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Article ; Online: Treating Pain With Open-Label Placebos: A Qualitative Study With Post-Surgical Pain Patients.

Bernstein, Michael H / Fuchs, Nathaniel / Rosenfield, Maayan / Weiss, Arnold-Peter / Blease, Charlotte / Locher, Cosima / Magill, Molly / Rich, Josiah / Beaudoin, Francesca L

The journal of pain

2021 Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) 1518–1529

Abstract: Prior research has shown that Open Label Placebos (OLPs; that is, placebos described honestly as inactive pills) are effective for a variety of clinical conditions, including pain. However, little is known about patient attitudes towards OLPs. We ... ...

Abstract	Prior research has shown that Open Label Placebos (OLPs; that is, placebos described honestly as inactive pills) are effective for a variety of clinical conditions, including pain. However, little is known about patient attitudes towards OLPs. We conducted qualitative interviews with n = 11 patients (73% female) who recently had hand or wrist surgery and took ≥ 1 opioid pill. Interview topics included: pain management, the placebo effect, and in particular, attitudes towards OLPs. Interviews were analyzed inductively and content-coded. Five themes were identified: 1) Role of the mind in pain and illness, 2) Shortcomings of opioids are the strengths of OLPs, 3) Perceptions of OLP effectiveness, 4) Relational aspects of OLP administration, and 5) Practical considerations for OLP implementation. Most patients agreed that, because of their transparency, OLPs are ethical. Participants indicated some degree of reluctance about using OLPs, but the majority said they would take OLPs if prescribed by a doctor. Patients noted that the primary disadvantage of opioids is their potency, which can lead to addiction or side-effects; by contrast, the primary advantage of placebos is their inertness. Results suggest that OLPs appear to be well received as a postoperative pain treatment among the patients in this study. PERSPECTIVE: This qualitative study examines how hand surgery patients view OLPs, which are placebos described honestly as inactive pills. OLPs were generally well received by patients as a treatment for pain after surgery and could be considered as an adjunctive treatment to potentially reduce reliance on prescription opioids.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Pain/drug therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy ; Placebo Effect ; Placebos/therapeutic use ; Qualitative Research
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid ; Placebos
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2018789-0
ISSN	1528-8447 ; 1526-5900
ISSN (online)	1528-8447
ISSN	1526-5900
DOI	10.1016/j.jpain.2021.05.001
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Article ; Online: OCT retinal nerve fiber layer thickness differentiates acute optic neuritis from MOG antibody-associated disease and Multiple Sclerosis: RNFL thickening in acute optic neuritis from MOGAD vs MS.

Chen, John J / Sotirchos, Elias S / Henderson, Amanda D / Vasileiou, Eleni S / Flanagan, Eoin P / Bhatti, M Tariq / Jamali, Sepideh / Eggenberger, Eric R / Dinome, Marie / Frohman, Larry P / Arnold, Anthony C / Bonelli, Laura / Seleme, Nicolas / Mejia-Vergara, Alvaro J / Moss, Heather E / Padungkiatsagul, Tanyatuth / Stiebel-Kalish, Hadas / Lotan, Itay / Hellmann, Mark A /

Hodge, Dave / Oertel, Frederike Cosima / Paul, Friedemann / Saidha, Shiv / Calabresi, Peter A / Pittock, Sean J

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders

2022 Volume 58, Page(s) 103525

Abstract: Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is the most common manifestation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disorder (MOGAD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute ON in MOGAD is thought to be associated with more severe optic disk edema ... ...

