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Article ; Online: What's in the soup? Visual characterization and polymer analysis of microplastics from an Indonesian manta ray feeding ground.

Argeswara, Janis / Hendrawan, I Gede / Dharma, I G B Sila / Germanov, Elitza

2021 Volume 168, Page(s) 112427

Abstract: Plastics in marine environments vary in their physical and chemical properties, influencing their risk to biota once ingested. Manta rays are large filter-feeders that ingest plastics. To assess this risk, we characterized the plastics in a critical ... ...

Abstract	Plastics in marine environments vary in their physical and chemical properties, influencing their risk to biota once ingested. Manta rays are large filter-feeders that ingest plastics. To assess this risk, we characterized the plastics in a critical feeding habitat off Nusa Penida, Indonesia. We examined the color and polymer composition of sampled small-sized plastics (<30 mm). Plastics were mostly secondary microplastics and transparent (46%), white/off-white (24%), and blue/green (22%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of plastics grouped according to type (films, fragments, foam, or lines) and color indicated that most plastics were polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) (99%), with the remainder polystyrene and polyester. Visual characterization aligned with single polymer composition in seven out of ten groups. Although PE and PP have relatively low toxicity compared to other plastics, their composing monomers and associated pollutants and microbes are of concern to manta rays and other marine biota.
MeSH term(s)	Environmental Monitoring ; Indonesia ; Microplastics ; Plastics ; Polymers ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Microplastics ; Plastics ; Polymers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112427
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Residency, movement patterns, behavior and demographics of reef manta rays in Komodo National Park.

Germanov, Elitza S / Pierce, Simon J / Marshall, Andrea D / Hendrawan, I Gede / Kefi, Ande / Bejder, Lars / Loneragan, Neil

PeerJ

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) e13302

Abstract: Background: The reef manta ray (: Methods: This study uses a long-term library (MantaMatcher.org) of photo-identification data collected by researchers and citizen scientists to investigate manta ray demographics and habitat use within the park at ... ...

Abstract	Background: The reef manta ray ( Methods: This study uses a long-term library (MantaMatcher.org) of photo-identification data collected by researchers and citizen scientists to investigate manta ray demographics and habitat use within the park at four sites frequented by tour operators: Cauldron, Karang Makassar, Mawan, and Manta Alley. Residency and movements of manta rays were investigated with maximum likelihood analyses and Markov movement models. Results: A total of 1,085 individual manta rays were identified from photographs dating from 2013 to 2018. In general, individual manta rays displayed a higher affinity to specific sites than others. The highest re-sighting probabilities came from the remote southern site, Manta Alley. Karang Makassar and Mawan are only ~5 km apart; however, manta rays displayed distinct site affinities. Exchange of individuals between Manta Alley and the two central sites (~35.5 km apart) occurred, particularly seasonally. More manta rays were recorded traveling from the south to the central area than Discussion: The Komodo NP contains several distinct critical habitats for manta rays that encompass all demographics and accommodate seasonal manta ray movements. While the present study has not examined population trends, it does provide foundational data for such work. Continued research into manta ray abundance, long-range movements, and identifying and protecting other critical aggregation areas within the region is integral to securing the species' recovery. We provide management recommendations to limit undue pressure on manta rays and their critical habitats from tourism.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.13302
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Article ; Online: Residency, movement patterns, behavior and demographics of reef manta rays in Komodo National Park

Elitza S. Germanov / Simon J. Pierce / Andrea D. Marshall / I. Gede Hendrawan / Ande Kefi / Lars Bejder / Neil Loneragan

PeerJ, Vol 10, p e

2022 Volume 13302

Abstract: Background The reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) is a globally threatened species and an iconic tourist attraction for visitors to Indonesia’s Komodo National Park (NP). In 2013, manta ray fishing was banned in Komodo NP and its surroundings, preceding the ...

