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  1. Article ; Online: Processing speed and executive attention as causes of intelligence.

    Mashburn, Cody A / Barnett, Mariel K / Engle, Randall W

    Psychological review

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 3, Page(s) 664–694

    Abstract: ... Engle et al., 1999; Kail & Salthouse, 1994). Both constructs have long intellectual histories ...

    Abstract Individual differences in processing speed and executive attention have both been proposed as explanations for individual differences in cognitive ability, particularly general and fluid intelligence (Engle et al., 1999; Kail & Salthouse, 1994). Both constructs have long intellectual histories in scientific psychology. This article attempts to describe the historical development of these constructs, particularly as they pertain to intelligence. It also aims to determine the degree to which speed and executive attention are theoretical competitors in explaining individual differences in intelligence. We suggest that attention is the more fundamental mechanism in explaining variation in human intelligence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Processing Speed ; Attention ; Cognition ; Aptitude ; Intelligence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209907-x
    ISSN 1939-1471 ; 0033-295X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1471
    ISSN 0033-295X
    DOI 10.1037/rev0000439
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  2. Article ; Online: Modality matters: Three auditory conflict tasks to measure individual differences in attention control.

    Burgoyne, Alexander P / Seeburger, Dolly T / Engle, Randall W

    Behavior research methods

    2024  

    Abstract: Early work on selective attention used auditory-based tasks, such as dichotic listening, to shed light on capacity limitations and individual differences in these limitations. Today, there is great interest in individual differences in attentional ... ...

    Abstract Early work on selective attention used auditory-based tasks, such as dichotic listening, to shed light on capacity limitations and individual differences in these limitations. Today, there is great interest in individual differences in attentional abilities, but the field has shifted towards visual-modality tasks. Furthermore, most conflict-based tests of attention control lack reliability due to low signal-to-noise ratios and the use of difference scores. Critically, it is unclear to what extent attention control generalizes across sensory modalities, and without reliable auditory-based tests, an answer to this question will remain elusive. To this end, we developed three auditory-based tests of attention control that use an adaptive response deadline (DL) to account for speed-accuracy trade-offs: Auditory Simon DL, Auditory Flanker DL, and Auditory Stroop DL. In a large sample (N = 316), we investigated the psychometric properties of the three auditory conflict tasks, tested whether attention control is better modeled as a unitary factor or modality-specific factors, and estimated the extent to which unique variance in modality-specific factors contributed incrementally to the prediction of dichotic listening and multitasking performance. Our analyses indicated that the auditory conflict tasks have strong psychometric properties and demonstrate convergent validity with visual tests of attention control. Auditory and visual attention control factors were highly correlated (r = .81)-even after controlling for perceptual processing speed (r = .75). Modality-specific attention control factors accounted for unique variance in modality-matched criterion measures, but the majority of the explained variance was modality-general. The results suggest an interplay between modality-general attention control and modality-specific processing.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-023-02328-6
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  3. Book: Cognitive and Working Memory Training

    Novick, Jared M / Bunting, Michael F / Dougherty, Michael R / Engle, Randall W

    Perspectives from Psychology, Neuroscience, and Human Development

    2019  

    Abstract: Cognitive and Working Memory Training assembles an interdisciplinary group of distinguished authors—all experts in the field—who have been testing the efficacy of cognitive and working memory training using a combination of behavioral, neuroimaging, meta- ...

    Author's details Jared Novick, PhD is Associate Professor of Hearing and Speech Sciences at the University of Maryland. His research focuses on the intersection of language, memory, and cognitive control processes. Michael Bunting, PhD is Research Scientist at the University of Maryland Applied Research Laboratory for Intelligence and Security. His research interests include cognitive aptitude and tailored training. Michael Dougherty, PhD is Professor of Psychology at the University of Maryland. His primary research interests lie at the crossroads of attention, memory, and decision-making. Randall Engle, PhD is Professor of Psychology at Georgia Institute of Technology. For 35 years, he has explored the nature of working memory and causes of limitations in its capacity
    Abstract Cognitive and Working Memory Training assembles an interdisciplinary group of distinguished authors—all experts in the field—who have been testing the efficacy of cognitive and working memory training using a combination of behavioral, neuroimaging, meta-analytic, and computational modelling methods. This edited volume is a defining resource on the practicality and utility of the field of cognitive training research in general, and working memory training -- in particular. Importantly, one fo...
    Language English
    Size 588 p.
    Publisher Oxford University Press
    Document type Book
    Note PDA Manuell_10
    Format 160 x 239 x 36
    ISBN 9780199974467 ; 0199974462
    Database PDA

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  4. Article ; Online: Replication and extension of the toolbox approach to measuring attention control.

