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Article ; Online: Biological and synthetic surfactant exposure increases antimicrobial gene occurrence in a freshwater mixed microbial biofilm environment.

Gill, Stephanie P / Snelling, William J / Dooley, James S G / Ternan, Nigel G / Banat, Ibrahim M / Arnscheidt, Joerg / Hunter, William R

MicrobiologyOpen

2023 Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) e1351

Abstract: Aquatic habitats are particularly susceptible to chemical pollution, such as antimicrobials, from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. This has led to the rapid increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene prevalence. Alternate approaches ... ...

Abstract	Aquatic habitats are particularly susceptible to chemical pollution, such as antimicrobials, from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. This has led to the rapid increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene prevalence. Alternate approaches to counteract pathogenic bacteria are in development including synthetic and biological surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and rhamnolipids. In the aquatic environment, these surfactants may be present as pollutants with the potential to affect biofilm formation and AMR gene occurrence. We tested the effects of rhamnolipid and SDS on aquatic biofilms in a freshwater stream in Northern Ireland. We grew biofilms on contaminant exposure substrates deployed within the stream over 4 weeks. We then extracted DNA and carried out shotgun sequencing using a MinION portable sequencer to determine microbial community composition, with 16S rRNA analyses (64,678 classifiable reads identified), and AMR gene occurrence (81 instances of AMR genes over 9 AMR gene classes) through a metagenomic analysis. There were no significant changes in community composition within all systems; however, biofilm exposed to rhamnolipid had a greater number of unique taxa as compared to SDS treatments and controls. AMR gene prevalence was higher in surfactant-treated biofilms, although not significant, with biofilm exposed to rhamnolipids having the highest presence of AMR genes and classes compared to the control or SDS treatments. Our results suggest that the presence of rhamnolipid encourages an increase in the prevalence of AMR genes in biofilms produced in mixed-use water bodies.
MeSH term(s)	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Fresh Water ; Biofilms
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Surface-Active Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2661368-2
ISSN	2045-8827 ; 2045-8827
ISSN (online)	2045-8827
ISSN	2045-8827
DOI	10.1002/mbo3.1351
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Article ; Online: Cellulitis in the Emergency Department: A prospective cohort study with patient-centred follow-up.

Nightingale, Rachael S / Etheridge, Nimai / Sweeny, Amy L / Smyth, Graham / Dace, William / Pellatt, Richard A F / Snelling, Peter J / Yadav, Krishan / Keijzers, Gerben

Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA

2024

Abstract: Objective: There is substantial practice variation in the management of cellulitis with limited prospective studies describing the course of cellulitis after diagnosis. We aimed to describe the demographics, clinical features (erythema, warmth, swelling ...

Abstract	Objective: There is substantial practice variation in the management of cellulitis with limited prospective studies describing the course of cellulitis after diagnosis. We aimed to describe the demographics, clinical features (erythema, warmth, swelling and pain), patient-reported disease trajectory and medium-term follow-up for ED patients with cellulitis. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study of adults diagnosed with cellulitis in two EDs in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Patients with (peri)orbital cellulitis and abscess were excluded. Data were obtained from a baseline questionnaire, electronic medical records and follow-up questionnaires at 3, 7 and 14 days. Clinician adjudication of day 14 cellulitis cure was compared to patient assessment. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Results: Three-hundred patients (mean age 50 years, SD 19.9) with cellulitis were enrolled, predominantly affecting the lower limb (75%). Cellulitis features showed greatest improvement between enrolment and day 3. Clinical improvement continued gradually at days 7 and 14 with persistent skin erythema (41%) and swelling (37%) at day 14. Skin warmth was the feature most likely to be resolved at each time point. There was a discrepancy in clinician and patient assessment of cellulitis cure at day 14 (85.8% vs. 52.8% cured). Conclusions: A clinical response of cellulitis features can be expected at day 3 with ongoing slower improvement over time. Over one third of patients had erythema or swelling at day 14. Patients are less likely than clinicians to deem their cellulitis cured at day 14. Future research should include parallel patient and clinician evaluation of cellulitis to help develop clearer definitions of treatment failure and cure.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2161824-0
ISSN	1742-6723 ; 1742-6731 ; 1035-6851
ISSN (online)	1742-6723
ISSN	1742-6731 ; 1035-6851
DOI	10.1111/1742-6723.14401
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Article: Efficacy of single pass UVC air treatment for the inactivation of coronavirus, MS2 coliphage and

