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Article ; Online: Using big data to understand interest in myopia.

Nagra, Manbir / Wolffsohn, James S / Ghorbani-Mojarrad, Neema

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2024 Volume 101, Issue 1, Page(s) 37–43

Abstract: Significance: Popularity of publicly searched myopia terminologies is reported, for example, myopia control over myopia management and myopia over nearsighted or shortsighted. Insights are also provided for searches on specific myopia control ... ...

Abstract	Significance: Popularity of publicly searched myopia terminologies is reported, for example, myopia control over myopia management and myopia over nearsighted or shortsighted. Insights are also provided for searches on specific myopia control interventions. The findings offer an evidence-based starting point for public messaging and communications by clinicians, policymakers, and other industry leaders. Purpose: Public understanding of myopia can be difficult to ascertain for clinicians. Although small-scale studies provide valuable snapshots of data, findings tend to be population-specific and thus difficult to extrapolate to global audiences. In this study, big data were used to provide a more comprehensive depiction of global market interest in myopia. Methods: Google Trends data were used to analyze searches relating to myopia between January 2004 and August 2023. Data extracted were related to use of the terms myopia control and myopia management, with further searches executed for common myopia control interventions: orthokeratology, contact lenses, atropine, and glasses. Analysis into the search interest of other refractive error states, hyperopia and astigmatism, was also undertaken along with alternative terms that may be used to describe myopia. Where relevant, search trends were considered worldwide, by country, and over time. Results: Myopia was a more popular search term than common layman alternatives such as nearsighted or shortsighted. Myopia control was found to be more popular than myopia management, and of the specific myopia interventions, atropine was most popular. Compared with astigmatism and hyperopia, relative search volumes were greatest for myopia, on average accounting for approximately 50% of the relative search volume at the country level. Conclusions: The differences identified in both popularity of myopia-related search terms and specific interventions may provide the basis for improvements in public messaging and facilitate patient-practitioner communication.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Astigmatism ; Hyperopia ; Big Data ; Myopia/epidemiology ; Myopia/therapy ; Atropine
Chemical Substances	Atropine (7C0697DR9I)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000002094
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Article ; Online: The impact of COVID-19 on soft contact lens wear in established European and US markets.

Nagra, Manbir / Retallic, Neil / Naroo, Shehzad A

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2022 Volume 45, Issue 6, Page(s) 101718

Abstract: Purpose: To characterise changes in soft contact lens wearing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.: Methods: A detailed online questionnaire was circulated to individuals aged 40-70 years, during the period April to May 2021. Data sampling took place ...

Abstract	Purpose: To characterise changes in soft contact lens wearing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A detailed online questionnaire was circulated to individuals aged 40-70 years, during the period April to May 2021. Data sampling took place in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Only data pertaining to individuals who were soft contact lens wearers were included. Data were extracted for questions relating to contact lens wearing habits pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and expectations for future lens wear beyond the pandemic. Results: Seven-hundred and twenty-eight individuals were identified as soft contact lens wearers of which six-hundred and nineteen wore a combination of contact lenses and spectacles. Most respondents indicated contact lens wear times had either remained the same (57.3%) or increased (9.8%) during the pandemic. The country with the greatest proportion of respondents decreasing wear time during COVID-19 was the UK (45.3%), and the least in the Netherlands (20.0%). The primary cause of decreased lens wear was attributed to leaving the home less often (70.0%), and the second most common reason due to concerns about hygiene (10.8%). Most respondents (83.9%), however, expressed a desire to return to pre-pandemic wear times once the pandemic was over. Conclusions: Practitioner concerns about contact lens market recovery ought to be assuaged by the survey outcomes which show most individuals to have maintained lens wear during the pandemic. In view of the continued lens wear, as and when restrictions ease, ECPs may wish to encourage patients to return for routine check-ups that may have been missed due to the pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Eyeglasses ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2022.101718
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Article ; Online: Exploring contact lens opportunities for patients above the age of 40 years.