Abstract	Background The reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) is a globally threatened species and an iconic tourist attraction for visitors to Indonesia’s Komodo National Park (NP). In 2013, manta ray fishing was banned in Komodo NP and its surroundings, preceding the nationwide manta ray protection in 2014. Over a decade ago, a previous acoustic telemetry study demonstrated that reef manta rays had high fidelity to sites within the park, while more recent photo-identification data indicated that some individuals move up to 450 km elsewhere. Characterization of manta ray demographics, behavior, and a focused assessment on site use of popular tourism locations within the park is vital to assist the Komodo NP Management Authority formulate appropriate manta ray conservation and management policies. Methods This study uses a long-term library (MantaMatcher.org) of photo-identification data collected by researchers and citizen scientists to investigate manta ray demographics and habitat use within the park at four sites frequented by tour operators: Cauldron, Karang Makassar, Mawan, and Manta Alley. Residency and movements of manta rays were investigated with maximum likelihood analyses and Markov movement models. Results A total of 1,085 individual manta rays were identified from photographs dating from 2013 to 2018. In general, individual manta rays displayed a higher affinity to specific sites than others. The highest re-sighting probabilities came from the remote southern site, Manta Alley. Karang Makassar and Mawan are only ~5 km apart; however, manta rays displayed distinct site affinities. Exchange of individuals between Manta Alley and the two central sites (~35.5 km apart) occurred, particularly seasonally. More manta rays were recorded traveling from the south to the central area than vice versa. Female manta rays were more mobile than males. Similar demographic groups used Karang Makassar, Mawan, and Manta Alley for foraging, cleaning, cruising, or courtship activities. Conversely, a higher proportion of immature manta ...
Keywords	Elasmobranch ; Photo-ID ; Population structure ; Movement ; Site use ; Tourism ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	910 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: What's in the soup? Visual characterization and polymer analysis of microplastics from an Indonesian manta ray feeding ground

Argeswara, Janis / Hendrawan, I Gede / Dharma, I G.B. Sila / Germanov, Elitza

Marine pollution bulletin. 2021 July, v. 168

2021

Abstract	Plastics in marine environments vary in their physical and chemical properties, influencing their risk to biota once ingested. Manta rays are large filter-feeders that ingest plastics. To assess this risk, we characterized the plastics in a critical feeding habitat off Nusa Penida, Indonesia. We examined the color and polymer composition of sampled small-sized plastics (<30 mm). Plastics were mostly secondary microplastics and transparent (46%), white/off-white (24%), and blue/green (22%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of plastics grouped according to type (films, fragments, foam, or lines) and color indicated that most plastics were polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) (99%), with the remainder polystyrene and polyester. Visual characterization aligned with single polymer composition in seven out of ten groups. Although PE and PP have relatively low toxicity compared to other plastics, their composing monomers and associated pollutants and microbes are of concern to manta rays and other marine biota.
Keywords	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Manta ; color ; foams ; habitats ; marine pollution ; microplastics ; polyesters ; polyethylene ; polypropylenes ; polystyrenes ; risk ; soups ; toxicity ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112427
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Running the gauntlet: regional movement patterns of Manta alfredi through a complex of parks and fisheries.

Germanov, Elitza S / Marshall, Andrea D

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 10, Page(s) e110071

Abstract: Manta rays (Genus Manta) are economically important for fisheries and tourism in Indonesia. These species have been listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List as Vulnerable to extinction; therefore, human exploitation of ... ...

