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Article ; Online: Building police capability in child protection in Kenya.

Davenport, Lydia / Halford, Eric

2023 Volume 147, Page(s) 106538

Abstract: Background: Existing literature illustrates a high prevalence of child protection issues throughout Kenya. This is adjoined by additional research detailing issues of corruption, cultural rationalization and the potential lack of capability to deal with ...

Abstract	Background: Existing literature illustrates a high prevalence of child protection issues throughout Kenya. This is adjoined by additional research detailing issues of corruption, cultural rationalization and the potential lack of capability to deal with the problem in existing law enforcement practices. There is no specific research that investigates the establishment or operational function of a child protection department within law enforcement in Kenya. Objective: This study aims to directly address this research gap by exploring the establishment of an overseas initiative to support the development of a child protection function in the National Police Service of Kenya and to analyse the conditions in developing the project. Participants, setting and methods: The study, which took place in Kenya, consists of n = 15 face to face interviews, comprising of n = 10 Kenyan Police Child Protection Officers, and n = 5 National Crime Agency (NCA) officers who contributed to the development of the unit. The semi-structured interviews were based upon existing literature from developing overseas support and child protection in Kenya. Conclusion: The results evidenced the need to focus in three key areas when building child protection capability overseas to create a successful function; the requirement to tailor context specific understanding of the culture and operating environment, the need to understand the current and potential capabilities within this context, and the importance of obtaining leadership and governance support from appropriate stakeholders both internally and externally. These themes begin to develop a base for the development of international practice for the establishment of overseas child protection policing functions.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Police ; Kenya ; Law Enforcement ; Crime
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	799143-5
ISSN	1873-7757 ; 0145-2134
ISSN (online)	1873-7757
ISSN	0145-2134
DOI	10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106538
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Article: Domestic abuse in the Covid-19 pandemic: measures designed to overcome common limitations of trend measurement.

Hodgkinson, Sarah / Dixon, Anthony / Halford, Eric / Farrell, Graham

Crime science

2023 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Research on pandemic domestic abuse trends has produced inconsistent findings reflecting differences in definitions, data and method. This study analyses 43,488 domestic abuse crimes recorded by a UK police force. Metrics and analytic approaches are ... ...

Abstract	Research on pandemic domestic abuse trends has produced inconsistent findings reflecting differences in definitions, data and method. This study analyses 43,488 domestic abuse crimes recorded by a UK police force. Metrics and analytic approaches are tailored to address key methodological issues in three key ways. First, it was hypothesised that reporting rates changed during lockdown, so natural language processing was used to interrogate untapped free-text information in police records to develop a novel indicator of change in reporting. Second, it was hypothesised that abuse would change differentially for those cohabiting (due to physical proximity) compared to non-cohabitees, which was assessed via a proxy measure. Third, the analytic approaches used were change-point analysis and anomaly detection: these are more independent than regression analysis for present purposes in gauging the timing and duration of significant change. However, the main findings were largely contrary to expectation: (1) domestic abuse did not increase during the first national lockdown in early 2020 but increased across a prolonged post-lockdown period, (2) the post-lockdown increase did not reflect change in reporting by victims, and; (3) the proportion of abuse between cohabiting partners, at around 40 percent of the total, did not increase significantly during or after the lockdown. The implications of these unanticipated findings are discussed. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40163-023-00190-7.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2806589-X
ISSN	2193-7680
ISSN	2193-7680
DOI	10.1186/s40163-023-00190-7
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Article: Anti-social behaviour in the coronavirus pandemic.

Halford, Eric / Dixon, Anthony / Farrell, Graham

Crime science

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Anti-social behaviour recorded by police more than doubled early in the coronavirus pandemic in England and Wales. This was a stark contrast to the steep falls in most types of recorded crime. Why was ASB so different? Was it changes in 'traditional' ASB ...

