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Article ; Online: Determination of murine norovirus aerosol concentration during toilet flushing.

Boles, Corey / Brown, Grant / Nonnenmann, Matthew

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 23558

Abstract: Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate for human viral pathogens (e.g., norovirus) to determine if toilet flushing resulted in the aerosolization of virus. A flushometer type toilet was seeded with a viral solution of ... ...

Abstract	Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate for human viral pathogens (e.g., norovirus) to determine if toilet flushing resulted in the aerosolization of virus. A flushometer type toilet was seeded with a viral solution of 10
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols/analysis ; Air Microbiology ; Animals ; Bathroom Equipment/virology ; Mice ; Norovirus/genetics ; Norovirus/isolation & purification ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-02938-0
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Article ; Online: Determination of murine norovirus aerosol concentration during toilet flushing

Corey Boles / Grant Brown / Matthew Nonnenmann

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Abstract Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate for human viral pathogens (e.g., norovirus) to determine if toilet flushing resulted in the aerosolization of virus. A flushometer type toilet was seeded with a viral solution of 105 and 106 PFU mL- ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate for human viral pathogens (e.g., norovirus) to determine if toilet flushing resulted in the aerosolization of virus. A flushometer type toilet was seeded with a viral solution of 105 and 106 PFU mL-1 of MNV and then flushed. Upon flushing, two bioaerosol samplers were activated to collect aerosolized MNV. Prior to the experiment, two optical particle counters monitored particle size and number distribution of aerosol produced from flushing a toilet across height, position, and side. The location with the highest mean particle concentration, was behind the toilet and 0.15 m above the toilet bowl rim, which is where bioaerosol sampling occurred. Bioaerosol and toilet water samples were collected, extracted and then quantified using RT-ddPCR. The concentration of MNV collected after seeding the toilet water ranged from 2.18 × 105 to 9.65 × 106 total copies of MNV. Positive samples of airborne MNV were detected with collected concentrations ranging from 383 to 684 RNA copies/m3 of air. This study provides evidence that viral pathogens may be aerosolized when a toilet is flushed. Furthermore, the MNV used in this study is a model organism for human norovirus and may be generalizable to other viral pathogens (e.g., coronavirus). This study suggests that virus is aerosolized from toilet flushing and may contribute to human exposure to viral pathogens.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Lessons learned for COVID-19 in the cruise ship industry.

Brewster, Rebecca K / Sundermann, Alexander / Boles, Corey

Toxicology and industrial health

2020 Volume 36, Issue 9, Page(s) 728–735

Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created widespread disruption in individuals' personal and occupational lives all around the world. Vacationers and tourism, recreation, and leisure employees were among those who experienced ... ...

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created widespread disruption in individuals' personal and occupational lives all around the world. Vacationers and tourism, recreation, and leisure employees were among those who experienced substantial disruption. Cruise ships, especially, faced turmoil on a global scale for both their customers and workers. COVID-19 outbreaks were reported on cruise ships beginning in February 2020, presenting new and unique challenges for the industry. Conditions on cruise ships, including close and frequent contact between passengers and crew members, use of common areas, the confined nature of the vessels, and gathering of passengers from different countries, aided in transmitting the disease both onboard and in the community. As the pandemic evolved, federal and state governments and industries worldwide, including cruise ship companies, developed response plans. In this article, we provide a high-level overview of the US government and cruise ship industry's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a brief commentary on lessons learned, and recommendations for the cruise ship sector going forward. The outlined suggestions may be used as a starting point to increase emergency preparedness and to inform outbreak response plans in the event of future infectious disease outbreaks.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Safety Management/methods ; Ships ; Travel-Related Illness ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	56831-4
ISSN	1477-0393 ; 0748-2337
ISSN (online)	1477-0393
ISSN	0748-2337
DOI	10.1177/0748233720964631
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Article ; Online: Current understanding and future directions for an occupational infectious disease standard.

