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Article ; Online: The possibility of identifying brain hemorrhage in putrefied bodies with PMCT.

Tappero, Carlo / Thali, Michael J / Schweitzer, Wolf

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology

2020 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 571–576

Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate that post-mortem CT (PMCT) can locate intracranial hemorrhages, even in decomposed cases. This is of relevance in that post-mortem decomposition is particularly damaging to the brain tissue's consistency, resulting in great ...

Abstract	This paper aims to demonstrate that post-mortem CT (PMCT) can locate intracranial hemorrhages, even in decomposed cases. This is of relevance in that post-mortem decomposition is particularly damaging to the brain tissue's consistency, resulting in great difficulties to reliably diagnose and locate intracranial hemorrhages. We searched our case database of the last 11 years to find cases with decomposition of the body, where PMCT and an autopsy had been performed. We identified eleven cases according to these criteria. Postmortem interval ranged from 2 days to 2 weeks, and post-mortem radiological alteration index (RAI) was at or above 49. Eight out of eleven cases showed an intraparenchymal hemorrhage whereas the hemorrhage was extra-axial in the remaining three cases. Autopsy validated the presence of intracranial hemorrhage in all eleven cases, but location could not be confirmed due to liquid state of the brain. PMCT identified and localized intracranial hemorrhages in decomposed bodies, and in all of these cases, autopsy validated their presence. The actual cause of the hemorrhage (e.g. tumor, metastasis, vascular malformation, hypertensive hemorrhage) remained obscure. From this case series, it can be concluded that PMCT may add relevant information pertaining to localization of intracranial hemorrhages in decomposed bodies.
MeSH term(s)	Autopsy/methods ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages/diagnostic imaging ; Intracranial Hemorrhages/pathology ; Postmortem Changes ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2195904-3
ISSN	1556-2891 ; 1547-769X
ISSN (online)	1556-2891
ISSN	1547-769X
DOI	10.1007/s12024-020-00283-8
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Article ; Online: Death by hanging: a retrospective case-control investigation of the intervertebral disc vacuum phenomenon on PMCT.

Chatzaraki, Vasiliki / Tappero, Carlo / Thali, Michael J / Schweitzer, Wolf

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology

2018 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 484–496

Abstract: During hanging gravitational forces affect the spine. Intervertebral vacuum phenomenon (VP) implies that gas accumulations in the discs are caused by degeneration of the spine and trauma. It was hypothesized that VP detected on postmortem computed ... ...

Abstract	During hanging gravitational forces affect the spine. Intervertebral vacuum phenomenon (VP) implies that gas accumulations in the discs are caused by degeneration of the spine and trauma. It was hypothesized that VP detected on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has a higher incidence in hanging deaths, which can be correlated to age, degenerative spinal changes and type of hanging (complete-incomplete). Secondly, it was investigated whether the presence of Simon's bleedings is related to hanging type and VP on PMCT. A retrospective hanging case-control study of 72 cases was conducted. PMCT data were evaluated by two observers for the presence of VP and its localization within the thoracic and lumbar discs, and for any degenerative changes of the spine. Autopsy protocols were assessed for the presence of Simon's bleedings during autopsy. VP did not statistically differ among hanging and control cases but it was statistically correlated to complete hanging, increasing age and degenerative spinal changes. Centrally located VP within the discs was correlated to hanging, especially complete hanging, and younger ages, contrary to control cases that showed gas at the disc periphery. Simon's bleedings were correlated with complete hanging and centrally located VP. Centrally located VP within the discs increases the probability for complete hanging, while increasing age and degenerative changes reduce this probability. Intervertebral VP is multifactorial radiological entity. The presence of centrally located VP can indicate that hanging could be considered as an alternative mechanism of death and that great forces and loads may have affected the spine perimortem, especially with decreasing age and when Simon's bleedings are present.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Asphyxia/mortality ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Forensic Medicine ; Gases ; Gravitation ; Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck Injuries/mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Gases
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2195904-3
ISSN	1556-2891 ; 1547-769X
ISSN (online)	1556-2891
ISSN	1547-769X
DOI	10.1007/s12024-018-0034-3
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Article ; Online: Progress and Opportunities for Strengthening Global Health Security

Frederick J. Angulo / Cynthia H. Cassell / Jordan W. Tappero / Rebecca Bunnell

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 23, Iss 13, Pp - (2017)

2017

Keywords	global health security ; global health protection ; public health ; emergency response ; international health regulations ; progress ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sea Level Rise Induced Arsenic Release from Historically Contaminated Coastal Soils.