Abstract	Anti-social behaviour recorded by police more than doubled early in the coronavirus pandemic in England and Wales. This was a stark contrast to the steep falls in most types of recorded crime. Why was ASB so different? Was it changes in 'traditional' ASB such as noisy neighbours, or was it ASB records of breaches of COVID-19 regulations? Further, why did police-recorded ASB find much larger early-pandemic increases than the Telephone Crime Survey for England and Wales? This study uses two approaches to address the issues. The first is a survey of police forces, via Freedom of Information requests, to determine whether COVID-regulation breaches were recorded as ASB. The second is natural language processing (NLP) used to interrogate the text details of police ASB records. We find police recording practice varied greatly between areas. We conclude that the early-pandemic increases in recorded ASB were primarily due to breaches of COVID regulations but around half of these also involved traditional forms of ASB. We also suggest that the study offers proof of concept that NLP may have significant general potential to exploit untapped police text records in ways that inform policing and crime policy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-04
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2806589-X
ISSN	2193-7680
ISSN	2193-7680
DOI	10.1186/s40163-022-00168-x
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Article: Crime and coronavirus: social distancing, lockdown, and the mobility elasticity of crime.

Halford, Eric / Dixon, Anthony / Farrell, Graham / Malleson, Nicolas / Tilley, Nick

Crime science

2020 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 11

Abstract: Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is ... ...

Abstract	Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is variation in the onset of change by crime type, some declining from the WHO 'global pandemic' announcement of 11 March, others later. By 1 week after the 23 March lockdown, all recorded crime had declined 41%, with variation: shoplifting (- 62%), theft (- 52%), domestic abuse (- 45%), theft from vehicle (- 43%), assault (- 36%), burglary dwelling (- 25%) and burglary non-dwelling (- 25%). We use Google Covid-19 Community Mobility Reports to calculate the mobility elasticity of crime for four crime types, finding shoplifting and other theft inelastic but responsive to reduced retail sector mobility (MEC = 0.84, 0.71 respectively), burglary dwelling elastic to
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2806589-X
ISSN	2193-7680
ISSN	2193-7680
DOI	10.1186/s40163-020-00121-w
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Book ; Online: Spatial distributive justice and crime in the covid-19 pandemic

Dixon, Anthony / Halford, Eric / Farrell, Graham

2020

Abstract: Nationally, small area (LSOAs) were ranked by recorded crime rate and grouped into deciles for May 2020 relative to previous five Mays. Decile rate changes relative to expected from previous five years. Key findings:•Previously high-crime areas saw the ... ...

Abstract	Nationally, small area (LSOAs) were ranked by recorded crime rate and grouped into deciles for May 2020 relative to previous five Mays. Decile rate changes relative to expected from previous five years. Key findings:•Previously high-crime areas saw the largest crime declines. •Previously-low-crime rate areas experienced crime increases. •Urban centres saw the greatest crime drops in absolute (but not necessarily relative) terms. •Public order crime increases likely reflect breaches - or perceived breaches - of lockdown rules. Some crime increases, including drugs and weapon offences, may reflect changes in police activity
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Center for Open Science
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
DOI	10.31235/osf.io/knghf
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Article ; Online: Crime and coronavirus

Eric Halford / Anthony Dixon / Graham Farrell / Nicolas Malleson / Nick Tilley

Crime Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

social distancing, lockdown, and the mobility elasticity of crime

2020 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is variation in the onset of change by crime type, some declining from the WHO ‘global pandemic’ announcement of 11 March, others later. By 1 week after the 23 March lockdown, all recorded crime had declined 41%, with variation: shoplifting (− 62%), theft (− 52%), domestic abuse (− 45%), theft from vehicle (− 43%), assault (− 36%), burglary dwelling (− 25%) and burglary non-dwelling (− 25%). We use Google Covid-19 Community Mobility Reports to calculate the mobility elasticity of crime for four crime types, finding shoplifting and other theft inelastic but responsive to reduced retail sector mobility (MEC = 0.84, 0.71 respectively), burglary dwelling elastic to increases in residential area mobility (− 1), with assault inelastic but responsive to reduced workplace mobility (0.56). We theorise that crime rate changes were primarily caused by those in mobility, suggesting a mobility theory of crime change in the pandemic. We identify implications for crime theory, policy and future research.
Keywords	COVID-19 and crime ; Mobility and crime ; Movement and crime ; Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports ; Mobility elasticity of crime ; Mobility theory of crime ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ; HV1-9960 ; covid19
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: User Experiences of a Smartphone-Based Attentive Eating App and Their Association With Diet and Weight Loss Outcomes: Thematic and Exploratory Analyses From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Whitelock, Victoria / Kersbergen, Inge / Higgs, Suzanne / Aveyard, Paul / Halford, Jason Cg / Robinson, Eric