Abstract	Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is the most common manifestation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disorder (MOGAD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute ON in MOGAD is thought to be associated with more severe optic disk edema than in other demyelinating diseases, but this has not been quantitatively confirmed. The goal of this study was to determine whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) can distinguish acute ON in MOGAD from MS, and establish the sensitivity of OCT as a confirmatory biomarker of ON in these entities. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of MOGAD and MS patients with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness measured with OCT within two weeks of acute ON symptom. Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. Dublin, CA, USA) was used to measure the pRNFL during acute ON. Eyes with prior ON or disk pallor were excluded. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the ability of pRNFL thickness to distinguish MOGAD from MS. Results: Sixty-four MOGAD and 50 MS patients met study inclusion criteria. Median age was 46.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 34.3-57.0) for the MOGAD group and 30.4 years (IQR: 25.7-38.4) for the MS group (p<0.001). Thirty-nine (61%) of MOGAD patients were female compared to 42 (84%) for MS (p = 0.007). The median pRNFL thickness was 164 µm (IQR: 116-212) in 96 acute MOGAD ON eyes compared to 103 µm (IQR: 93-113) in 51 acute MS ON eyes (p<0.001). The ROC area under the curve for pRNFL thickness was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.74-0.88) to discriminate MOGAD from MS. The pRNFL cutoff that maximized Youden's index was 118 µm, which provided a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 82% for MOGAD. Among 31 MOGAD and 48 MS eyes with an unaffected contralateral eye or a prior baseline, the symptomatic eye had a median estimated pRNFL thickening of 45 µm (IQR: 17-105) and 7.5 µm (IQR: 1-18), respectively (p<0.001). All MOGAD affected eyes had a ≥ 5 µm pRNFL thickening, whereas 26 (54%) MS affected eyes had a ≥ 5 µm thickening. Conclusion: OCT-derived pRNFL thickness in acute ON can help differentiate MOGAD from MS. This can aid with early diagnosis and guide disease-specific therapy in the acute setting before antibody testing returns, and help differentiate borderline cases. In addition, pRNFL thickening is a sensitive biomarker for confirming acute ON in MOGAD, which is clinically helpful and could be used for adjudication of attacks in future MOGAD clinical trials.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Neuritis/diagnosis ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	2645330-7
ISSN	2211-0356 ; 2211-0348
ISSN (online)	2211-0356
ISSN	2211-0348
DOI	10.1016/j.msard.2022.103525
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Article: Treating pain with open-label placebos

Bernstein, Michael H. / Fuchs, Nathaniel / Rosenfield, Maayan / Weiss, Arnold-Peter / Blease, Charlotte / Locher, Cosima / Magill, Molly / Rich, Josiah / Beaudoin, Francesca L.

Journal of Pain

A qualitative study with post-surgical pain patients

2021 Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) 1518–1529

Abstract: Abstract not released by publisher. ...

Title translation	Behandlung von Schmerzen mit Open-Label-Placebos: Eine qualitative Studie über postoperative Schmerzbehandlung bei Patienten
Abstract	Abstract not released by publisher.
Keywords	Acute Pain ; Akuter Schmerz ; Chirurgie ; Client Attitudes ; Einstellungen von Klientinnen und Klienten ; Opioid Analgesics ; Opioid-Analgetika ; Pain Management ; Placebo ; Schmerzbehandlung ; Surgery
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2018789-0
ISSN	1526-5900
ISSN	1526-5900
DOI	10.1016/j.jpain.2021.05.001
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article: Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Arnold, Cosima / Konkel, Anne / Fischer, Robert / Schunck, Wolf-Hagen

Pharmacological reports : PR

2010 Volume 62, Issue 3, Page(s) 536–547

Abstract: Dietary fish oil omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protect against arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death using largely unknown mechanisms. EPA and DHA may serve as efficient alternative ... ...

Abstract	Dietary fish oil omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protect against arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death using largely unknown mechanisms. EPA and DHA may serve as efficient alternative substrates of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. For many of the CYP isoforms, the n-3 PUFAs are the preferred substrates. Moreover, the CYP enzymes oxygenate EPA and DHA with largely different regioselectivities compared to AA. In particular, the omega-3 double bond that distinguishes EPA and DHA from AA is a preferred site of CYP-catalyzed epoxidation reactions. Given the pivotal role of CYP-dependent AA metabolites in the regulation of vascular, renal and cardiac functions, their replacement by unique sets of epoxy- and hydroxy-metabolites derived from EPA and DHA may have far-reaching physiological implications. The currently available data suggest that some of the vasculo- and cardioprotective effects attributed to dietary n-3 PUFAs may be mediated by CYP-dependent metabolites of EPA and DHA.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arachidonic Acid/metabolism ; Cardiotonic Agents/metabolism ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology ; Epoxide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Cardiotonic Agents ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ; Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Arachidonic Acid (27YG812J1I) ; 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (79551-86-3) ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 (EC 1.14.13.-) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 (EC 1.14.14.1) ; arachidonate epoxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Epoxide Hydrolases (EC 3.3.2.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2186248-5
ISSN	1734-1140
ISSN	1734-1140
DOI	10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70311-x
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Article ; Online: 17(R),18(S)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a potent eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived regulator of cardiomyocyte contraction: structure-activity relationships and stable analogues.