    Draheim, Christopher / Tshukara, Jason S / Engle, Randall W

    Behavior research methods

    2023  Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 2135–2157

    Abstract: There is an increasing consensus among researchers that traditional attention tasks do not validly index the attentional mechanisms that they are often used to assess. We recently tested and validated several existing, modified, and new tasks and found ... ...

    Abstract There is an increasing consensus among researchers that traditional attention tasks do not validly index the attentional mechanisms that they are often used to assess. We recently tested and validated several existing, modified, and new tasks and found that accuracy-based and adaptive tasks were more reliable and valid measures of attention control than traditional ones, which typically rely on speeded responding and/or contrast comparisons in the form of difference scores (Draheim et al. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(2), 242-275, 2021). With these improved measures, we found that attention control fully mediated the working memory capacity-fluid intelligence relationship, a novel finding that we argued has significant theoretical implications. The present study was both a follow-up and extension to this "toolbox approach" to measuring attention control. Here, we tested updated versions of several attention control tasks in a new dataset (N = 301) and found, with one exception, that these tasks remain strong indicators of attention control. The present study also replicated two important findings: (1) that attention control accounted for nearly all the variance in the relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence, and (2) that the strong association found between attention control and other cognitive measures is not because the attention control tasks place strong demands on processing speed. These findings show that attention control can be measured as a reliable and valid individual differences construct, and that attention control shares substantial variance with other executive functions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Attention ; Executive Function ; Memory, Short-Term ; Intelligence ; Individuality
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-023-02140-2
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  5. Article ; Online: Radionuclide tracing based in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring of 316L stainless steel in a molten salt closed loop.

    Wang, Yafei / Olson, Aeli P / Falconer, Cody / Kelleher, Brian / Mitchell, Ivan / Zhang, Hongliang / Sridharan, Kumar / Engle, Jonathan W / Couet, Adrien

    Nature communications

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3106

    Abstract: In the study, we report an in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring method developed using a radionuclide tracing technique for the corrosion study of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) in a NaCl- ... ...

    Abstract In the study, we report an in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring method developed using a radionuclide tracing technique for the corrosion study of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) in a NaCl-MgCl
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-47259-8
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  6. Article ; Online: Cyclotron Production of Non-conventional Theranostic Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals.

    Jalilian, Amir R / Engle, Jonathan W / Osso, Joao A

    Current radiopharmaceuticals

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 304–305

    MeSH term(s) Cyclotrons ; Precision Medicine ; Radioisotopes ; Radiopharmaceuticals
    Chemical Substances Radioisotopes ; Radiopharmaceuticals
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-19
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Editorial
    ISSN 1874-4729
    ISSN (online) 1874-4729
    DOI 10.2174/187447101404210917104541
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  7. Article ; Online: Working Memory and Executive Attention: A Revisit.

    Engle, Randall W

    Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

    2018  Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) 190–193

    Abstract: In this follow-up to my 2002 article on working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, and executive attention in Current Directions in Psychological Science, I review even more evidence supporting the idea that the ability to control one's attention (i.e., ...

    Abstract In this follow-up to my 2002 article on working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, and executive attention in Current Directions in Psychological Science, I review even more evidence supporting the idea that the ability to control one's attention (i.e., executive attention) is important to working memory and fluid intelligence. I now argue that working memory tasks reflect primarily the maintenance of information, whereas fluid intelligence tests reflect primarily the ability to disengage from recently attended and no longer useful information. I also point out some conclusions in the 2002 article that now appear to be wrong.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2224911-4
    ISSN 1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
    ISSN (online) 1745-6924
    ISSN 1745-6916
    DOI 10.1177/1745691617720478
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  8. Article ; Online: The Production of Ac-225.