Naroo, Shehzad A / Nagra, Manbir / Retallic, Neil

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2022 Volume 45, Issue 6, Page(s) 101599

Abstract: Purpose: Contact lenses offer a good option for patients with presbyopia, especially with improved optical designs available in modern multifocal contact lenses. Due to the ageing population there is good opportunity to increase contact lens penetration ...

Abstract	Purpose: Contact lenses offer a good option for patients with presbyopia, especially with improved optical designs available in modern multifocal contact lenses. Due to the ageing population there is good opportunity to increase contact lens penetration by managing these patients better. However, multifocal contact lenses achieve low penetration in the market. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to people aged above 40 years, to investigate their perceptions of contact lenses for presbyopia. Only people, with presbyopia, who were existing contact lens wearers or willing to try contact lenses were included. Participants were recruited from United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Results: Data from 1540 participants above the age of 40 years was collected, 57.9% were females and 42.1% males. Overall, 50.8% of the participants wore contact lenses, but contact lens wear was less common amongst older participants. Some data supported earlier studies, such as 6.1% wore gas permeable lenses. However, only 25% of the contact lens wearers used multifocal contact lenses. The reasons the participants wanted to wear contact lenses were similar to younger patient such as sports or cosmesis reasons. Reasons why participants had dropped out of contact lenses included discomfort and dry eye related issues. Poor visual performance with contact lenses was a reason to dropout of contact lenses for the older participants. Conclusions: The study highlights some failings by eye care practitioners in the management of patients with presbyopia. It seems that patients of this age group are seeking suggestions and recommendations from their eye care practitioner including upgrading contact lenses and dual wear options. The day-to-day problems encountered by the contact lens wearers in this study seem to be, in the main, things that could be easily tackled by additional counselling and instruction from the eye care practitioners.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Adult ; Presbyopia/therapy ; Contact Lenses ; Eyeglasses ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Vision, Ocular
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2022.101599
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Article ; Online: Smartphone ophthalmoscopy: patient and student practitioner perceptions.

Nagra, Manbir / Huntjens, Byki

Journal of medical systems

2019 Volume 44, Issue 1, Page(s) 10

Abstract: It can take several years to become proficient at direct ophthalmoscopy; the instrument's single eyepiece allows only one individual to view the image at a time, which is considered disadvantageous during teaching. The introduction of smartphone ... ...

Abstract	It can take several years to become proficient at direct ophthalmoscopy; the instrument's single eyepiece allows only one individual to view the image at a time, which is considered disadvantageous during teaching. The introduction of smartphone ophthalmoscopes enables groups of teachers and students to view images together which could encourage peer-to-peer learning. In addition, the technology is significantly cheaper than the direct ophthalmoscope. User acceptability and engagement is essential to the success of any (medical) technological innovation. We sought to understand student opinions of a new commercially-available smartphone device for fundus examination, and compare usability to the traditional ophthalmoscope, from the perspective of both student practitioners and patients. Fifty-four undergraduate optometry students with prior experience of the traditional direct ophthalmoscope were asked to examine at least one eye with the D-EYE smartphone ophthalmoscope and also given an opportunity to experience the D-EYE from a patient's perspective. Minimal instructions were provided and all examinations conducted through undilated pupils. Participants completed an opinion survey to feedback on aspects such as the ease of handling and working distance. Compared to the direct ophthalmoscope, 92% of students preferred the (longer) working distance of the D-EYE; 77% felt it was easier to handle; and 92% preferred the patient experience with the D-EYE. Despite the positive feedback, only 43% of students preferred the D-EYE when assuming the role of the practitioner. Free text responses indicated that students felt the D-EYE may be most useful as a teaching tool. Student opinions indicated that smartphone ophthalmoscopes are an effective training tool for students as an accompaniment to learning the traditional ophthalmoscope method.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Clinical Competence ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Ophthalmology/education ; Ophthalmoscopy/methods ; Optic Disk/anatomy & histology ; Smartphone/instrumentation ; Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	423488-1
ISSN	1573-689X ; 0148-5598
ISSN (online)	1573-689X
ISSN	0148-5598
DOI	10.1007/s10916-019-1477-0
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Article ; Online: Open versus closed view autorefraction in young adults.