Abstract	Manta rays (Genus Manta) are economically important for fisheries and tourism in Indonesia. These species have been listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List as Vulnerable to extinction; therefore, human exploitation of manta rays must be regulated. A better understanding of the habitat use and movement patterns of manta rays in Indonesia is needed in order to employ effective conservation measures. To gain better insight into the movements of Manta alfredi we used 'Manta Matcher', an online database with an integrated automated matching algorithm, to compare photographs from 2,604 encounters of M. alfredi collected by recreational divers and dive operators throughout Indonesia over a nine-year period. This photographic comparison revealed that manta rays migrated between regional sanctuaries such as Nusa Penida, the Gili Islands, and the Komodo National Park (up to 450 km straight-line distance). The areas between these sanctuaries are heavily fished and trafficked by ships, and when manta rays travel through these regions they risk being fished and injured by ship strikes. These long-range manta ray movements suggest connectivity between M. alfredi populations in neighboring islands and raise concerns about the future management of regional populations. It is recommended that a national conservation strategy be developed to protect the remaining populations in the country.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diving ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Female ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Ponds ; Skates (Fish)/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0110071
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Microplastics: No Small Problem for Filter-Feeding Megafauna.

Germanov, Elitza S / Marshall, Andrea D / Bejder, Lars / Fossi, Maria Cristina / Loneragan, Neil R

Trends in ecology & evolution

2018 Volume 33, Issue 4, Page(s) 227–232

Abstract: Microplastic pollution can impact filter-feeding marine megafauna, namely mobulid rays, filter-feeding sharks, and baleen whales. Emerging research on these flagship species highlights potential exposure to microplastic contamination and plastic- ... ...

Abstract	Microplastic pollution can impact filter-feeding marine megafauna, namely mobulid rays, filter-feeding sharks, and baleen whales. Emerging research on these flagship species highlights potential exposure to microplastic contamination and plastic-associated toxins. Research and its wide communication are needed to understand the magnitude of the issue and improve marine stewardship.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Environmental Exposure ; Feeding Behavior ; Oceans and Seas ; Plastics/adverse effects ; Sharks ; Skates (Fish) ; Water Pollutants/adverse effects ; Whales
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Water Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.005
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Article ; Online: Microplastics in fecal samples of whale sharks (

Yong, Mila Mi Hua / Leistenschneider, Clara / Miranda, Joni Anne / Paler, Maria Kristina / Legaspi, Christine / Germanov, Elitza / Araujo, Gonzalo / Burkhardt-Holm, Patricia / Erni-Cassola, Gabriel

Microplastics and nanoplastics

2021 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 17

Abstract: Marine plastic abundance has increased over the past 60 years and microplastics (< 5 mm) constitute a primary component of such litter. Filter-feeding megafauna, such as the whale shark, might be particularly affected by microplastic pollution as their ... ...

Abstract	Marine plastic abundance has increased over the past 60 years and microplastics (< 5 mm) constitute a primary component of such litter. Filter-feeding megafauna, such as the whale shark, might be particularly affected by microplastic pollution as their feeding mode requires filtration of up to thousands of cubic meters of water. In addition, the habitat range of whale sharks intersects with several recognized microplastic pollution hotspots, among which is the Coral Triangle. Direct evidence for microplastic ingestion in whale sharks however, has not yet been presented. Here we show that whale shark scat collected in the Philippines from 2012 to 2019 contained a mean of 2.8 microplastics g Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-021-00017-9.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2662-4966
ISSN (online)	2662-4966
DOI	10.1186/s43591-021-00017-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Running the gauntlet

Elitza S Germanov / Andrea D Marshall

PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 10, p e

regional movement patterns of Manta alfredi through a complex of parks and fisheries.

2014 Volume 110071

Abstract	Manta rays (Genus Manta) are economically important for fisheries and tourism in Indonesia. These species have been listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List as Vulnerable to extinction; therefore, human exploitation of manta rays must be regulated. A better understanding of the habitat use and movement patterns of manta rays in Indonesia is needed in order to employ effective conservation measures. To gain better insight into the movements of Manta alfredi we used 'Manta Matcher', an online database with an integrated automated matching algorithm, to compare photographs from 2,604 encounters of M. alfredi collected by recreational divers and dive operators throughout Indonesia over a nine-year period. This photographic comparison revealed that manta rays migrated between regional sanctuaries such as Nusa Penida, the Gili Islands, and the Komodo National Park (up to 450 km straight-line distance). The areas between these sanctuaries are heavily fished and trafficked by ships, and when manta rays travel through these regions they risk being fished and injured by ship strikes. These long-range manta ray movements suggest connectivity between M. alfredi populations in neighboring islands and raise concerns about the future management of regional populations. It is recommended that a national conservation strategy be developed to protect the remaining populations in the country.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: It's not all black and white: investigating colour polymorphism in manta rays across Indo-Pacific populations.

