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  1. Article ; Online: Developing a framework to guide the evaluation of training in research skills for health and care professionals.

    Sabey, Abigail / Biddle, Michele / Bray, Isabelle

    Education for health (Abingdon, England)

    2023  Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 83–87

    Abstract: Background: Delivering research skills training to health professionals through short, applied sessions outside a formal higher education program, can help fill gaps in training and build research capacity in clinical settings. This has been the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Delivering research skills training to health professionals through short, applied sessions outside a formal higher education program, can help fill gaps in training and build research capacity in clinical settings. This has been the endeavor of some of the Applied Research Collaborations funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research in England since 2014. How to evaluate this type of training in terms of the wider impact it may have, has not featured heavily in the literature and methods have largely borrowed from more generic approaches to training evaluation which can over-simplify outcomes and ignore longer-term impacts.
    Methods: We developed the framework in four stages: mapping potential impacts of our research skills training courses to identify key concepts; shaping into three domains in which impact could be expected, informed by established definitions of research capacity building; testing the initial framework and adapting wording of impacts; refining the framework into a practical tool.
    Results: The final framework specifies types of impact in three domains of influence - individual, group/organization and health system, and maps these against key questions to guide inquiry, as well as suggested methods for capturing the impact and expected timeframe for each type of impact.
    Discussion: The framework provides a structure for guiding the evaluation of research training as well as a focus on medium-longer term impacts, encouraging a broader and continuous approach to evaluation. It is hoped this will support educators in other contexts and fields, in the planning of a wider range of training evaluation activities, to capture impact more fully.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Health Personnel/education ; England
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-16
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1318454-4
    ISSN 1469-5804 ; 1357-6283
    ISSN (online) 1469-5804
    ISSN 1357-6283
    DOI 10.4103/efh.efh_289_22
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Planning for tomorrow: global cancer incidence and the role of prevention 2020-2070.

    Soerjomataram, Isabelle / Bray, Freddie

    Nature reviews. Clinical oncology

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) 663–672

    Abstract: Cancer is currently the first or second most common contributor to premature mortality in most countries of the world. The global number of patients with cancer is expected to rise over the next 50 years owing to the strong influence of demographic ... ...

    Abstract Cancer is currently the first or second most common contributor to premature mortality in most countries of the world. The global number of patients with cancer is expected to rise over the next 50 years owing to the strong influence of demographic changes, such as population ageing and growth, on the diverging trends in cancer incidence in different regions. Assuming that the latest incidence trends continue for the major cancer types, we predict a doubling of the incidence of all cancers combined by 2070 relative to 2020. The greatest increases are predicted in lower-resource settings, in countries currently assigned a low Human Development Index (HDI), whereas the predicted increases in national burden diminish with increasing levels of national HDI. Herein, we assess studies modelling the future burden of cancer that underscore how comprehensive cancer prevention strategies can markedly reduce the prevalence of major risk factors and, in so doing, the number of future cancer cases. Focusing on an in-depth assessment of prevention strategies that target tobacco smoking, overweight and obesity, and human papillomavirus infection, we discuss how stepwise, population-level approaches with amenable goals can avert millions of future cancer diagnoses worldwide. In the absence of a step-change in cancer prevention delivery, tobacco smoking will remain the leading preventable cause of cancer, and overweight and obesity might well present a comparable opportunity for prevention, given its increasing prevalence globally in the past few decades. Countries must therefore instigate national cancer control programmes aimed at preventing cancer, and with some urgency, if such programmes are to yield the desired public health and economic benefits in this century.
    MeSH term(s) Age Distribution ; Age Factors ; Global Health/trends ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Incidence ; Life Expectancy/trends ; Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Population Dynamics/trends ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2491410-1
    ISSN 1759-4782 ; 1759-4774
    ISSN (online) 1759-4782
    ISSN 1759-4774
    DOI 10.1038/s41571-021-00514-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Exposure to Green and Historic Urban Environments and Mental Well-Being: Results from EEG and Psychometric Outcome Measures.

    Reece, Rebecca / Bornioli, Anna / Bray, Isabelle / Alford, Chris

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 20

    Abstract: Previous studies have identified the benefits of exposure to green or historic environments using qualitative methods and psychometric measures, but studies using a combination of measures are lacking. This study builds on current literature by focusing ... ...

    Abstract Previous studies have identified the benefits of exposure to green or historic environments using qualitative methods and psychometric measures, but studies using a combination of measures are lacking. This study builds on current literature by focusing specifically on green and historic urban environments and using both psychological and physiological measures to investigate the impact of virtual exposure on well-being. Results from the psychological measures showed that the presence of historic elements was associated with a significantly stronger recuperation of hedonic tone (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Psychometrics ; Stress, Psychological ; Mental Health ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Electroencephalography
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-11
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph192013052
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Health inequalities, risky behaviours and protective factors in adolescents: an analysis of secondary survey data from the UK.

