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Article: Boiling, Blanching, and Stir-Frying Markedly Reduce Pesticide Residues in Vegetables.

Phopin, Kamonrat / Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Norkaew, Chosita / Buddhaprom, Jaruwat / Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, Chartchalerm

2022 Volume 11, Issue 10

Abstract: Nowadays, a lot of produce (fruits and vegetables) sold in many countries are contaminated with pesticide residues, which cause severe effects on consumer health, such as cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether ... ...

Abstract	Nowadays, a lot of produce (fruits and vegetables) sold in many countries are contaminated with pesticide residues, which cause severe effects on consumer health, such as cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether cooking processes can reduce the pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale and yard long beans) in Thailand. For cooking experiments, the two vegetables were cooked using three different processes: boiling, blanching, and stir-frying. After the treatments, all cooked and control samples were subjected to extraction and GC-MS/MS analysis for 88 pesticides. The results demonstrated that pesticide residues were reduced by 18-71% after boiling, 36-100% after blanching, and 25-60% after stir-frying for Chinese kale. For yard long beans, pesticide residues were reduced by 38-100% after boiling, 27-28% after blanching, and 35-63% after stir-frying. Therefore, cooking vegetables are proven to protect consumers from ingesting pesticide residues.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods11101463
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Article: Food safety in Thailand 6: How to eat guava fruits safely? Effects of washing and peeling on removing pesticide residues in guava fruits

Wanwimolruk, Chonthicha / Phopin, Kamonrat / Wanwimolruk, Sompon

Journal of food safety. 2019 Aug., v. 39, no. 4

2019

Abstract: Pesticide residues in produce are not commonly monitored in developing countries. This study aims to determine whether washing and peeling has an effect on removing pesticide residues from guava fruits. Seventy‐five guava samples were purchased from Thai ...

Abstract	Pesticide residues in produce are not commonly monitored in developing countries. This study aims to determine whether washing and peeling has an effect on removing pesticide residues from guava fruits. Seventy‐five guava samples were purchased from Thai markets, and analyzed for 67 pesticides. Eighteen pesticides were detected in the guava samples. The incidence of pesticide detection was 100% with a MRL exceedance of 95% in the guava studied. Washing the guava was not effective at removing pesticide residues, while, peeling the fruits provided the most effective way to remove pesticide residues. Thus, to safely consume guava, it is advisable to peel the fruit before eating it. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: There is increasing public concern over the potential health risks associated with the pesticide residues found in food. Very high pesticide residue levels were detected in guava fruits. Washing is thought to be effective at removing the pesticide residues. However, this study has shown that this is not the case as washing the guava fruits with running water method had no effect on pesticide residue removal. Whereas, peeling was the most effective way to remove pesticide residue. Thus, to be safe, consumers are advised to peel guava fruits before eating the fruits.
Keywords	developing countries ; food safety ; fruits ; guavas ; health effects assessments ; markets ; maximum residue limits ; peeling ; pesticide residues ; pesticides ; washing ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	756159-3
ISSN	1745-4565 ; 0149-6085
ISSN (online)	1745-4565
ISSN	0149-6085
DOI	10.1111/jfs.12654
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Food safety in Thailand 5: the effect of washing pesticide residues found in cabbages and tomatoes

Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Wanrudee Duangsuwan / Kamonrat Phopin / Somchai Boonpangrak

Journal fuÌr Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. 2017 Sept., v. 12, no. 3

2017

Abstract: Plant protection products including pesticides are extensively used in worldwide agriculture. In order to protect consumer health, maximum residue limits (MRL) have been established in many countries and by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. In Thailand, ...

Abstract	Plant protection products including pesticides are extensively used in worldwide agriculture. In order to protect consumer health, maximum residue limits (MRL) have been established in many countries and by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. In Thailand, the MRL regulation exists but is not fully enforced. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine pesticide residues in cabbages and tomatoes sold in Thailand and to evaluate if washing vegetables by running water method can remove pesticide residues. 82 cabbage and 100 tomato samples were collected from markets in Bangkok and the metropolitan Bangkok area. They were extracted and quantitatively analyzed for 42 pesticides by GC-MS/MS. Pesticide residues were detected in all of the cabbage samples, representing a rate of pesticide detection of 100%. These samples contained pesticides at levels that exceeded the recommended MRL, denoting a 100% rate of MRL exceedance. Pesticide residues were also detected in all of tomato samples but incidence of MRL exceedance in tomato samples was 82%. Washing cabbages under running water significantly reduced carbofuran residues by 93% and dimethoate residues by 65% (pÂ <Â 0.05). In contrast, the running water method did not significantly reduce pesticide residues (pÂ >Â 0.05) in tomato samples. Therefore, this study has documented evidence of remarkable pesticide residues detected in the cabbage and tomato sold in Thailand. These strongly suggest that Thai government authorities should implement the proper routine monitoring program of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. Washing vegetables before consumption is advisable as this considerably reduces the risk of exposure to pesticide residues.
Keywords	Codex Alimentarius ; cabbage ; carbofuran ; dimethoate ; food safety ; fruits ; markets ; maximum residue limits ; monitoring ; pesticide residues ; plant protection ; quantitative analysis ; risk reduction ; tomatoes ; washing ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-09
Size	p. 209-221.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2232114-7
ISSN	1661-5867 ; 1661-5751
ISSN (online)	1661-5867
ISSN	1661-5751
DOI	10.1007/s00003-017-1116-y
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Article ; Online: Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits.