Venables, Stephanie K / Marshall, Andrea D / Germanov, Elitza S / Perryman, Robert J Y / Tapilatu, Ricardo F / Hendrawan, I Gede / Flam, Anna L / van Keulen, Mike / Tomkins, Joseph L / Kennington, W Jason

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2019 Volume 286, Issue 1912, Page(s) 20191879

Abstract: Intraspecific colour polymorphisms have been the focus of numerous studies, yet processes affecting melanism in the marine environment remain poorly understood. Arguably, the most prominent example of melanism in marine species occurs in manta rays ( ...

Abstract	Intraspecific colour polymorphisms have been the focus of numerous studies, yet processes affecting melanism in the marine environment remain poorly understood. Arguably, the most prominent example of melanism in marine species occurs in manta rays (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Color ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic/physiology ; Skates, Fish/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2019.1879
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Article ; Online: Enhanced tumor metastasis in response to blockade of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 is overcome by NKT cell activation.

Cullen, Robyn / Germanov, Elitza / Shimaoka, Takeshi / Johnston, Brent

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

2009 Volume 183, Issue 9, Page(s) 5807–5815

Abstract: Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells can induce potent antitumor responses in vivo. However, the mechanisms that regulate the effects of iNKT cells are unclear. The chemokine receptor CXCR6, and its ligand CXCL16, have been shown to play critical roles in iNKT ... ...

Abstract	Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells can induce potent antitumor responses in vivo. However, the mechanisms that regulate the effects of iNKT cells are unclear. The chemokine receptor CXCR6, and its ligand CXCL16, have been shown to play critical roles in iNKT cell homeostasis and activation. Thus we investigated the role of CXCR6 in protection against experimental metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma (B16) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells to the liver and lungs. Wild-type and CXCR6(-/-) mice exhibited no differences in tumor cell metastasis to the lungs. However, metastasis of LLC and B16 tumor cells to the liver was enhanced in CXCR6(-/-) mice. Liver metastasis was also increased in wild-type mice treated with a CXCL16 neutralizing Ab. As Ab treatments did not alter iNKT cell numbers, this implicates a direct role for CXCR6/CXCL16 in regulating antitumor immunity. Cytokine induction was significantly attenuated in CXCR6(-/-) mice upon systemic iNKT cell activation with the glycolipid Ags alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), alpha-C-GalCer (a Th1 polarizing derivative), or OCH (a Th2 polarizing derivative). Despite differences in the levels of cytokine production, liver and lung metastasis were inhibited significantly in both wild-type and CXCR6(-/-) mice treated with glycolipids. Single doses of alpha-GalCer, alpha-C-GalCer, or OCH were sufficient to prevent liver metastasis and subsequent doses failed to elicit optimal cytokine responses. Our findings implicate a role for CXCR6 in natural immunosurveillance against liver metastasis. However, CXCR6 deficiency could be overcome by systemic iNKT cell activation, demonstrating that even suboptimal iNKT cell activation can protect against metastasis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/immunology ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Melanoma, Experimental/immunology ; Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism ; Melanoma, Experimental/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology ; Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism ; Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology ; Receptors, CXCR/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, CXCR/deficiency ; Receptors, CXCR/genetics ; Receptors, CXCR6
Chemical Substances	Cxcr6 protein, mouse ; Receptors, CXCR ; Receptors, CXCR6
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3056-9
ISSN	1550-6606 ; 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
ISSN (online)	1550-6606
ISSN	0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
DOI	10.4049/jimmunol.0803520
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