Snelling, William J / Afkhami, Arsalan / Turkington, Hannah L / Carlisle, Claire / Cosby, S Louise / Hamilton, Jeremy W J / Ternan, Nigel G / Dunlop, Patrick S M

Journal of aerosol science

2022 Volume 164, Page(s) 106003

Abstract: There is strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is spread predominantly by airborne transmission, with high viral loads released into the air as respiratory droplets and aerosols from the infected subject. The spread and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in diverse ... ...

Abstract	There is strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is spread predominantly by airborne transmission, with high viral loads released into the air as respiratory droplets and aerosols from the infected subject. The spread and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in diverse indoor environments reinforces the urgent need to supplement distancing and PPE based approaches with effective engineering measures for microbial decontamination - thereby addressing the significant risk posed by aerosols. We hypothesized that a portable, single-pass UVC air treatment device (air flow 1254 L/min) could effectively inactivate bioaerosols containing bacterial and viral indicator organisms, and coronavirus without reliance on filtration technology, at reasonable scale. Robust experiments demonstrated UVC dose dependent inactivation of
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1499134-2
ISSN	1879-1964 ; 0021-8502
ISSN (online)	1879-1964
ISSN	0021-8502
DOI	10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.106003
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Article ; Online: Competent but complex communication: The phenomena of pheromone-responsive plasmids.

Sterling, Amy J / Snelling, William J / Naughton, Patrick J / Ternan, Nigel G / Dooley, James S G

PLoS pathogens

2020 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e1008310

Abstract: Enterococci are robust gram-positive bacteria that are found in a variety of surroundings and that cause a significant number of healthcare-associated infections. The genus possesses a high-efficiency pheromone-responsive plasmid (PRP) transfer system ... ...

Abstract	Enterococci are robust gram-positive bacteria that are found in a variety of surroundings and that cause a significant number of healthcare-associated infections. The genus possesses a high-efficiency pheromone-responsive plasmid (PRP) transfer system for genetic exchange that allows antimicrobial-resistance determinants to spread within bacterial populations. The pCF10 plasmid system is the best characterised, and although other PRP systems are structurally similar, they lack exact functional homologues of pCF10-encoded genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the enterococcal PRP systems, incorporating functional details for the less-well-defined systems. We catalogue the virulence-associated elements of the PRPs that have been identified to date, and we argue that this reinforces the requirement for elucidation of the less studied systems.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Conjugation, Genetic ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Enterococcus faecalis/genetics ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Pheromones/physiology ; Plasmids/genetics ; Virulence
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; DNA, Bacterial ; Pheromones
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7366
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1008310
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Article ; Online: Biofilm regulation in Clostridioides difficile: Novel systems linked to hypervirulence.

Taggart, Megan G / Snelling, William J / Naughton, Patrick J / La Ragione, Roberto M / Dooley, James S G / Ternan, Nigel G

PLoS pathogens

2021 Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) e1009817

Abstract: Clostridiodes difficile (C. difficile) was ranked an "urgent threat" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2019. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States of America as ...

Abstract	Clostridiodes difficile (C. difficile) was ranked an "urgent threat" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2019. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States of America as well as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal disease. C. difficile is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that causes infection of the epithelial lining of the gut. CDI occurs most commonly after disruption of the human gut microflora following the prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the recurrent nature of this disease has led to the hypothesis that biofilm formation may play a role in its pathogenesis. Biofilms are sessile communities of bacteria protected from extracellular stresses by a matrix of self-produced proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA. Biofilm regulation in C. difficile is still incompletely understood, and its role in disease recurrence has yet to be fully elucidated. However, many factors have been found to influence biofilm formation in C. difficile, including motility, adhesion, and hydrophobicity of the bacterial cells. Small changes in one of these systems can greatly influence biofilm formation. Therefore, the biofilm regulatory system would need to coordinate all these systems to create optimal biofilm-forming physiology under appropriate environmental conditions. The coordination of these systems is complex and multifactorial, and any analysis must take into consideration the influences of the stress response, quorum sensing (QS), and gene regulation by second messenger molecule cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). However, the differences in biofilm-forming ability between C. difficile strains such as 630 and the "hypervirulent" strain, R20291, make it difficult to assign a "one size fits all" mechanism to biofilm regulation in C. difficile. This review seeks to consolidate published data regarding the regulation of C. difficile biofilms in order to identify gaps in knowledge and propose directions for future study.
MeSH term(s)	Biofilms/growth & development ; Clostridioides difficile/growth & development ; Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity ; Clostridium Infections/pathology ; Humans ; Virulence
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7366
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1009817
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Article: Early life nutrition.