Nagra, Manbir / Akhtar, Amna / Huntjens, Byki / Campbell, Peter

Journal of optometry

2020 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 86–91

Abstract: Purpose: While there are numerous studies comparing open-view autorefractors to subjective refraction or other open-view autorefractors, most studies between closed and open-view autorefraction tend to focus on children rather than young adults. The aim ...

Abstract	Purpose: While there are numerous studies comparing open-view autorefractors to subjective refraction or other open-view autorefractors, most studies between closed and open-view autorefraction tend to focus on children rather than young adults. The aim of this study was to determine the concordance in non-cycloplegic refractive error between two modern objective autorefractors: the closed-view monocular Topcon TRK-2P and the binocular open-view Grand Seiko WR-5500. Methods: Fifty young adults aged 20-29 years (mean age 22 ± 1.6 years) underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction using the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 (open view) and Topcon TRK-2P (closed-view) autorefractors on both eyes. Findings were expressed as the isolated spherical component and were also converted from clinical to vector notation: Mean Spherical Error (MSE) and the astigmatic components J0 and J45. Results: Mean MSE ± SD was -1.00 ± 2.40D for the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 compared to -1.23 ± 2.29D for the Topcon TRK-2P. Up to seventy-six percent of the cohort had mean spherical errors from the Topcon TRK-2P which fell within ±0.50D of the Grand Seiko reading and 58% fell within ±0.25D. Mean differences between the two instruments were statistically significant for all components (J0, spherical, and MSE) (p < 0.01), except J45 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The differences in non-cycloplegic MSE between these two instruments are small, but statistically significant. From a clinical perspective the Topcon TRK-2P may serve as a useful starting point for subjective refraction, but additional work is needed to help further minimise differences between the instruments.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Eye ; Humans ; Refraction, Ocular ; Refractive Errors ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vision Tests ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-11
Publishing country	Spain
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2443288-X
ISSN	1989-1342 ; 1888-4296
ISSN (online)	1989-1342
ISSN	1888-4296
DOI	10.1016/j.optom.2020.06.007
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Article ; Online: Intra- and Inter-Model Variability of Light Detection Using a Commercially Available Light Sensor.

Nagra, Manbir / Rodriguez-Carmona, Marisa / Blane, Shelley / Huntjens, Byki

Journal of medical systems

2021 Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 46

Abstract: The veracity of claims made by researchers and clinicians when reporting the impact of lighting on vision and other biological mechanisms is, in part, reliant on accurate and valid measurement devices. We aim to quantify the intra- and inter-watch ... ...

Abstract	The veracity of claims made by researchers and clinicians when reporting the impact of lighting on vision and other biological mechanisms is, in part, reliant on accurate and valid measurement devices. We aim to quantify the intra- and inter-watch variability of a commercially available light sensor device which has been widely used in vision and other photobiological research. Intra- and inter-watch differences were investigated between four Actiwatch Spectrum Pro devices. The devices were used to obtain measurements on two separate occasions, under three different controlled light conditions; the Gretag Macbeth Judge II lightbox was used to produce Simulated Daylight (D65), Illuminant A (A) and Cool White Fluorescent (CWF) lighting. Significant inter-watch differences were noted when considering tricolour (red, green, blue) and the white sensor outputs under each of the three illuminants (p < 0.01). A significant interaction was also found between tricolour sensor and watch used (p < 0.01). Intra-watch differences were noted for the tricolour and for the white sensor outputs under the three illuminants (≤0.05), for all but one watch which showed no significant intra-watch difference for the white 'sensor output' under the D65 illuminant. Use of spectral sensitivity devices is an evolving field. Before drawing causal relationships between light and other biological processes, researchers should acknowledge the limitations of the instruments used, their validation, and the resultant data. The outcomes of the study indicate caution must be exercised in longitudinal data collection and the mixing of watches amongst study participants should be avoided.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Color ; Color Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Lighting
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	423488-1
ISSN	1573-689X ; 0148-5598
ISSN (online)	1573-689X
ISSN	0148-5598
DOI	10.1007/s10916-020-01694-4
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Article ; Online: Smartphone ophthalmoscopy