JMIR mHealth and uHealth

2020 Volume 8, Issue 10, Page(s) e16780

Abstract: Background: Short-term laboratory studies suggest that eating attentively can reduce food intake. However, in a recent randomized controlled trial we found no evidence that using an attentive eating smartphone app outside of the laboratory had an effect ...

Abstract	Background: Short-term laboratory studies suggest that eating attentively can reduce food intake. However, in a recent randomized controlled trial we found no evidence that using an attentive eating smartphone app outside of the laboratory had an effect on energy intake or weight loss over 8 weeks. Objective: This research examined trial participants' experiences of using an attentive eating smartphone app and whether app usage was associated with energy intake and weight loss outcomes over 8 weeks. Methods: We conducted thematic analysis of semistructured interviews (N=38) among participants in the attentive eating smartphone app group of the trial who completed the 8-week assessment. Linear regression models examined the associations between energy intake and weight loss outcomes at 8 weeks and app usage. Results: Participants reported several barriers and facilitators to using the smartphone app, including repetition of app content, social setting, motivation, and habitual use of the app. Participants believed that using the app had some beneficial effects on their eating behavior and diet. Exploratory analyses indicated that more frequent recording of eating episodes in the app was associated with lower body weight (B=-0.02, P=.004) and greater self-reported energy intake (B=5.98, P=.01) at 8 weeks, but not body fat percentage or taste-test energy intake. Total audio clip plays, gallery views, and percentage of food entries recorded using an image were not significantly associated with energy intake or weight. Conclusions: Frequent recording of eating episodes in a smartphone app was associated with greater weight loss. There are barriers and facilitators to frequent use of an attentive eating smartphone app that may be useful to address when designing dietary behavior change smartphone apps. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03602001; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03602001; Open Science Framework DOI 10.17605/osf.io/btzhw; https://osf.io/btzhw/.
MeSH term(s)	Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Smartphone ; Weight Loss
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-02
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2719220-9
ISSN	2291-5222 ; 2291-5222
ISSN (online)	2291-5222
ISSN	2291-5222
DOI	10.2196/16780
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Book ; Online: Crime and coronavirus

Halford, Eric / Dixon, Anthony / Farrell, Graham / Malleson, Nick / Tilley, Nick

Social distancing, lockdown and the mobility elasticity of crime

2020

Abstract	Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is variation in the onset of change by crime type, some declining from the WHO ‘global pandemic’ announcement of 11 March, others later. By one week after the 23 March lockdown, all recorded crime had declined 41%, with variation: shoplifting (-62%), theft (-52%), domestic abuse (-45%), theft from vehicle (-43%), assault (-36%), burglary dwelling (-25%) and burglary non-dwelling (-25%). We use Google Covid-19 Consumer Mobility Reports to calculate the mobility elasticity of crime for four crime types, finding shoplifting and other theft inelastic but responsive to reduced retail sector mobility (MEC = 0.84, 0.71 respectively), burglary dwelling elastic to increases in residential area mobility (-1), with assault inelastic but responsive to reduced workplace mobility (0.56). We theorise that crime rate changes were primarily caused by those in mobility, suggesting a mobility theory of crime change in the pandemic. We identify implications for crime theory, policy and future research.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Center for Open Science
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
DOI	10.31235/osf.io/4qzca
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Portion size normality and additional within-meal food intake: two crossover laboratory experiments.