LeMonte, Joshua J / Stuckey, Jason W / Sanchez, Joshua Z / Tappero, Ryan / Rinklebe, Jörg / Sparks, Donald L

Environmental science & technology

2017 Volume 51, Issue 11, Page(s) 5913–5922

Abstract: Climate change-induced perturbations in the hydrologic regime are expected to impact biogeochemical processes, including contaminant mobility and cycling. Elevated levels of geogenic and anthropogenic arsenic are found along many coasts around the world, ...

Abstract	Climate change-induced perturbations in the hydrologic regime are expected to impact biogeochemical processes, including contaminant mobility and cycling. Elevated levels of geogenic and anthropogenic arsenic are found along many coasts around the world, most notably in south and southeast Asia but also in the United States, particularly along the Mid-Atlantic coast. The mechanism by and the extent to which arsenic may be released in contaminated coastal soils due to sea level rise are unknown. Here we show a series of data from a coastal arsenic-contaminated soil exposed to sea and river waters in biogeochemical microcosm reactors across field-validated redox conditions. We find that reducing conditions lead to arsenic release from historically contaminated coastal soils through reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing mineral oxides in both sea and river water inundations, with less arsenic release from seawater scenarios than river water due to inhibition of oxide dissolution. For the first time, we systematically display gradation of solid phase soil-arsenic speciation across defined redox windows from reducing to oxidizing conditions in natural waters by combining biogeochemical microcosm experiments and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate the threat of sea level rise stands to impact arsenic release from contaminated coastal soils by changing redox conditions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.6b06152
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Article: Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site.

Feng, Huan / Qian, Yu / Gallagher, Frank J / Zhang, Weiguo / Yu, Lizhong / Liu, Changjun / Jones, Keith W / Tappero, Ryan

Journal of environmental sciences (China)

2016 Volume 41, Page(s) 172–182

Abstract: Liberty State Park in New Jersey, USA, is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants. To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty ... ...

Abstract	Liberty State Park in New Jersey, USA, is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants. To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season (May-September) in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads, respectively. The objective of this study was to understand the metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentration and spatial distributions in P. australis and T. latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence (μXRF) and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (μCMT) techniques. The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis. Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different. Significant correlations were found between metals (Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) and Fe in the epidermis, implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides. The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific. The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.
MeSH term(s)	Environmental Monitoring ; Iron/metabolism ; Metals, Heavy/metabolism ; New Jersey ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; Synchrotrons ; Typhaceae/metabolism ; Waste Disposal Facilities ; X-Ray Microtomography
Chemical Substances	Metals, Heavy ; Soil Pollutants ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.015
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Article ; Online: A Pressure-Induced Inverse Order-Disorder Transition in Double Perovskites.

Deng, Zheng / Kang, Chang-Jong / Croft, Mark / Li, Wenmin / Shen, Xi / Zhao, Jianfa / Yu, Richeng / Jin, Changqing / Kotliar, Gabriel / Liu, Sizhan / Tyson, Trevor A / Tappero, Ryan / Greenblatt, Martha

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)

2020 Volume 59, Issue 21, Page(s) 8240–8246

Abstract: Given the consensus that pressure improves cation ordering in most of known materials, a discovery of pressure-induced disordering could require recognition of an order-disorder transition in solid-state physics/chemistry and geophysics. Double ... ...

Abstract	Given the consensus that pressure improves cation ordering in most of known materials, a discovery of pressure-induced disordering could require recognition of an order-disorder transition in solid-state physics/chemistry and geophysics. Double perovskites Y
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2011836-3
ISSN	1521-3773 ; 1433-7851
ISSN (online)	1521-3773
ISSN	1433-7851
DOI	10.1002/anie.202001922
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Article ; Online: Diagnostics to support elimination of lymphatic filariasis-Development of two target product profiles.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2021 Volume 15, Issue 11, Page(s) e0009968

Abstract: As lymphatic filariasis (LF) programs move closer to established targets for validation elimination of LF as a public health problem, diagnostic tools capable of supporting the needs of the programs are critical for success. Known limitations of existing ...