Finn, Susan / Culligan, Eamonn P / Snelling, William J / Sleator, Roy D

Science progress

2018 Volume 101, Issue 4, Page(s) 332–359

Abstract: Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life - from conception to two years - has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short ... ...

Abstract	Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life - from conception to two years - has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short and long-term health outcomes, many of which can be prevented through nutritional modifications. Recommended globally, breastfeeding is recognised as the gold standard of infant nutrition; providing key nutrients to achieve optimal health, growth and development, and conferring immunologic protective effects against disease. Nevertheless, infant formulas are often the sole source of nutrition for many infants during the first stage of life. Producers of infant formula strive to supply high quality, healthy, safe alternatives to breast milk with a comparable balance of nutrients to human milk imitating its composition and functional performance measures. The concept of 'nutritional programming', and the theory that exposure to specific conditions, can predispose an individual's health status in later life has become an accepted dictum, and has sparked important nutritional research prospects. This review explores the impact of early life nutrition, specifically, how different feeding methods affect health outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	Bottle Feeding/adverse effects ; Bottle Feeding/methods ; Breast Feeding/methods ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula/chemistry ; Infant Formula/standards ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Newborn ; Nutritive Value
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	128412-5
ISSN	0036-8504 ; 0302-1785
ISSN	0036-8504 ; 0302-1785
DOI	10.3184/003685018X15360040523721
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Biofilm regulation in Clostridioides difficile

Megan G Taggart / William J Snelling / Patrick J Naughton / Roberto M La Ragione / James S G Dooley / Nigel G Ternan

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 17, Iss 9, p e

Novel systems linked to hypervirulence.

2021 Volume 1009817

Abstract	Clostridiodes difficile (C. difficile) was ranked an "urgent threat" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2019. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States of America as well as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal disease. C. difficile is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that causes infection of the epithelial lining of the gut. CDI occurs most commonly after disruption of the human gut microflora following the prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the recurrent nature of this disease has led to the hypothesis that biofilm formation may play a role in its pathogenesis. Biofilms are sessile communities of bacteria protected from extracellular stresses by a matrix of self-produced proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA. Biofilm regulation in C. difficile is still incompletely understood, and its role in disease recurrence has yet to be fully elucidated. However, many factors have been found to influence biofilm formation in C. difficile, including motility, adhesion, and hydrophobicity of the bacterial cells. Small changes in one of these systems can greatly influence biofilm formation. Therefore, the biofilm regulatory system would need to coordinate all these systems to create optimal biofilm-forming physiology under appropriate environmental conditions. The coordination of these systems is complex and multifactorial, and any analysis must take into consideration the influences of the stress response, quorum sensing (QS), and gene regulation by second messenger molecule cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). However, the differences in biofilm-forming ability between C. difficile strains such as 630 and the "hypervirulent" strain, R20291, make it difficult to assign a "one size fits all" mechanism to biofilm regulation in C. difficile. This review seeks to consolidate published data regarding the regulation of C. difficile biofilms in order to ...
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A rapid and sensitive system for recovery of nucleic acids from Mycobacteria sp. on archived glass slides.

A Talip, Balkis / Snelling, William J / Sleator, Roy D / Lowery, Colm / Dooley, James S G

BMC microbiology

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 196

Abstract: Background: The field of diagnostics continues to advance rapidly with a variety of novel approaches, mainly dependent upon high technology platforms. Nonetheless much diagnosis, particularly in developing countries, still relies upon traditional ... ...