Phopin, Kamonrat / Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Prachayasittikul, Virapong

Journal of the science of food and agriculture

2017 Volume 97, Issue 3, Page(s) 832–840

Abstract: Background: For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide ... ...

Abstract	Background: For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide residues in mangosteen fruits sold in Thailand. The mangosteen samples (n = 111) were purchased and the contents of 28 pesticides were analysed by GC-MS/MS method. Results: Of the pesticides tested, eight were found in 100% of the mangosteen samples. However, in 97% of these samples, either chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their maximum residue limits (MRLs), representing a 97% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL. This rate is much higher than those found in other fruits sold in developed countries. However, this conclusion excludes the fresh Thai mangosteens grown for export, as these are generally cultivated and harvested to GAP standards. Since the edible part of the mangosteen is the pulp, washing the fruits with running water can reduce the risk of pesticide residues contaminating the pulp which would be eaten by the consumer. Conclusion: The findings strongly suggest that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is required to reduce the health risks associated with consuming contaminated food. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH term(s)	Alanine/analogs & derivatives ; Alanine/analysis ; Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Carbofuran/analysis ; Developing Countries ; Dimethoate/analysis ; Food Contamination/prevention & control ; Food Handling ; Food Inspection/methods ; Fruit/chemistry ; Garcinia mangostana/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Limit of Detection ; Pesticide Residues/analysis ; Pesticide Residues/standards ; Pesticides/analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surface Properties ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Thailand
Chemical Substances	Pesticide Residues ; Pesticides ; metalaxyl (16K4M187IF) ; Alanine (OF5P57N2ZX) ; Carbofuran (SKF77S6Y67) ; Dimethoate (W6U08B045O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Validation Studies
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.7804
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Article: Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 1).

Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Prachayasittikul, Virapong

EXCLI journal

2014 Volume 13, Page(s) 347–391

Abstract: It is well recognized that herbal supplements or herbal medicines are now commonly used. As many patients taking prescription medications are concomitantly using herbal supplements, there is considerable risk for adverse herbal drug interactions. Such ... ...

Abstract	It is well recognized that herbal supplements or herbal medicines are now commonly used. As many patients taking prescription medications are concomitantly using herbal supplements, there is considerable risk for adverse herbal drug interactions. Such interactions can enhance the risk for an individual patient, especially with regard to drugs with a narrow therapeutic index such as warfarin, cyclosporine A and digoxin. Herbal drug interactions can alter pharmacokinetic or/and pharmacodynamic properties of administered drugs. The most common pharmacokinetic interactions usually involve either the inhibition or induction of the metabolism of drugs catalyzed by the important enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP). The aim of the present article is to provide an updated review of clinically relevant metabolic CYP-mediated drug interactions between selected herbal supplements and prescription drugs. The commonly used herbal supplements selected include Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, St. John's wort, goldenseal, and milk thistle. To date, several significant herbal drug interactions have their origins in the alteration of CYP enzyme activity by various phytochemicals. Numerous herbal drug interactions have been reported. Although the significance of many interactions is uncertain but several interactions, especially those with St. John's wort, may have critical clinical consequences. St. John's wort is a source of hyperforin, an active ingredient that has a strong affinity for the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR). As a PXR ligand, hyperforin promotes expression of CYP3A4 enzymes in the small intestine and liver. This in turn causes induction of CYP3A4 and can reduce the oral bioavailability of many drugs making them less effective. The available evidence indicates that, at commonly recommended doses, other selected herbs including Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, goldenseal and milk thistle do not act as potent or moderate inhibitors or inducers of CYP enzymes. A good knowledge of the mechanisms of herbal drug interactions is necessary for assessing and minimizing clinical risks. These processes help prediction of interactions between herbal supplements and prescription drugs. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal supplements/medicines and prescription drugs, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1611-2156
ISSN	1611-2156
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Food safety in Thailand 4

Sompon Wanwimolruk / Kamonrat Phopin / Somchai Boonpangrak / Virapong Prachayasittikul

PeerJ, Vol 4, p e

comparison of pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets and supermarkets in Thailand

2016 Volume 2432

Abstract: Background The wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) ... ...