Abstract	As lymphatic filariasis (LF) programs move closer to established targets for validation elimination of LF as a public health problem, diagnostic tools capable of supporting the needs of the programs are critical for success. Known limitations of existing diagnostic tools make it challenging to have confidence that program endpoints have been achieved. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a Diagnostic Technical Advisory Group (DTAG) for Neglected Tropical Diseases tasked with prioritizing diagnostic needs including defining use-cases and target product profiles (TPPs) for needed tools. Subsequently, disease-specific DTAG subgroups, including one focused on LF, were established to develop TPPs and use-case analyses to be used by product developers. Here, we describe the development of two priority TPPs for LF diagnostics needed for making decisions for stopping mass drug administration (MDA) of a triple drug regimen and surveillance. Utilizing the WHO core TPP development process as the framework, the LF subgroup convened to discuss and determine attributes required for each use case. TPPs considered the following parameters: product use, design, performance, product configuration and cost, and access and equity. Version 1.0 TPPs for two use cases were published by WHO on 12 March 2021 within the WHO Global Observatory on Health Research and Development. A common TPP characteristic that emerged in both use cases was the need to identify new biomarkers that would allow for greater precision in program delivery. As LF diagnostic tests are rarely used for individual clinical diagnosis, it became apparent that reliance on population-based surveys for decision making requires consideration of test performance in the context of such surveys. In low prevalence settings, the number of false positive test results may lead to unnecessary continuation or resumption of MDA, thus wasting valuable resources and time. Therefore, highly specific diagnostic tools are paramount when used to measure low thresholds. The TPP process brought to the forefront the importance of linking use case, program platform and diagnostic performance characteristics when defining required criteria for diagnostic tools.
MeSH term(s)	Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine/standards ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/diagnosis ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control ; Humans ; Public Health ; World Health Organization
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0009968
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Burden and characteristics of HIV infection among female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda - a respondent-driven sampling survey.

Hladik, Wolfgang / Baughman, Andrew L / Serwadda, David / Tappero, Jordan W / Kwezi, Rachel / Nakato, Namakula D / Barker, Joseph

BMC public health

2017 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 565

Abstract: Background: Sex workers in Uganda are at significant risk for HIV infection. We characterized the HIV epidemic among Kampala female sex workers (FSW).: Methods: We used respondent-driven sampling to sample FSW aged 15+ years who reported having sold ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sex workers in Uganda are at significant risk for HIV infection. We characterized the HIV epidemic among Kampala female sex workers (FSW). Methods: We used respondent-driven sampling to sample FSW aged 15+ years who reported having sold sex to men in the preceding 30 days; collected data through audio-computer assisted self-interviews, and tested blood, vaginal and rectal swabs for HIV, syphilis, neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, and trichomonas vaginalis. Results: A total of 942 FSW were enrolled from June 2008 through April 2009. The overall estimated HIV prevalence was 33% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 30%-37%) and among FSW 25 years or older was 44%. HIV infection is associated with low levels of schooling, having no other work, never having tested for HIV, self-reported genital ulcers or sores, and testing positive for neisseria gonorrhea or any sexually transmitted infections (STI). Two thirds (65%) of commercial sex acts reportedly were protected by condoms; one in five (19%) FSW reported having had anal sex. Gender-based violence was frequent; 34% reported having been raped and 24% reported having been beaten by clients in the preceding 30 days. Conclusions: One in three FSW in Kampala is HIV-infected, suggesting a severe HIV epidemic in this population. Intensified interventions are warranted to increase condom use, HIV testing, STI screening, as well as antiretroviral treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis along with measures to overcome gender-based violence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Condoms/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Workers/statistics & numerical data ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Uganda/epidemiology ; Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-017-4428-z
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Article ; Online: Synchrotron study of metal localization in Typha latifolia L. root sections.

