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Article ; Online: Hesitation and Refusal Factors in Individuals' Decision-Making Processes Regarding a Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination.

Cerda, Arcadio A / García, Leidy Y

2021 Volume 9, Page(s) 626852

Abstract: Introduction: ...

Abstract	Introduction:
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Chile ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2021.626852
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Authors' Reply to Sprengholz and Betsch: "Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine".

García, Leidy Y / Cerda, Arcadio A

Applied health economics and health policy

2021 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 623–624

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-11
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2171420-4
ISSN	1179-1896 ; 1175-5652
ISSN (online)	1179-1896
ISSN	1175-5652
DOI	10.1007/s40258-021-00657-1
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Article ; Online: Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine.

Cerda, Arcadio A / García, Leidy Y

Applied health economics and health policy

2021 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 343–351

Abstract: Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably affected the lives of people worldwide, impacting their health and economic welfare, and changing the behavior of our society significantly. This situation may lead to a strong ... ...

Abstract	Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably affected the lives of people worldwide, impacting their health and economic welfare, and changing the behavior of our society significantly. This situation may lead to a strong incentive for people to buy a vaccine. Therefore, a relevant study to assess individuals' choices and the value of change in welfare from a COVID-19 vaccine is essential. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) value for a vaccine for COVID-19. We also identify the variables that influence individual vaccination decisions, which could be used in the design of vaccination promotion strategies. Methods: We use the contingent valuation method in its double-bounded dichotomous choice format. The estimation coefficients are calculated according to the maximum likelihood method under the assumption of a probit distribution. The sample consisted of 531 individuals, mainly from middle- and high-income socioeconomic groups from Chile between enrolled between 10 July and 10 August 2020. Results: The results show a high WTP for the COVID-19 vaccine, with a value up to US$232. Income and education levels and having family members with COVID-19 increased the likelihood of persons paying for a vaccine. There is also a greater fear as the pandemic progresses that people will get sick from COVID-19. Conclusions: The high WTP value creates an opportunity for formulating public health policy. The results of this study suggest that governments can provide the vaccine free to low-income groups and allow those with higher incomes to acquire the vaccine through the private sector by paying. This will be useful especially for countries with economic difficulties.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/economics ; Female ; Financing, Personal ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Econometric ; Pandemics ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-23
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171420-4
ISSN	1179-1896 ; 1175-5652
ISSN (online)	1179-1896
ISSN	1175-5652
DOI	10.1007/s40258-021-00644-6
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Article ; Online: Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID-19.

Cerda, Arcadio A / García, Leidy Y

Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy

2021 Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 506–512

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of COVID-19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected.: Objective: To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID-19.: Design: This is a ...

Abstract	Background: The prevalence of COVID-19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected. Objective: To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID-19. Design: This is a quantitative study based on an online cross-sectional self-administered survey in Chile between 10 July 2020 and 10 August 2020. Setting and participants: A sample of 531, comprising over 18-year-old participants from middle- and high-income levels, was selected. Outcome measures: Estimations were obtained using a probit regression model with marginal effects. Results: Fear prevailed mainly in women. It has a positive relationship with variables such as chronic illnesses, infectious family or relatives, reduction in economic activity and perception of bad government response to a pandemic. Fear has a negative relationship with knowledge about COVID-19, education level and ageing. Moreover, those who consider socioeconomic impact less important than health care do not fear a COVID-19 infection. Discussionand conclusion: The socioeconomic and health aspects help predict fears. Thus, the government should prioritize these variables in implementing policies. The government's credibility and communication systems can also reduce fears of contracting COVID-19. Patient or public contribution: A pilot focus group of COVID-19-recuperated individuals and some members of our interest groups were consulted in the design stage of the study; this helped in constructing the survey questions. Additionally, three independent individuals volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2119434-8
ISSN	1369-7625 ; 1369-6513
ISSN (online)	1369-7625
ISSN	1369-6513
DOI	10.1111/hex.13274
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Article ; Online: Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: A multifactorial consideration.

García, Leidy Y / Cerda, Arcadio A

Vaccine

2020 Volume 38, Issue 48, Page(s) 7587

MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.026
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Article ; Online: Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID‐19

Arcadio A. Cerda / Leidy Y. García

Health Expectations, Vol 25, Iss 2, Pp 506-

2022 Volume 512

Abstract: Abstract Background The prevalence of COVID‐19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected. Objective To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID‐19. Design This is a ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The prevalence of COVID‐19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected. Objective To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID‐19. Design This is a quantitative study based on an online cross‐sectional self‐administered survey in Chile between 10 July 2020 and 10 August 2020. Setting and participants A sample of 531, comprising over 18‐year‐old participants from middle‐ and high‐income levels, was selected. Outcome measures Estimations were obtained using a probit regression model with marginal effects. Results Fear prevailed mainly in women. It has a positive relationship with variables such as chronic illnesses, infectious family or relatives, reduction in economic activity and perception of bad government response to a pandemic. Fear has a negative relationship with knowledge about COVID‐19, education level and ageing. Moreover, those who consider socioeconomic impact less important than health care do not fear a COVID‐19 infection. Discussionand conclusion The socioeconomic and health aspects help predict fears. Thus, the government should prioritize these variables in implementing policies. The government's credibility and communication systems can also reduce fears of contracting COVID‐19. Patient or public contribution A pilot focus group of COVID‐19–recuperated individuals and some members of our interest groups were consulted in the design stage of the study; this helped in constructing the survey questions. Additionally, three independent individuals volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.
Keywords	Chile ; health care ; pandemic ; perception ; probit model ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Contingent assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine.