Abstract	Background: The field of diagnostics continues to advance rapidly with a variety of novel approaches, mainly dependent upon high technology platforms. Nonetheless much diagnosis, particularly in developing countries, still relies upon traditional methods such as microscopy. Biological material, particularly nucleic acids, on archived glass slides is a potential source of useful information both for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. There are significant challenges faced when examining archived samples in order that an adequate amount of amplifiable DNA can be obtained. Herein, we describe a model system to detect low numbers of bacterial cells isolated from glass slides using (laser capture microscopy) LCM coupled with PCR amplification of a suitable target. Results: Mycobacterium smegmatis was used as a model organism to provide a proof of principle for a method to recover bacteria from a stained sample on a glass slide using a laser capture system. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained cells were excised and catapulted into tubes. Recovered cells were subjected to DNA extraction and pre-amplified with multiple displacement amplification (MDA). This system allowed a minimum of 30 catapulted cells to be detected following a nested real-time PCR assay, using rpoB specific primers. The combination of MDA and nested real-time PCR resulted in a 30-fold increase in sensitivity for the detection of low numbers of cells isolated using LCM. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of LCM coupled with MDA as a tool to improve the recovery of amplifiable nucleic acids from archived glass slides. The inclusion of the MDA step was essential to enable downstream amplification. This platform should be broadly applicable to a variety of diagnostic applications and we have used it as a proof of principle with a Mycobacterium sp. model system.
MeSH term(s)	DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; Glass/analysis ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/diagnosis ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/classification ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/genetics ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/isolation & purification ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Staining and Labeling/instrumentation
Chemical Substances	DNA, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1471-2180
ISSN (online)	1471-2180
DOI	10.1186/s12866-018-1335-0
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Article ; Online: Competent but complex communication

Amy J Sterling / William J Snelling / Patrick J Naughton / Nigel G Ternan / James S G Dooley

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 16, Iss 4, p e

The phenomena of pheromone-responsive plasmids.

2020 Volume 1008310

Abstract	Enterococci are robust gram-positive bacteria that are found in a variety of surroundings and that cause a significant number of healthcare-associated infections. The genus possesses a high-efficiency pheromone-responsive plasmid (PRP) transfer system for genetic exchange that allows antimicrobial-resistance determinants to spread within bacterial populations. The pCF10 plasmid system is the best characterised, and although other PRP systems are structurally similar, they lack exact functional homologues of pCF10-encoded genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the enterococcal PRP systems, incorporating functional details for the less-well-defined systems. We catalogue the virulence-associated elements of the PRPs that have been identified to date, and we argue that this reinforces the requirement for elucidation of the less studied systems.
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Microbial water quality

Teri Bigham / Charnete Casimero / James S.G. Dooley / Nigel G. Ternan / William J. Snelling / James Davis

Electrochemistry Communications, Vol 101, Iss , Pp 99-

Voltammetric detection of coliforms based on riboflavin–ferrocyanide redox couples

2019 Volume 103

Abstract: The ability to screen water for the presence of faecal contamination is a pressing need for rural communities dependent upon local purification systems. While there are a multitude of coliform detection assays based on the activity of β-galactosidase, ... ...

Abstract	The ability to screen water for the presence of faecal contamination is a pressing need for rural communities dependent upon local purification systems. While there are a multitude of coliform detection assays based on the activity of β-galactosidase, this report details the adaptation of a voltammetric pH sensing strategy which could offer rapid analysis. The approach exploits the bacterial metabolism of lactose via pyruvate to lactate with the subsequent decrease in pH measured by examining the peak separation of a riboflavin (sensing) – ferrocyanide (reference) couple. Disposable carbon fibre electrodes were used as in situ sensors in Escherichia coli cultures (103–107 cfu/mL) with detection times of 4 h enabling confirmation of coliform activity. The bacterial compatibility of the riboflavin–ferrocyanide system in combination with the simplicity of the detection methodology, stand in marked contrast to many existing coliform assays and could open new avenues through which voltammetric pH sensing could be employed. Keywords: Galactosidase, pH, Riboflavin, Coliform, Water quality, Sensor
Keywords	Industrial electrochemistry ; TP250-261 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	600
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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