Nagra, Manbir / Konstantopoulos, Aris / Pardhan, Shahina

a potential way forward for non-ophthalmology medics in the COVID-19 era

2020

Keywords	covid19
Publishing date	2020-10-06
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Changes in forward light scatter parameters as a function of refractive error in young adults.

Nagra, Manbir / Patel, Mansi / Barbur, John

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie

2020 Volume 258, Issue 4, Page(s) 925–930

Abstract: Background/aims: Some aspects of visual performance worsen with increasing myopia. Whilst the underlying causes are not always clear, reduction in retinal image quality is often attributed to structural changes in the posterior myopic eye. Forward light ...

Abstract	Background/aims: Some aspects of visual performance worsen with increasing myopia. Whilst the underlying causes are not always clear, reduction in retinal image quality is often attributed to structural changes in the posterior myopic eye. Forward light scatter, originating principally from the cornea and lens, is known to produce veiling glare which subsequently reduces retinal image contrast. It is therefore of interest to investigate whether forward light scatter varies with refractive error. Methods: Thirteen young-adult subjects (18-25 years), with mean spherical errors (MSE ± sd, D) RE, - 1.69 ± 2.02 (range 0.38 to - 4.75); LE, - 1.91 ± 1.94 (range 0.50 to - 4.63) underwent binocular assessment of forward light scatter using the AVOT light scatter test. Five glare annuli, with effective eccentricities ranging from 2 to 10°, were used to estimate parameters, k and n, which define the light scatter function of the eye. These were then used to calculate the area under the light scatter function (k') and the total volume of light scatter (k″). Results: Significant correlation was found between increasing myopia and k' values (RE, p < 0.05; r = 0.64; LE, p < 0.05, r = 0.66). Neither the 'volume' of light scatter (k″), the parameter, n, which controls the angular distribution of light scatter, or the straylight parameter constant, k, were significantly correlated with refractive error (p > 0.05 for both eyes). Axial length was also not correlated with any of the light scatter parameters measured. Conclusion: The preliminary data from this study provide evidence that some light scatter parameters may be correlated with refractive error. Further studies are needed to characterize how changes in the anterior media of the eye, and inclusion of a wider range of refractive errors, may affect forward light scatter.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Axial Length, Eye/diagnostic imaging ; Axial Length, Eye/physiopathology ; Cornea/diagnostic imaging ; Cornea/physiopathology ; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological ; Female ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline/diagnostic imaging ; Lens, Crystalline/physiopathology ; Male ; Refraction, Ocular/physiology ; Refractive Errors/physiopathology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	8435-9
ISSN	1435-702X ; 0721-832X
ISSN (online)	1435-702X
ISSN	0721-832X
DOI	10.1007/s00417-019-04584-9
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Article ; Online: Could telehealth help eye care practitioners adapt contact lens services during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Nagra, Manbir / Vianya-Estopa, Marta / Wolffsohn, James S

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2020 Volume 43, Issue 3, Page(s) 204–207