    Currie, K / Bray, I

    Public health

    2019  Volume 170, Page(s) 133–139

    Abstract: Objective: Adolescents are at risk of developing detrimental health behaviours that will affect their adult health. The aim was to estimate prevalence of health risk behaviours (HRB), comparing young people (12-18 years old) in Wiltshire (UK) who are ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Adolescents are at risk of developing detrimental health behaviours that will affect their adult health. The aim was to estimate prevalence of health risk behaviours (HRB), comparing young people (12-18 years old) in Wiltshire (UK) who are vulnerable (looked after children, special education needs and disabilities, young carers and military dependents) to those who are not vulnerable and assess whether these behaviours are associated with protective factors (e.g. friendship groups).
    Study design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data (n = 4129).
    Methods: In total, 900 vulnerable young people were compared with 3229 non-vulnerable young people. Differences between the two groups were assessed using Chi-squared tests, and associations with possible protective factors were assessed using logistic regression (adjusting for confounding factors).
    Results: Vulnerable young people have a higher prevalence of smoking tobacco (15% vs 9%, P < 0.001), using cannabis (7% vs 5%, P = 0.03) and self-harming (16% vs 9%, P < 0.001) monthly or more compared with the rest of the Wiltshire adolescent population. Whilst vulnerable young people have many shared protective factors with non-vulnerable young people, there are also differences between the two groups.
    Conclusions: There are shared protective factors across HRB that can build on the resilience of a young person, impacting their current and future health. Therefore, we should focus our attention on developing protective factors that promote health and well-being, not solely delivering specialist interventions targeted at specific risks. Further consideration should be given to identifying and promoting protective factors specifically for vulnerable people as they have higher levels of HRB and experience protective factors differently.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Protective Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Vulnerable Populations/psychology ; Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 427333-3
    ISSN 1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
    ISSN (online) 1476-5616
    ISSN 0033-3506
    DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Gains in life expectancy from decreasing cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality - an analysis of 28 European countries 1995-2019.

    Wéber, András / Laversanne, Mathieu / Nagy, Péter / Kenessey, István / Soerjomataram, Isabelle / Bray, Freddie

    European journal of epidemiology

    2023  Volume 38, Issue 11, Page(s) 1141–1152

    Abstract: Background: Life expectancy (LE) is an indicator of societal progress among rapidly aging populations. In recent decades, the displacement of deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer have been key drivers in further extending LE on the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Life expectancy (LE) is an indicator of societal progress among rapidly aging populations. In recent decades, the displacement of deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer have been key drivers in further extending LE on the continent, though improvements vary markedly by country, sex, and over time. This study provides a comparative overview of the age-specific contributions of CVD and cancer to increasing LE in the 27 European Union member states, plus the U.K.
    Methods: Cause-by-age decompositions of national changes in LE were conducted for the years 1995-1999 and 2015-2019 based on the standard approach of multiple decrement life tables to quantify the relative impact over time. The contributions of CVD and cancer mortality changes to differences in LE were computed by sex and age for each of the 28 countries. We examine the difference between the member states before 2004 ("founding countries") and those which accessed the EU after 2004 ("A10 countries").
    Results: Among men, declines in CVD mortality in the founding countries of the EU were larger contributors to increasing LE over the last decades than malignant neoplasms: 2.26 years were gained by CVD declines versus 1.07 years for cancer, with 2.23 and 0.84 years gained in A10 countries, respectively. Among women in founding countries, 1.81 and 0.54 additional life years were attributable to CVD and cancer mortality declines, respectively, while in A10 countries, the corresponding values were 2.33 and 0.37 years. Lung and stomach cancer in men, and breast cancer in women were key drivers of gains in LE due to cancer overall, though rising mortality rates from lung cancer diminished the potential impact of increasing female LE in both EU founding (e.g., France, Spain, and Sweden) and A10 countries (e.g., Croatia, Hungary, and Slovenia), notably among cohorts aged 55-70 years. Over the 25 years, the LE gap between the two sets of countries narrowed from 6.22 to 5.59 years in men, and from 4.03 to 3.12 years for women, with diminishing female mortality from CVD as a determinative contributor.
    Conclusion: This study underscores the continued existence of an East-West divide in life expectancy across the EU27 + 1, evident on benchmarking the founding vs. A10 countries. In EU founding countries, continuous economic growth alongside improved health care, health promotion and protection policies have contributed to steady declines in mortality from chronic diseases, leading to increases in life expectancy. In contrast, less favourable mortality trends in the EU A10 countries indicate greater economic and health care challenges, and a failure to implement effective health policies.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Female ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Life Expectancy ; Aging ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mortality ; Cause of Death
    Chemical Substances antineoplaston A10 (16VY3TM7ZO)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-07
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632614-6
    ISSN 1573-7284 ; 0393-2990
    ISSN (online) 1573-7284
    ISSN 0393-2990
    DOI 10.1007/s10654-023-01039-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Response of soil bacterial populations to application of biosolids under short-term flooding.