Haynes, Ashleigh / Hardman, Charlotte A / Halford, Jason C G / Jebb, Susan A / Robinson, Eric

The British journal of nutrition

2019 Volume 123, Issue 4, Page(s) 462–471

Abstract: Reducing food portion size could reduce energy intake. However, it is unclear at what point consumers respond to reductions by increasing intake of other foods. We predicted that a change in served portion size would only result in significant additional ...

Abstract	Reducing food portion size could reduce energy intake. However, it is unclear at what point consumers respond to reductions by increasing intake of other foods. We predicted that a change in served portion size would only result in significant additional eating within the same meal if the resulting portion size was no longer visually perceived as 'normal'. Participants in two crossover experiments (Study 1: n 45; Study 2: n 37; adults, 51 % female) were served different-sized lunchtime portions on three occasions that were perceived by a previous sample of participants as 'large-normal', 'small-normal' and 'smaller than normal', respectively. Participants were able to serve themselves additional helpings of the same food (Study 1) or dessert items (Study 2). In Study 1 there was a small but significant increase in additional intake when participants were served the 'smaller than normal' compared with the 'small-normal' portion (m difference = 161 kJ, P = 0·002, d = 0·35), but there was no significant difference between the 'small-normal' and 'large-normal' conditions (m difference = 88 kJ, P = 0·08, d = 0·24). A similar pattern was observed in Study 2 (m difference = 149 kJ, P = 0·06, d = 0·18; m difference = 83 kJ, P = 0·26, d = 0·10). However, smaller portion sizes were each associated with a significant reduction in total meal intake. The findings provide preliminary evidence that reductions that result in portions appearing 'normal' in size may limit additional eating, but confirmatory research is needed.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Over Studies ; Eating/psychology ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Female ; Health ; Humans ; Lunch/psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Portion Size/psychology ; Single-Blind Method ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280396-3
ISSN	1475-2662 ; 0007-1145
ISSN (online)	1475-2662
ISSN	0007-1145
DOI	10.1017/S0007114519002307
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Article ; Online: Perceived weight-related stigma, loneliness, and mental wellbeing during COVID-19 in people with obesity: A cross-sectional study from ten European countries.

Jones, Rebecca A / Christiansen, Paul / Maloney, Niamh G / Duckworth, Jay J / Hugh-Jones, Siobhan / Ahern, Amy L / Richards, Rebecca / Brown, Adrian / Flint, Stuart W / Robinson, Eric / Bryant, Sheree / Halford, Jason C G / Hardman, Charlotte A

International journal of obesity (2005)

2022 Volume 46, Issue 12, Page(s) 2120–2127

Abstract: Background: Increased weight-related stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the need to minimise the impacts on mental wellbeing. We investigated the relationship between the perceived changes in the representation of obesity in the media and ...

Abstract	Background: Increased weight-related stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the need to minimise the impacts on mental wellbeing. We investigated the relationship between the perceived changes in the representation of obesity in the media and mental wellbeing during the pandemic in a sample of people with obesity across 10 European countries. We also investigated the potential moderating effect of loneliness. Methods: Between September to December 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, participants reported data on demographics, mental wellbeing (measured by World Health Organisation Five Wellbeing Index and Patient Health Questionaire-4), loneliness (measured by De Jong Gierveld short scale), and perceived change in the representation of obesity in media (measured by a study-specific question) using the online, cross-sectional EURopean Obesity PatiEnt pANdemic Survey (EUROPEANS). Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and shielding status, with random incept for country. Results: The survey was completed by 2882 respondents. Most identified as female (56%) and reported their ethnicity as White or White-mix (92%). The total sample had a mean age of 41 years and a BMI of 35.4 kg/m Conclusions: Perceiving negative representation of obesity on social media was associated with poorer mental wellbeing outcomes during the pandemic; positive representation on television was associated with both positive and negative mental wellbeing outcomes. We encourage greater media accountability when representing people with obesity.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Loneliness/psychology ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752409-2
ISSN	1476-5497 ; 0307-0565
ISSN (online)	1476-5497
ISSN	0307-0565
DOI	10.1038/s41366-022-01220-1
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