García, Leidy Y / Cerda, Arcadio A

Vaccine

2020 Volume 38, Issue 34, Page(s) 5424–5429

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people's health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people's health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be available soon. However, there has been no assessment of whether an individual and society value a vaccine monetarily, and what factors determine this value. Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. For this, we used the contingent valuation approach, in its single and double-bounded dichotomous choice format, which was based on a hypothetical market for a vaccine. The sample used was obtained through an online survey of n = 566 individuals from Chile. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease (p≤0.05), knowledge of COVID-19 (p≤0.05), being sick with COVID-19 (p≤0.05), perception of government performance (p≤0.01), employment status (p≤0.01), income (p≤0.01), health care (p≤0.05), adaptation to quarantine with children at home (p≤0.01) and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 (p≤0.10). According to our discrete choice model in double-bounded dichotomous format, it was concluded that the individuals' WTP is US$184.72 (CI: 165.52-203.92; p < 0.01). This implies a social valuation of approximately US$2232 million, corresponding to 1.09% of the GNP per capita.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Child ; Chile/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/economics ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics/economics ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Public Opinion ; Viral Vaccines/economics
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.068
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Article: Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: A multifactorial consideration

García, Leidy Y. / Cerda, Arcadio A.

Vaccine

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #892005
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Hesitation and Refusal Factors in Individuals' Decision-Making Processes Regarding a Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination

Arcadio A. Cerda / Leidy Y. García

Frontiers in Public Health, Vol

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Introduction: Considering the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a vaccine is being developed to control the disease as a complementary solution to hygiene measures—and better, in social terms, than social distancing. Given that a ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Considering the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a vaccine is being developed to control the disease as a complementary solution to hygiene measures—and better, in social terms, than social distancing. Given that a vaccine will eventually be produced, information will be needed to support a potential campaign to promote vaccination.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the variables affecting the likelihood of refusal and indecision toward a vaccine against COVID-19 and to determine the acceptance of the vaccine for different scenarios of effectiveness and side effects.Materials and Methods: A multinomial logistic regression method based on the Health Belief Model was used to estimate the current methodology, using data obtained by an online anonymous survey of 370 respondents in Chile.Results: The results indicate that 49% of respondents were willing to be vaccinated, with 28% undecided or 77% of individuals who would potentially be willing to be inoculated. The main variables that explained the probability of rejection or indecision were associated with the severity of COVID-19, such as, the side effects and effectiveness of the vaccine; perceived benefits, including immunity, decreased fear of contagion, and the protection of oneself and the environment; action signals, such as, responses from ones' family and the government, available information, and specialists' recommendations; and susceptibility, including the contagion rate per 1,000 inhabitants and relatives with COVID-19, among others. Our analysis of hypothetical vaccine scenarios revealed that individuals preferred less risky vaccines in terms of fewer side effects, rather than effectiveness. Additionally, the variables that explained the indecision toward or rejection of a potential COVID-19 vaccine could be used in designing public health policies.Conclusions: We discovered that it is necessary to formulate specific, differentiated vaccination-promotion strategies for the anti-vaccine and ...
Keywords	perceived benefit ; health promotion ; treatment refusal ; health policy ; vaccine ; Chile ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Healthcare system development in the Middle East and North Africa region: Challenges, endeavors and prospective opportunities.

Katoue, Maram Gamal / Cerda, Arcadio A / García, Leidy Y / Jakovljevic, Mihajlo

Frontiers in public health

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 1045739

Abstract: Background: Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been investing in the development of their health systems through implementing reforms to improve health care delivery for their nations. However, these countries are still ... ...

Abstract	Background: Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been investing in the development of their health systems through implementing reforms to improve health care delivery for their nations. However, these countries are still facing challenges in providing equitable, high quality healthcare services. There is limited published literature supporting the previous and ongoing attempts that have been made to improve health system performance in MENA countries. Aims: This review aims to describe experiences of health system development efforts in the MENA region, highlight progress, identify challenges that need be addressed and future opportunities to achieve responsive and efficient health systems. It also aimed to provide recommendations to further support these health systems toward evolution and performance improvement. Methods: A literature review was conducted by searching different databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and other electronic resources to identify articles and publications describing health systems development in the MENA region from 1975 to 2022. It also included grey literature, reports and policy and planning documents by international organizations. The identified references were reviewed to extract, analyze, organize and report the findings. Results: The review revealed emerging evidence describing governmental initiatives to introduce health system reforms at different levels in the MENA countries. These include initiatives targeting the various elements controlling health system reform: financing, payment, organization, regulation and behavior of providers and consumers. There are several challenges facing the health systems of MENA countries including the rising burden of chronic diseases, inequitable access to health services, deficiency in health workforce, shortage in the use of effective health information systems and leadership challenges. The review identified several key areas that can benefit from further improvement to support health system reforms. These include improving the structure, organization and financing of health systems, health workforce development, effective data management and engagement of key stakeholders to achieve adequate health system reforms. Conclusion: The MENA countries have made significant steps to improve the performance of their health systems; yet achieving a comprehensive health reform will require collaboration of various stakeholders including health policy makers, healthcare professionals, and central to the success of the reform, the patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Health Care Reform ; Prospective Studies ; Middle East ; Africa, Northern ; Delivery of Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045739
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