    Humphries, Nicholas H / Thornton, Steven F / Chen, Xiaohui / Bray, Andrew W / Stewart, Douglas I

    Environmental science and pollution research international

    2023  Volume 30, Issue 28, Page(s) 72978–72992

    Abstract: Biosolids are applied to agricultural land as a soil conditioner and source of crop nutrients. However, there is concern that bacteria from biosolids may become established in soils, particularly if that soil becomes water-logged. This study examined the ...

    Abstract Biosolids are applied to agricultural land as a soil conditioner and source of crop nutrients. However, there is concern that bacteria from biosolids may become established in soils, particularly if that soil becomes water-logged. This study examined the microbial community of arable soils cultivated with barley under different applications of biosolids (0, 24t/ha, 48t/ha) in laboratory mesocosms which simulated a 10-day flood. Nutrients (P and N) and organic matter in the soil increased with application rate, but plant growth was not affected by biosolid application. The biosolids contained 10× more genetic material than the soil, with much lower bacterial diversity, yet application did not significantly change the taxonomy of the soil microbiome, with minor changes related to increased nutrients and SOM. Anaerobic conditions developed rapidly during flooding, causing shifts in the native soil microbiome. Some bacterial taxa that were highly abundant in biosolids had slightly increased relative abundance in amended soils during the flood. After flooding, soil bacterial populations returned to their pre-flood profiles, implying that the native microbial community is resilient to transient changes. The short-term changes in the microbiome of biosolid-amended soils during flooding do not appear to increase the environmental risk posed by biosolid application.
    MeSH term(s) Soil ; Biosolids ; Floods ; Agriculture ; Bacteria/genetics
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Biosolids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1178791-0
    ISSN 1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
    ISSN (online) 1614-7499
    ISSN 0944-1344
    DOI 10.1007/s11356-023-27424-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Quantitative estimates of preventable and treatable deaths from 36 cancers worldwide: a population-based study.

    Frick, Clara / Rumgay, Harriet / Vignat, Jérôme / Ginsburg, Ophira / Nolte, Ellen / Bray, Freddie / Soerjomataram, Isabelle

    The Lancet. Global health

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 11, Page(s) e1700–e1712

    Abstract: Background: Cancer is a leading cause of premature mortality globally. This study estimates premature deaths at ages 30-69 years and distinguishes these as deaths that are preventable (avertable through primary or secondary prevention) or treatable ( ... ...

    Abstract Background: Cancer is a leading cause of premature mortality globally. This study estimates premature deaths at ages 30-69 years and distinguishes these as deaths that are preventable (avertable through primary or secondary prevention) or treatable (avertable through curative treatment) in 185 countries worldwide.
    Methods: For this population-based study, estimated cancer deaths by country, cancer, sex, and age groups were retrieved from the International Agency for Research on Cancer's GLOBOCAN 2020 database. Crude and age-adjusted cancer-specific years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated for 36 cancer types.
    Findings: Of the estimated all-ages cancer burden of 265·6 million YLLs, 182·8 million (68·8%) YLLs were due to premature deaths from cancer globally in 2020, with 124·3 million (68·0%) preventable and 58·5 million (32·0%) treatable. Countries with low, medium, or high human development index (HDI) levels all had greater proportions of YLLs at premature ages than very high HDI countries (68·9%, 77·0%, and 72·2% vs 57·7%, respectively). Lung cancer was the leading contributor to preventable premature YLLs in medium to very high HDI countries (17·4% of all cancers, or 29·7 million of 171·3 million YLLs), whereas cervical cancer led in low HDI countries (26·3% of all preventable cancers, or 1·83 million of 6·93 million YLLs). Colorectal and breast cancers were major treatable cancers across all four tiers of HDI (25·5% of all treatable cancers in combination, or 14·9 million of 58·5 million YLLs).
    Interpretation: Alongside tailored programmes of early diagnosis and screening linked to timely and comprehensive treatment, greater investments in risk factor reduction and vaccination are needed to address premature cancer inequalities.
    Funding: Erasmus Mundus Exchange Programme and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
    Translations: For the German, French, Spanish and Chinese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Global Health ; Mortality, Premature ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Risk Factors ; Breast Neoplasms
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2723488-5
    ISSN 2214-109X ; 2214-109X
    ISSN (online) 2214-109X
    ISSN 2214-109X
    DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00406-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Electronic and Vibrational Close-Coupling Method for Resonant Electron-Molecule Scattering.