    Engle, Jonathan W

    Current radiopharmaceuticals

    2018  Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) 173–179

    Abstract: Background: The radionuclide 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi are among the most interesting alpha emitters being evaluated for incorporation into targeted therapeutic vectors. Global supply of 225Ac is presently insufficient to meet anticipated clinical ... ...

    Abstract Background: The radionuclide 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi are among the most interesting alpha emitters being evaluated for incorporation into targeted therapeutic vectors. Global supply of 225Ac is presently insufficient to meet anticipated clinical demand, but the deficiency has been targeted by many research and development efforts, privately and publicly funded. From more than a decade of these endeavors, no single production technology has emerged as a complete solution. In the foreseeable future, global supply of 225Ac will continue to be sourced from a patchwork of production methods and laboratories with a range of radioisotopic purities and achievable yields.
    Objective and conclusion: This manuscript attempts to present an overview of availability sources of 225Ac and production methods by which additional supplies might be made available to the community of clinical researchers seeking their application in the treatment of human disease.
    MeSH term(s) Actinium/chemistry ; Alpha Particles ; Radiochemistry/methods ; Radionuclide Generators ; Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis
    Chemical Substances Actinium-225 ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Actinium (NIK1K0956U)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-18
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1874-4729
    ISSN (online) 1874-4729
    DOI 10.2174/1874471011666180418141357
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  9. Article ; Online: Nature and measurement of attention control.

    Burgoyne, Alexander P / Tsukahara, Jason S / Mashburn, Cody A / Pak, Richard / Engle, Randall W

    Journal of experimental psychology. General

    2023  Volume 152, Issue 8, Page(s) 2369–2402

    Abstract: Individual differences in the ability to control attention are correlated with a wide range of important outcomes, from academic achievement and job performance to health behaviors and emotion regulation. Nevertheless, the theoretical nature of attention ...

    Abstract Individual differences in the ability to control attention are correlated with a wide range of important outcomes, from academic achievement and job performance to health behaviors and emotion regulation. Nevertheless, the theoretical nature of attention control as a cognitive construct has been the subject of heated debate, spurred on by psychometric issues that have stymied efforts to reliably measure differences in the ability to control attention. For theory to advance, our measures must improve. We introduce three efficient, reliable, and valid tests of attention control that each take less than 3 min to administer: Stroop Squared, Flanker Squared, and Simon Squared. Two studies (online and in-lab) comprising more than 600 participants demonstrate that the three "Squared" tasks have great internal consistency (avg. = .95) and test-retest reliability across sessions (avg.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Attention/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Intelligence/physiology ; Psychometrics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 189732-9
    ISSN 1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
    ISSN (online) 1939-2222
    ISSN 0096-3445
    DOI 10.1037/xge0001408
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  10. Article ; Online: The role of attention control in complex real-world tasks.

    Draheim, Christopher / Pak, Richard / Draheim, Amanda A / Engle, Randall W

    Psychonomic bulletin & review

    2022  Volume 29, Issue 4, Page(s) 1143–1197

    Abstract: Working memory capacity is an important psychological construct, and many real-world phenomena are strongly associated with individual differences in working memory functioning. Although working memory and attention are intertwined, several studies have ... ...

    Abstract Working memory capacity is an important psychological construct, and many real-world phenomena are strongly associated with individual differences in working memory functioning. Although working memory and attention are intertwined, several studies have recently shown that individual differences in the general ability to control attention is more strongly predictive of human behavior than working memory capacity. In this review, we argue that researchers would therefore generally be better suited to studying the role of attention control rather than memory-based abilities in explaining real-world behavior and performance in humans. The review begins with a discussion of relevant literature on the nature and measurement of both working memory capacity and attention control, including recent developments in the study of individual differences of attention control. We then selectively review existing literature on the role of both working memory and attention in various applied settings and explain, in each case, why a switch in emphasis to attention control is warranted. Topics covered include psychological testing, cognitive training, education, sports, police decision-making, human factors, and disorders within clinical psychology. The review concludes with general recommendations and best practices for researchers interested in conducting studies of individual differences in attention control.
    MeSH term(s) Attention ; Humans ; Individuality ; Memory, Short-Term ; Sports
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2031311-1
    ISSN 1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
    ISSN (online) 1531-5320
    ISSN 1069-9384
    DOI 10.3758/s13423-021-02052-2
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