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated government-imposed restrictions on social interactions and travel. For many, the guidance has led to new ways of working, most notably a shift towards working remotely. While eye care practitioners (ECPs) may ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated government-imposed restrictions on social interactions and travel. For many, the guidance has led to new ways of working, most notably a shift towards working remotely. While eye care practitioners (ECPs) may continue to provide urgent or emergency eye care, in many cases the travel restrictions present a unique challenge by preventing conventional face-to-face examination. Telephone triage provides a useful starting point for establishing at-risk and emergency patients; but patient examination is central to contact lens patient care. The indeterminate period over which conventional practice will be suspended, and the risk that resumption of 'normal' practice could be impeded by a potential secondary peak in COVID-19 cases, hastens the need for practitioners to adapt their delivery of eyecare. Specifically, it is prudent to reflect upon supportive evidence for more comprehensive approaches to teleoptometry in contact lens practice. Smartphone based ocular imaging is an area which has seen considerable growth, particularly for imaging the posterior eye. Smartphone imaging of the anterior eye requires additional specialised instrumentation unlikely to be available to patients at home. Further, there is only limited evidence for self-administered image capture. In general, digital photographs, are useful for detection of gross anterior eye changes, but subtle changes are less discernible. For the assessment of visual acuity, many electronic test charts have been validated for use by practitioners. Research into self-administered visual acuity measures remains limited. The absence of a comprehensive evidence base for teleoptometry limits ECPs, particularly during this pandemic. Knowledge gaps ought to be addressed to facilitate development of optometry specific evidence-based guidance for telecare. In particular, advances in ocular self-imaging could help move this field forwards.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Contact Lenses/trends ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control ; Health Services Research ; Humans ; Infection Control/methods ; Monitoring, Ambulatory/methods ; Optometry/organization & administration ; Optometry/trends ; Pandemics ; Patient Care ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Professional Practice/trends ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Technology Assessment, Biomedical ; Telemedicine/methods ; Telemedicine/organization & administration ; Visual Acuity
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2020.04.002
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Evidence-based teaching in contact lenses education: Teaching and learning strategies.

Zeri, Fabrizio / Eperjesi, Frank / Woods, Craig / Bandlitz, Stefan / Kumar Bhootra, Ajay / Joshi, Mahesh R / Nagra, Manbir / Schweizer, Helmer / Naroo, Shehzad A

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2023 Volume 46, Issue 2, Page(s) 101822

Abstract: Introduction: Contact lens (CL) practice is an ever-changing field with clinical knowledge, techniques and equipment continuously evolving. These new developments are backed with clinical trials and research to ensure that practitioners feel confident ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Contact lens (CL) practice is an ever-changing field with clinical knowledge, techniques and equipment continuously evolving. These new developments are backed with clinical trials and research to ensure that practitioners feel confident that there is an evidence base to support these advances. Evidence-based practice is now a crucial part of CL practice, and its importance also filters down to CL education. For example, lectures are one of the most popular tools for an educator but, is standing at the front of a lecture theatre full of students a more effective way of teaching than providing the same material for students to read by themselves? What evidence exists specific to CL education? Method: An expert panel of educators completed a comprehensive literature review of current evidence of teaching methods in CL training, or if not available then what can be learnt from other health care professional training that could be potentially applicable to CL education. Results: Due to the amount of evidence available in the overall subject area relating to healthcare education, the initial plan of compiling evidence into one narrative review paper was discarded in favour of producing two linked papers. Here, the first paper details definitions of terminology, and also teaching methods. The second paper focuses on assessment and specific clinical training required to attain CL practice competency. In this first paper, no direct evidence of the spreading and benefit of new education strategies evidence such as flipped classrooms, spaced learning, test-enhanced learning, group work, CBL, PBL, TBL, and reflective practice in CL education was found. The only technique that was widely used in the CL field was case reports and the group discussion of them. Nevertheless, the authors found a consensus of opinion from other disciplines that are transferable to CL teaching and could help students meet the intended learning outcomes. Conclusion: There is a small amount of evidence supporting CL education, but most of this seems to be related to the practical element of the training. However, there is a lot of evidence in the field of healthcare education from related disciplines which provides additional but important learning tools that may be effectively implemented in CL education.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Health Personnel ; Students ; Teaching
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Letter
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2023.101822
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