    Scarlett, Liam H / Bray, Igor / Fursa, Dmitry V

    Physical review letters

    2021  Volume 127, Issue 22, Page(s) 223401

    Abstract: We report the development of a vibrational-electronic convergent close-coupling method for electron-molecule scattering with an ab-initio account of the coupling between the electronic and vibrational motions. The technique has been applied to scattering ...

    Abstract We report the development of a vibrational-electronic convergent close-coupling method for electron-molecule scattering with an ab-initio account of the coupling between the electronic and vibrational motions. The technique has been applied to scattering on molecular hydrogen, including coupling between vibrational levels in the first 11 electronic states. Distinct resonances associated with the temporary formation of the H_{2}^{-} ion are present between 10 and 14 eV for numerous transitions, including vibrational excitation of the X ^{1}Σ_{g}^{+} state, dissociation via the b ^{3}Σ_{u}^{+} state, and excitation of the B ^{1}Σ_{u}^{+} state. With both resonant and nonresonant scattering treated in a single calculation, this method is capable of providing self-consistent sets of cross sections for electron-molecule scattering in regions where the adiabatic-nuclei approximation breaks down.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208853-8
    ISSN 1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
    ISSN (online) 1079-7114
    ISSN 0031-9007
    DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.223401
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Systematic Review of the Health and Equity Impacts of Remediation and Redevelopment of Contaminated Sites.

    Sinnett, Danielle / Bray, Isabelle / Baranyi, Gergő / Braubach, Matthias / Netanyanhu, Sinaia

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 9

    Abstract: 1) Background: Globally there is a vast legacy of contaminated sites from past industrial, commercial and military activity, waste disposal, and mineral extraction. This review examined the extent to which the remediation of contaminated sites reduces ... ...

    Abstract (1) Background: Globally there is a vast legacy of contaminated sites from past industrial, commercial and military activity, waste disposal, and mineral extraction. This review examined the extent to which the remediation of contaminated sites reduces health risks to new and existing populations. (2) Methods: Standard academic databases were searched for papers that reported on health-related outcomes in humans following remediation and redevelopment of contaminated sites. Title/abstract screening, followed by full-text screening identified sixteen papers that met the eligibility criteria. (3) Results: Most studies were set in the United States of America and reported changes in blood lead concentrations in children, following soil remediation and, in some cases, public health campaigns to reduce exposure. Two further studies examined the impacts of remediation on soil contaminated with chromium and sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (4) Conclusions: Overall, the evidence suggests that remediation via removal, capping, and replacing soil, and planting vegetation is effective at reducing concentrations of lead and chromium in blood and urine in children. There is also evidence that sediment dredging can reduce PCB concentrations in umbilical cords in infants. Study designs are relatively weak and some recommendations are provided for those wishing to examine the health impacts of remediation.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Chromium ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Humans ; Lead ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/toxicity
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Soil Pollutants ; Chromium (0R0008Q3JB) ; Lead (2P299V784P) ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-26
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph19095278
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: COVID-19 pandemic stresses and relationships in college students.

    Gallegos, Martin I / Zaring-Hinkle, Brittany / Bray, James H

    Family relations

    2021  Volume 71, Issue 1, Page(s) 29–45

    Abstract: Objective: The goal of this study was to understand how intergenerational intimacy and individuation associate with COVID-19 pandemic-related stresses and changes to relationship qualities, and consequentially, with substance use indicators, happiness, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to understand how intergenerational intimacy and individuation associate with COVID-19 pandemic-related stresses and changes to relationship qualities, and consequentially, with substance use indicators, happiness, and life satisfaction.
    Background: Intergenerational family systems theory suggests that dysfunctional relationship patterns in one's family of origin contribute to greater stress, and consequentially, to poorer health outcomes. We examined how these patterns emerge for young adults during a pandemic.
    Method: A sample (
    Results: More intergenerational intimacy was associated with more positive COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in relationship quality with family and friends, and with more happiness and life satisfaction. More intergenerational individuation was associated with less COVID-19 pandemic-related stress, fewer coping motives for alcohol use, and with more happiness and life satisfaction. Less COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and more positive COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in relationship qualities with family and friends were associated with more positive outcomes.
    Conclusion: More positive intergenerational relationships are associated with more positive outcomes in regards to COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and relationship changes.
    Implications: Promoting positive intergenerational relational qualities between young adults and their parents can buffer against pandemic-related consequences in health and happiness. Family health practitioners should promote these intergenerational qualities in families, which in turn should increase positive psychosocial and health outcomes in the context of a pandemic.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2026606-6
    ISSN 1741-3729 ; 0197-6664
    ISSN (online) 1741-3729
    ISSN 0197-6664
    DOI 10.1111/fare.12602
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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