Falck, John R / Wallukat, Gerd / Puli, Narender / Goli, Mohan / Arnold, Cosima / Konkel, Anne / Rothe, Michael / Fischer, Robert / Müller, Dominik N / Schunck, Wolf-Hagen

Journal of medicinal chemistry

2011 Volume 54, Issue 12, Page(s) 4109–4118

Abstract: 17(R),18(S)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid [17(R),18(S)-EETeTr], a cytochrome P450 epoxygenase metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), exerts negative chronotropic effects and protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes against Ca(2+)-overload with EC(50) ≈ 1-2 ... ...

Abstract	17(R),18(S)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid [17(R),18(S)-EETeTr], a cytochrome P450 epoxygenase metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), exerts negative chronotropic effects and protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes against Ca(2+)-overload with EC(50) ≈ 1-2 nM. Structure-activity studies revealed that a cis-Δ(11,12)- or Δ(14,15)-olefin and a 17(R),18(S)-epoxide are minimal structural elements for antiarrhythmic activity whereas antagonist activity was often associated with the combination of a Δ(14,15)-olefin and a 17(S),18(R)-epoxide. Compared with natural material, the agonist and antagonist analogues are chemically and metabolically more robust and several show promise as templates for future development of clinical candidates.
MeSH term(s)	Alkenes/chemical synthesis ; Alkenes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/chemical synthesis ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/pharmacology ; Arachidonic Acids/chemical synthesis ; Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/analogs & derivatives ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/chemical synthesis ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology ; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Eicosanoid/agonists ; Receptors, Eicosanoid/antagonists & inhibitors ; Stereoisomerism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
Chemical Substances	Alkenes ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; Arachidonic Acids ; Receptors, Eicosanoid ; 17,18-epoxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (131339-23-6) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218133-2
ISSN	1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
ISSN (online)	1520-4804
ISSN	0022-2623
DOI	10.1021/jm200132q
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Article ; Online: Arachidonic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes are targets of {omega}-3 fatty acids.

Arnold, Cosima / Markovic, Marija / Blossey, Katrin / Wallukat, Gerd / Fischer, Robert / Dechend, Ralf / Konkel, Anne / von Schacky, Clemens / Luft, Friedrich C / Muller, Dominik N / Rothe, Michael / Schunck, Wolf-Hagen

The Journal of biological chemistry

2010 Volume 285, Issue 43, Page(s) 32720–32733

Abstract: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protect against cardiovascular disease by largely unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete with arachidonic acid (AA) for the conversion by cytochrome P450 (CYP) ... ...

Abstract	Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protect against cardiovascular disease by largely unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete with arachidonic acid (AA) for the conversion by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, resulting in the formation of alternative, physiologically active, metabolites. Renal and hepatic microsomes, as well as various CYP isoforms, displayed equal or elevated activities when metabolizing EPA or DHA instead of AA. CYP2C/2J isoforms converting AA to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) preferentially epoxidized the ω-3 double bond and thereby produced 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic (17,18-EEQ) and 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP) from EPA and DHA. We found that these ω-3 epoxides are highly active as antiarrhythmic agents, suppressing the Ca(2+)-induced increased rate of spontaneous beating of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, at low nanomolar concentrations. CYP4A/4F isoforms ω-hydroxylating AA were less regioselective toward EPA and DHA, catalyzing predominantly ω- and ω minus 1 hydroxylation. Rats given dietary EPA/DHA supplementation exhibited substantial replacement of AA by EPA and DHA in membrane phospholipids in plasma, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and pancreas, with less pronounced changes in the brain. The changes in fatty acids were accompanied by concomitant changes in endogenous CYP metabolite profiles (e.g. altering the EET/EEQ/EDP ratio from 87:0:13 to 27:18:55 in the heart). These results demonstrate that CYP enzymes efficiently convert EPA and DHA to novel epoxy and hydroxy metabolites that could mediate some of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acids.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/metabolism ; Arachidonic Acid/metabolism ; Calcium ; Cardiovascular Diseases/enzymology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Mice ; Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Chemical Substances	Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; Isoenzymes ; Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Arachidonic Acid (27YG812J1I) ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2997-x
ISSN	1083-351X ; 0021-9258
ISSN (online)	1083-351X
ISSN	0021-9258
DOI	10.1074/jbc.M110.118406
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Article: Arachidonic Acid-metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Are Targets of ω-3 Fatty Acids