Boles, Corey / Parker, Justine / Hallett, Laura / Henshaw, John

Toxicology and industrial health

2020 Volume 36, Issue 9, Page(s) 703–710

Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has demonstrated a need for an infectious disease standard that will promote a safe and healthy work environment and assure business continuity. The current pandemic has revealed gaps in workplace preparedness and ... ...

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has demonstrated a need for an infectious disease standard that will promote a safe and healthy work environment and assure business continuity. The current pandemic has revealed gaps in workplace preparedness and employee protections to microbial exposures. Federal and state government agencies have responded by providing interim guidelines and stop-gap measures that continue to evolve and vary in approach and required controls. This interim and inconsistent approach has resulted in confusion on the part of businesses as they work toward reopening during the pandemic and uncertainty as to the efficacy of required or suggested controls. Moving forward, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, with guidance from the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, should establish consistent and effective strategies through a nationwide standard to address the potential microbial exposures in the workplace. Such a standard will require effective worker protections from infectious diseases and assure business continuity.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Communicable Disease Control/standards ; Communicable Diseases ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Pandemics ; Safety Management/methods ; Safety Management/standards ; United States ; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	56831-4
ISSN	1477-0393 ; 0748-2337
ISSN (online)	1477-0393
ISSN	0748-2337
DOI	10.1177/0748233720964646
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Article ; Online: Multi-route exposure sampling of quaternary ammonium compounds and ethanol surface disinfectants in a K-8 school.

Boles, Corey / Maier, Andrew / Vincent, Melissa / Stewart, Chloe / Attar, Shorook / Yeomans, Dawn

Indoor air

2022 Volume 32, Issue 5, Page(s) e13036

Abstract: The frequency of surface disinfectant use has increased over the last several years in public settings such as schools, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although these products are important for infection control and prevention, their increased ... ...

Abstract	The frequency of surface disinfectant use has increased over the last several years in public settings such as schools, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although these products are important for infection control and prevention, their increased use may intensify the exposure to both persons applying the disinfection product as well as bystanders. Safety assessments have demonstrated that these products, when used as intended, are considered safe for use and effective; however, point-of-contact effects (such as respiratory or dermal irritation) may still occur. Additionally, relative exposures may vary significantly due to the wide variation in disinfectant formulation and application methods. Quantitative estimations of exposures to two commonly used active ingredients, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and ethanol, are not well characterized during product use and application scenarios. To assess the potential for health risks attributable to increased use in classroom settings, as well as to quantitatively evaluate the potential exposure to both ethanol and QACs, student and adult bystander surface and air measurements were collected in a K-8 school setting in Ohio, United States, over a three-day period. Direct-reading instruments were utilized to collect real-time air samples that characterized mass fraction concentrations following the use of the QAC- and ethanol-based disinfectants. Furthermore, surface and air sampling of microbial species were conducted to establish the overall bioburden and effectiveness of each disinfectant to inform the comparative risk and health effect impacts from the tested products use scenario. Both tested products were approximately equally effective at reducing bioburdens on desk surfaces. In some classrooms, concentrations of QAC congeners were significantly increased on desk surfaces following the application of the disinfectant spray; however, the magnitude of the change in concentration was small. Ethanol was not measured on surfaces due to its volatility. Airborne concentrations increased immediately following spray of each disinfectant product but rapidly returned to baseline. Each of the QAC congeners listed in the product safety data sheets were detected and measurable on desk surfaces; however, air concentrations were generally below the limit of detection. The 15-min time-weighted averages (TWAs) of both QACs and ethanol in the air were below respective health effects benchmarks, and therefore, the negative impact on health outcomes is considered to be minimal from short-term, repeated use of ethanol- or QAC-based spray products in a school setting when the products are used as directed.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor ; Disinfectants/analysis ; Environmental Exposure ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Schools
Chemical Substances	Disinfectants ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1081722-0
ISSN	1600-0668 ; 0905-6947
ISSN (online)	1600-0668
ISSN	0905-6947
DOI	10.1111/ina.13036
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Article ; Online: The Optimization of Methods for the Collection of Aerosolized Murine Norovirus.

