ... ...

Abstract	Background: From time to time, physicians face challenging diagnostic and therapeutic issues concerning the acute management of children with viral encephalitis. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review on the similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza encephalitis. Methods: A PubMed search was performed with the function "Clinical Queries" using the key terms "SARS-CoV-2" OR "Influenza" AND "Encephalitis". The search strategy included meta-analyses, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, reviews and observational studies. The search was restricted to the English literature and pediatric population. This article compares similarities and contrasts between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza-associated encephalitis. Results: Encephalitis is an uncommon manifestation of both influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Both vi-ruses are associated with fever and respiratory symptoms. However, SARS-CoV-2 patients may on-ly have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic as silent carriers, rendering the disease spread difficult to control. Influenza patients usually have more severe symptomatology and are often bed bound for several days limiting its spread. Influenza is associated with seasonal and annual outbreaks, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic. Complications of encephalitis are rare in both viral infections but, when present, may carry serious morbidity and mortality. Many long-term sequelae of COVID-19 infections (long COVID-19) have been described but not with influenza infections. Mortality as-sociated with encephalitis appears higher with influenza than with SARS-CoV-2. Prophylaxis by immunization is available for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Specific efficacious antivirals are also available with oseltamivir for influenza and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for SARS-CoV-2. Steroids are indicated with more severe SARS-CoV-2 but their role is not distinct in influenza disease. Conclusion: Encephalitis is a rare complication of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Both car-ry significant morbidity and mortality. Efficacious vaccines for prophylaxis and antivirals for treat-ment are available for both viruses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-21
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6336
ISSN (online)	1875-6336
DOI	10.2174/1573396320666230821110450
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Pachydermodactyly.

Leung, Alexander K C / Lam, Joseph M

The Journal of pediatrics

2021 Volume 236, Page(s) 316–317

MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; Edema/etiology ; Fibroma/diagnosis ; Finger Joint ; Humans ; Male ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	3102-1
ISSN	1097-6833 ; 0022-3476
ISSN (online)	1097-6833
ISSN	0022-3476
DOI	10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.049
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