| Abstract |
Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips is a cosmopolitan pathogen causing dieback of multiple diverse woody hosts including highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). This fungus can survive inside colonized plants without causing any symptoms for several years. Once the endophytic lifestyle is switched to the parasitic one, the symptoms of dieback can rapidly occur (bronze leaves, necroses under the bark, apoplexy) and the plant usually declines within a few weeks (Slipper and Wingfield 2007). In August 2022, blueberry plants displaying symptoms described above were observed in a production orchard located in Hovorany, the Czech Republic. Around 3 % of 1000 observed plants were symptomatic. In order to identify the pathogen, leaves, stems and roots of three diseased plants were collected, sectioned into small pieces (5 × 5 mm), surface sterilized (60 s in 75% ethanol, followed by 60 s in 1% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed three times using sterile distilled water), plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 0.5 g/liter of streptomycin sulfate (PDAS) (Biosynth, Staad, Switzerland) and incubated at 25°C for 2 weeks at dark. Newly developed mycelia were immediately transferred to fresh PDA plates and purified by single-spore or hyphal-tip isolation. In total 33 fungal isolates were obtained. All the 33 isolates shared similar morphology and resembled Botryosphaeriaceae spp. Colonies on PDA (7 d at 25°C) were felty, white to iron grey in the centre. Conidiomata were observed on sterile pine needles on 2 % water agar (WA) at 25°C under near-UV light after 2 wks (110-220 × 60-175 μm). Conidia (n=30) were cylindrical to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 0(-1)-septate, (3.8-8.1 × 2-3 μm). Two representative isolates were deposited at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (CBS 149846 and CBS 149847). The partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, beta-tubulin gene (tub2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef) gene were amplified from genomic DNA of both isolates following primers and protocols previously described (Eichmeier et al. 2020). Newly generated sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (acc. nos. ITS: OQ376566, OQ376567; tub2: OQ401701, OQ401702 and tef: OQ401699, OQ401700), being >99% identical (ITS 483/484 nt, tub2 426/430 nt and tef 230/232 nt) with the ex-type ITS (AY236943), tub2 (AY236888) and tef (AY236917) sequences of N. parvum strain CMW9081. Phylogenetically, newly obtained isolates grouped with ex-type and another three cultures of N. parvum in the three gene-based phylogenetic tree with strong 98/1.0 (BP/PP) support. To confirm pathogenicity, one-year-old canes of ten two-year-old V. corymbosum plants grown in pots were wounded by a 5 mm diam cork borer, and a 5-mm mycelial plug of a 7-day-old culture of both (CBS 149846 and CBS 149847) strains (five plants per strain) was inserted into the wound. Ten plants were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs and served as controls. Wounds were covered by sterile wet cotton, sealed with Parafilm® and inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 20 °C with 12/12 h light/dark period. Within two weeks, inoculated shoots changed colour from green to dark brown and exhibited dark necroses under the bark; after one month inoculated plants declined, while controls remained symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants with 100 % re-isolation rate, and its identity confirmed by sequencing ITS region. The experiment was repeated. Neofusicoccum parvum causing dieback of highbush blueberry was already reported from Australia, California, Chile, China, Italy, Mexico, Portugal and Uruguay (Rossman et al. 2023). Pecenka et al. (2021) reported a presence of another pathogen - Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. from the same plantation. This suggests that stem blight and dieback of highbush blueberry is caused by more than one Botryosphaeriaceae spp. as it was previously proved by Xu et al. (2015). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stem blight and dieback of highbush blueberry caused by N. parvum in the Czech Republic.
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