Qian, Yu / Feng, Huan / Gallagher, Frank J / Zhu, Qingzhi / Wu, Meiyin / Liu, Chang Jun / Jones, Keith W / Tappero, Ryan V

Journal of synchrotron radiation

2015 Volume 22, Issue 6, Page(s) 1459–1468

Abstract: Understanding mechanisms that control plant root metal assimilation in soil is critical to the sustainable management of metal-contaminated land. With the assistance of the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence technique, this study investigated possible ... ...

Abstract	Understanding mechanisms that control plant root metal assimilation in soil is critical to the sustainable management of metal-contaminated land. With the assistance of the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence technique, this study investigated possible mechanisms that control the localization of Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in the root tissues of Typha latifolia L. collected from a contaminated wetland. Metal localizations especially in the case of Fe and Pb in the dermal tissue and the vascular bundles were different. Cluster analysis was performed to divide the dermal tissue into iron-plaque-enriched dermal tissue and regular dermal tissue based on the spatial distribution of Pb and Fe. Factor analysis showed that Cu and Zn were closely correlated to each other in the dermal tissues. The association of Cu, Zn and Mn with Fe was strong in both regular dermal tissue and iron-plaque-enriched dermal tissue, while significant (p < 0.05) correlation of Fe with Pb was only observed in tissues enriched with iron plaque. In the vascular bundles, Zn, Mn and Cu showed strong association, suggesting that the localization of these three elements was controlled by a similar mechanism. Iron plaque in the peripheral dermal tissues acted as a barrier for Pb and a buffer for Zn, Cu and Mn. The Casparian strip regulated the transportation of metals from dermal tissues to the vascular bundles. The results suggested that the mechanisms controlling metal localization in root tissues varied with both tissue types and metals.
MeSH term(s)	Metals/analysis ; Metals/pharmacokinetics ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/pharmacokinetics ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods ; Synchrotrons ; Tissue Distribution ; Typhaceae/chemistry ; Typhaceae/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Metals ; Soil Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2021413-3
ISSN	1600-5775 ; 0909-0495
ISSN (online)	1600-5775
ISSN	0909-0495
DOI	10.1107/S1600577515017269
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Article ; Online: HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviours of People Who Inject Drugs in Bangkok, 1995-2012.

Martin, Michael / Vanichseni, Suphak / Sangkum, Udomsak / Mock, Philip A / Leethochawalit, Manoj / Chiamwongpaet, Sithisat / Pitisuttithum, Punnee / Kaewkungwal, Jaranit / van Griensven, Frits / McNicholl, Janet M / Tappero, Jordan W / Mastro, Timothy D / Kittimunkong, Somyot / Choopanya, Kachit

EClinicalMedicine

2019 Volume 9, Page(s) 44–51

Abstract: Background: Three consecutive prospective studies were conducted among people who inject drugs (PWID) from May 1995 through June 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand. We examined data from these studies to evaluate HIV incidence and explore trends in risk ... ...

Abstract	Background: Three consecutive prospective studies were conducted among people who inject drugs (PWID) from May 1995 through June 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand. We examined data from these studies to evaluate HIV incidence and explore trends in risk behaviours. Methods: We used data from a 1995-1998 cohort study, a 1999-2004 HIV vaccine trial, and a 2005-2012 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) study to examine per-quarter trends in HIV incidence, using a restricted cubic spline function for time in a Poisson regression. We also examined temporal trends in HIV-associated risk behaviours. Findings: HIV incidence declined from 5.7 per 100 person-years during the cohort study, to 2.7 per 100 person-years in the vaccine trial, to 0.7 per 100 person-years among PrEP study placebo recipients. Incidence peaked at 12.1 per 100 person-years in 1996 and declined to < 1 per 100 person-years during 2005-2012. Reports of injecting drugs and sharing needles also declined from the cohort study to the PrEP study (p < 0.0001). Heroin was the most common drug injected during the cohort study and the vaccine trial, but stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine) and sedatives (e.g., midazolam) were injected more often during the PrEP study. Interpretation: HIV incidence among PWID declined during 2005-2012. Several factors likely contributed to the decline, including decreases in the frequency of injecting and sharing, improved access to HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy, and the use of PrEP. Expanding access to effective HIV prevention tools can hasten control of the HIV epidemic among PWID. Funding: The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-5370
ISSN (online)	2589-5370
DOI	10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.012
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