Boles, Corey / Brown, Grant / Park, Jae Hong / Nonnenmann, Matthew

Food and environmental virology

2020 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) 199–208

Abstract: Globally, norovirus is the most common gastroenteritis causing pathogen. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via ... ...

Abstract	Globally, norovirus is the most common gastroenteritis causing pathogen. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via aerosolization; however, an indoor generation source has yet to be determined. We optimized a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized norovirus using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate. Optimization of the sampling method was performed using two bioaerosol samplers (SKC BioSampler and the NIOSH Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251) and two sampling media (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution [HBSS] and Phosphate Buffered Saline [PBS]). Murine norovirus was aerosolized in a bioaerosol chamber and later collected using each sampler/media combination. Collected MNV was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Intact capsids of MNV were assessed using propidium monoazide dye in combination with qPCR and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. Ten trials were conducted, with each trial lasting for 30 min. The SKC BioSampler collected a significantly higher concentration of MNV than the NIOSH-251 sampler did (p-value < 0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in the relative percent of MNV that remained viable between both samplers (p-value = 0.2215). The use of HBSS sampling media yielded a higher concentration of MNV than PBS media (p-value = 0.0125). However, PBS media maintained viability at a significantly higher percentage than HBSS media (p-value < 0.0001). The results support the optimization of a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized MNV and possibly norovirus in different sampling environments.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols/chemistry ; Air/analysis ; Air Microbiology ; Animals ; Gastroenteritis/virology ; Humans ; Mice ; Norovirus/classification ; Norovirus/genetics ; Norovirus/isolation & purification ; Virology/methods
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Evaluation Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2487173-4
ISSN	1867-0342 ; 1867-0334
ISSN (online)	1867-0342
ISSN	1867-0334
DOI	10.1007/s12560-020-09430-4
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Article ; Online: Return to normal operations: COVID-19 mitigation strategies for workplaces.

Parker, Justine / Boles, Corey / Egnot, Natalie / Sundermann, Alexander / Fleeger, Alan

Toxicology and industrial health

2020 Volume 36, Issue 9, Page(s) 711–717

Abstract: As spikes and resurgences of COVID-19 cases continue to increase in different geographical regions across the United States, more and more companies are left with numerous questions about reopening or restarting their operations. The current pandemic in ... ...

Abstract	As spikes and resurgences of COVID-19 cases continue to increase in different geographical regions across the United States, more and more companies are left with numerous questions about reopening or restarting their operations. The current pandemic in the United States poses unique challenges unlike any other for businesses and employers as they begin to reopen. Businesses and employers are forced to ensure that they are not only in compliance with federal guidances but also with state and local guidances. In addition to the complex and ever evolving guidances, we are still learning about and adapting best practices during these reopening phases. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses to stay up-to-date not only with the released guidances but also with the latest understanding and information about SARS-CoV-2. As part of reopening, it is crucial for businesses to have comprehensive reopening plans prior to restart of operation. These plans must be clear, concise, and flexible enough to include updated guidances and information. In this publication, we describe reopening frameworks, considerations, and strategies that can be used as a starting point for businesses to further optimize and tailor to their unique operations.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Local Government ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Pandemics ; Return to Work ; State Government ; United States ; Workplace
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	56831-4
ISSN	1477-0393 ; 0748-2337
ISSN (online)	1477-0393
ISSN	0748-2337
DOI	10.1177/0748233720967525
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Article ; Online: Derivation of an occupational exposure limit for β-glucans.

Parker, Jillian A / Boles, Corey / Buerger, Amanda N / Fung, Ernest S / Maier, Andrew

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

2021 Volume 123, Page(s) 104959

Abstract: β-Glucans are abundant bacterial, yeast, and fungal cell wall polysaccharides that have been shown to activate the immune system. Establishment of an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for β-glucan exposure is critical to the protection of worker health, ... ...