Abstract	Background The wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) regulation have not been entirely implemented. The MRL is a product limit, not a safety limit. The MRL is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2015; European Commission, 2015). MRLs are based on supervised residue trial data where the pesticide has been applied in accordance with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). This study aims at providing comparison data on pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale, pakchoi and morning glory) purchased from some local markets and supermarkets in Thailand. Methods These vegetables were randomly bought from local markets and supermarkets. Then they were analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides by using GC-MS/MS. Results Types of pesticides detected in the samples either from local markets or supermarkets were similar. The incidence of detected pesticides was 100% (local markets) and 99% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 98% (local markets) and 100% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi; and 99% (local markets) and 97% (supermarkets) for the morning glory samples. The pesticides were detected exceeding their MRL at a rate of 48% (local markets) and 35% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 71% (local markets) and 55% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi, and 42% (local markets) and 49% (supermarkets) for the morning glory. Discussion These rates are much higher than those seen in developed countries. It should be noted that these findings were assessed on basis of using criteria (such as MRL) obtained from developed countries. Our findings were also confined to these vegetables sold in a few central provinces of Thailand and did not ...
Keywords	Vegetables ; Pesticide residues ; Chinese kale ; Food safety ; Pakchoi ; Morning glory ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Food safety in Thailand 4: comparison of pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets and supermarkets in Thailand.

Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Phopin, Kamonrat / Boonpangrak, Somchai / Prachayasittikul, Virapong

PeerJ

2016 Volume 4, Page(s) e2432

Abstract: Background: The wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) ... ...

Abstract	Background: The wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) regulation have not been entirely implemented. The MRL is a product limit, not a safety limit. The MRL is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2015; European Commission, 2015). MRLs are based on supervised residue trial data where the pesticide has been applied in accordance with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). This study aims at providing comparison data on pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale, pakchoi and morning glory) purchased from some local markets and supermarkets in Thailand. Methods: These vegetables were randomly bought from local markets and supermarkets. Then they were analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides by using GC-MS/MS. Results: Types of pesticides detected in the samples either from local markets or supermarkets were similar. The incidence of detected pesticides was 100% (local markets) and 99% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 98% (local markets) and 100% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi; and 99% (local markets) and 97% (supermarkets) for the morning glory samples. The pesticides were detected exceeding their MRL at a rate of 48% (local markets) and 35% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 71% (local markets) and 55% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi, and 42% (local markets) and 49% (supermarkets) for the morning glory. Discussion: These rates are much higher than those seen in developed countries. It should be noted that these findings were assessed on basis of using criteria (such as MRL) obtained from developed countries. Our findings were also confined to these vegetables sold in a few central provinces of Thailand and did not reflect for the whole country as sample sizes were small. Risk assessment due to consuming these pesticide contaminated vegetables, still remains to be evaluated. However, remarkably high incidence rates of detected pesticides give warning to the Thai authorities to implement proper regulations on pesticide monitoring program. Similar incidence of pesticide contamination found in the vegetables bought from local markets and supermarkets raises question regarding the quality of organic vegetables domestically sold in Thailand. This conclusion excludes Thai export quality vegetables and fruits routinely monitored for pesticide contamination before exporting.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.2432
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Article: Food safety in Thailand. 3: Pesticide residues detected in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), queen of fruits

Phopin, Kamonrat / Sompon Wanwimolruk / Virapong Prachayasittikul

Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 2017 Feb., v. 97, no. 3

2017

Abstract: BACKGROUND: For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: For developing countries like Thailand, regulation of pesticide usage exists, but it is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study aimed to determine the pesticide residues in mangosteen fruits sold in Thailand. The mangosteen samples (n = 111) were purchased and the contents of 28 pesticides were analysed by GCâMS/MS method. RESULTS: Of the pesticides tested, eight were found in 100% of the mangosteen samples. However, in 97% of these samples, either chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their maximum residue limits (MRLs), representing a 97% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL. This rate is much higher than those found in other fruits sold in developed countries. However, this conclusion excludes the fresh Thai mangosteens grown for export, as these are generally cultivated and harvested to GAP standards. Since the edible part of the mangosteen is the pulp, washing the fruits with running water can reduce the risk of pesticide residues contaminating the pulp which would be eaten by the consumer. CONCLUSION: The findings strongly suggest that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is required to reduce the health risks associated with consuming contaminated food. Â© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Keywords	chlorothalonil ; chlorpyrifos ; developed countries ; developing countries ; diazinon ; dimethoate ; exports ; food contamination ; fruits ; Garcinia mangostana ; mangosteens ; maximum residue limits ; metalaxyl ; monitoring ; pesticide application ; pesticide residues ; profenofos ; pulp ; risk ; risk reduction ; vegetables ; washing ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-02
Size	p. 832-840.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.7804
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Variable inhibitory effect of herbal supplements of different brands on human P450 CYP1A2.

Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Prachayasittikul, Virapong

EXCLI journal

2012 Volume 11, Page(s) 7–19

Abstract: Herbal supplements are not governed by the same regulations as prescription drugs, we hypothesize that the content of their active ingredients may vary largely among different manufacturers. This may produce variable therapeutic outcomes. This study aims ...

Abstract	Herbal supplements are not governed by the same regulations as prescription drugs, we hypothesize that the content of their active ingredients may vary largely among different manufacturers. This may produce variable therapeutic outcomes. This study aims to examine this hypothesis on commonly used herbal supplements among cancer patients. CYP1A2 has been implicated in the activation of many carcinogens and alteration in its activity may be a mechanism associated with the protective effect of herbal products. Activity of human CYP1A2 was used to determine the effect of four herbal supplements of different brands, namely, black cohosh (BC), ginseng, grape seed extract (GSE) and green tea extract (GTE). The herbal content was extracted with methanol, and extract aliquots were used to determine their effect on CYP1A2. Human liver microsomes, the CYP1A2 probe (7-ethoxyresorufin) and NADPH in buffer were incubated with and without herbal extract. Metabolite (resorufin) formation was monitored by HPLC. Seven BC products caused a mild inhibition of CYP1A2, ranging from 2.4 % by GNC Plus to 21.9 % by Nature's Resource. Among nine ginseng products tested, the inhibitory effect varied from 4.2 % by Imperial to 44.6 % by Solarays. The effect of nine GSE brands also varied, ranging from 1.7 % (Country Life) to 26.5 % (Veg Life). Of twelve GTE products, the inhibitory effect varied from 2.9 % by Henry's to 46.6 % by GNC Plus. It appears that the inhibition of selected herbal supplements on CYP1A2 activity varies considerably among different brands of the products. This may be due to variations in the herbal products' active ingredients content.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-02-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1611-2156
ISSN	1611-2156
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Article ; Online: Food safety in Thailand 1: it is safe to eat watermelon and durian in Thailand.

Wanwimolruk, Sompon / Kanchanamayoon, Onnicha / Boonpangrak, Somchai / Prachayasittikul, Virapong

Environmental health and preventive medicine

2015 Volume 20, Issue 3, Page(s) 204–215

Abstract: Objectives: The wide use of pesticides raises serious concerns regarding food safety and environmental impacts. There is increasing public concern about the potential health risks linked with exposure to pesticides. Regulation of maximum residue limits ( ...

Abstract	Objectives: The wide use of pesticides raises serious concerns regarding food safety and environmental impacts. There is increasing public concern about the potential health risks linked with exposure to pesticides. Regulation of maximum residue limits (MRL) of pesticide residues in food commodities has been established in many developed countries. For developing countries, like Thailand, this regulation often exists in law, but is not completely enforced in practice. Thus, pesticide residue levels in vegetables and fruits have not been thoroughly monitored. The present study aimed to examine potential health risks associated with pesticide exposure by determining the pesticide residues in two commonly consumed fruits, watermelon and durian. Methods: The fruit samples were purchased from markets in central provinces of Thailand and assayed for the content of 28 pesticides. Analysis of pesticides was performed by multiresidue extraction and followed by GC-MS/MS detection. Results: Of 28 pesticides investigated, 5 were detected in 90.7% of the watermelon samples (n = 75) and 3 in 90% of durian samples (n = 30). Carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate and metalaxyl were found in watermelons, whereas dichlorvos, dimethoate and metalaxyl were detected in durians. However, their levels were much lower than the recommended MRL values. Conclusions: These pesticide levels detected in the fruits are unlikely to harm the consumers; therefore it is safe to eat watermelon and durian in Thailand. While our results found negligible risk associated with pesticide exposure from consuming these common tropical fruits, special precautions should be considered to decrease total exposure to these harmful pesticides from various foods.
MeSH term(s)	Bombacaceae/chemistry ; Citrullus/chemistry ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Fruit/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Pesticide Residues/analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Thailand
Chemical Substances	Pesticide Residues
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2018758-0
ISSN	1347-4715 ; 1342-078X
ISSN (online)	1347-4715
ISSN	1342-078X
DOI	10.1007/s12199-015-0452-8
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