Journal of biological chemistry. 2010 Oct. 22, v. 285, no. 43

2010

Abstract	Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protect against cardiovascular disease by largely unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete with arachidonic acid (AA) for the conversion by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, resulting in the formation of alternative, physiologically active, metabolites. Renal and hepatic microsomes, as well as various CYP isoforms, displayed equal or elevated activities when metabolizing EPA or DHA instead of AA. CYP2C/2J isoforms converting AA to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) preferentially epoxidized the ω-3 double bond and thereby produced 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic (17,18-EEQ) and 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP) from EPA and DHA. We found that these ω-3 epoxides are highly active as antiarrhythmic agents, suppressing the Ca²⁺-induced increased rate of spontaneous beating of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, at low nanomolar concentrations. CYP4A/4F isoforms ω-hydroxylating AA were less regioselective toward EPA and DHA, catalyzing predominantly ω- and ω minus 1 hydroxylation. Rats given dietary EPA/DHA supplementation exhibited substantial replacement of AA by EPA and DHA in membrane phospholipids in plasma, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and pancreas, with less pronounced changes in the brain. The changes in fatty acids were accompanied by concomitant changes in endogenous CYP metabolite profiles (e.g. altering the EET/EEQ/EDP ratio from 87:0:13 to 27:18:55 in the heart). These results demonstrate that CYP enzymes efficiently convert EPA and DHA to novel epoxy and hydroxy metabolites that could mediate some of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acids.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-1022
Size	p. 32720-32733.
Publishing place	American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2997-x
ISSN	1083-351X ; 0021-9258
ISSN (online)	1083-351X
ISSN	0021-9258
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis and action protects the kidney from ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Hoff, Uwe / Lukitsch, Ivo / Chaykovska, Lyubov / Ladwig, Mechthild / Arnold, Cosima / Manthati, Vijay L / Fuller, T Florian / Schneider, Wolfgang / Gollasch, Maik / Muller, Dominik N / Flemming, Bert / Seeliger, Erdmann / Luft, Friedrich C / Falck, John R / Dragun, Duska / Schunck, Wolf-Hagen

Kidney international

2010 Volume 79, Issue 1, Page(s) 57–65

Abstract: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) production is increased in ischemic kidney tissue and may contribute to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by mediating vasoconstriction and inflammation. To test this hypothesis, uninephrectomized male Lewis rats ...

Abstract	20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) production is increased in ischemic kidney tissue and may contribute to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by mediating vasoconstriction and inflammation. To test this hypothesis, uninephrectomized male Lewis rats were exposed to warm ischemia following pretreatment with either an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis (HET0016), an antagonist (20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z),15(Z)-dienoic acid), an agonist (20-hydroxyeicosa-5(Z),14(Z)-dienoic acid), or vehicle via the renal artery and the kidneys were examined 2 days after reperfusion. Pretreatment with either the inhibitor or the antagonist attenuated I/R-induced renal dysfunction as shown by improved creatinine clearance and decreased plasma urea levels, compared to controls. The inhibitor and antagonist also markedly reduced tubular lesion scores, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Administering the antagonist accelerated the recovery of medullary perfusion, as well as renal medullary and cortical re-oxygenation, during the early reperfusion phase. In contrast, the agonist did not improve renal injury and reversed the beneficial effect of the inhibitor. Thus, 20-HETE generation and its action mediated kidney injury due to I/R. Whether or not these effects are clinically important will need to be tested in appropriate human studies.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/pathology ; Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology ; Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control ; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Creatine/blood ; Creatine/urine ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Cytochrome P450 Family 4 ; Epithelial Cells/pathology ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/agonists ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/antagonists & inhibitors ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/biosynthesis ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/pharmacology ; Kidney Tubules/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/physiopathology ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury/pathology ; Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology ; Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Urea/blood
Chemical Substances	20-hydroxyeicosa-5(Z),14(Z)-dienoic acid ; 20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z),15(Z)-dienoic acid ; Cyp4a1protein, rat ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ; 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (79551-86-3) ; Urea (8W8T17847W) ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Cytochrome P450 Family 4 (EC 1.14.14.1) ; Creatine (MU72812GK0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-10-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120573-0
ISSN	1523-1755 ; 0085-2538
ISSN (online)	1523-1755
ISSN	0085-2538
DOI	10.1038/ki.2010.377
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