Abstract	β-Glucans are abundant bacterial, yeast, and fungal cell wall polysaccharides that have been shown to activate the immune system. Establishment of an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for β-glucan exposure is critical to the protection of worker health, as these exposures have been linked to immunosuppressive and inflammatory reactions and possibly the development of respiratory diseases. Detectable concentrations of β-glucans have been identified in common occupational inhalation exposure scenarios, such as in the agricultural and waste management sectors. However, no published exposure benchmarks for inhalation of β-glucans are available for workers or the general population. Thus, a health-based OEL for inhalation exposure of workers to β-glucans was derived based on consideration of human and non-human effect data for this class of compounds and contemporary risk assessment methods. The weight of the evidence indicated that the available data in humans showed significant methodological limitations, such as lack of a representative study size, appropriate control population, and clear dose-response relationship. Thus, an OEL of 150 ng/m
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity ; Dust ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Assessment ; Waste Management ; beta-Glucans
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Dust ; beta-Glucans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604672-1
ISSN	1096-0295 ; 0273-2300
ISSN (online)	1096-0295
ISSN	0273-2300
DOI	10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104959
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Article ; Online: Carcinogenicity of Poorly Soluble Low Toxicity Particles: Commentary on Epidemiology as a Risk Assessment "Reality Check".

Mundt, Kenneth A / Santamaria, Annette B / Thompson, William J / Bates, Christopher A / Boles, Corey / Dotson, G Scott / Yong, Mei

Frontiers in public health

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 920032

Abstract: Inhaled particles that are poorly soluble or insoluble and of low toxicity ("poorly soluble low toxicity" or "PSLT" particles), can accumulate in the lung and at lung overload levels induce lung cancers in rats. The question of whether PSLT particles ... ...

Abstract	Inhaled particles that are poorly soluble or insoluble and of low toxicity ("poorly soluble low toxicity" or "PSLT" particles), can accumulate in the lung and at lung overload levels induce lung cancers in rats. The question of whether PSLT particles increase lung cancer risk in humans is complicated by large differences between rats and humans and the relatively large particle doses administered in animal studies even when compared with heavy human occupational exposures. We review the findings of epidemiological studies on occupational exposure to each of three different PSLT particles (carbon black, talc and taconite). The epidemiological evidence indicates that at even very high occupational exposure levels at which non-malignant respiratory diseases including pneumoconiosis and even talcosis are observed, lung cancer risks appear not to be elevated. Although positive human cancer risks might be predicted based on extrapolation from overload doses in rats to relevant exposures in humans, the epidemiological "reality check" based on the three examples indicates that these PSLT particles are unlikely to increase lung cancer risk in humans even at high occupational levels of exposure. Therefore, we propose that careful evaluation of the epidemiological evidence can serve as a "reality check" for human risk assessment and help balance the risk evaluation process.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; Rats ; Risk Assessment ; Soot/toxicity ; Talc/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Soot ; Talc (14807-96-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2022.920032
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Article: Current understanding and future directions for an occupational infectious disease standard

Boles, Corey / Parker, Justine / Hallett, Laura / Henshaw, John

Toxicol Ind Health

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has demonstrated a need for an infectious disease standard that will promote a safe and healthy work environment and assure business continuity. The current pandemic has revealed gaps in workplace preparedness and employee protections to microbial exposures. Federal and state government agencies have responded by providing interim guidelines and stop-gap measures that continue to evolve and vary in approach and required controls. This interim and inconsistent approach has resulted in confusion on the part of businesses as they work toward reopening during the pandemic and uncertainty as to the efficacy of required or suggested controls. Moving forward, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, with guidance from the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, should establish consistent and effective strategies through a nationwide standard to address the potential microbial exposures in the workplace. Such a standard will require effective worker protections from infectious diseases and assure business continuity.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #837422
Database	COVID19

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