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Article ; Online: Intermittent Search, Not Strict Lévy Flight, Evolves under Relaxed Foraging Distribution Constraints.

Campeau, Winston / Simons, Andrew M / Stevens, Brett

2024 Volume 203, Issue 4, Page(s) 513–527

Abstract: AbstractThe survival of an animal depends on its success as a forager, and understanding the adaptations that result in successful foraging strategies is an enduring endeavour of behavioral ecology. Random walks are one of the primary mathematical ... ...

Abstract	AbstractThe survival of an animal depends on its success as a forager, and understanding the adaptations that result in successful foraging strategies is an enduring endeavour of behavioral ecology. Random walks are one of the primary mathematical descriptions of foraging behavior. Power law distributions are often used to model random walks, as they can characterize a wide range of behaviors, including Lévy walks. Empirical evidence indicates the prevalence and efficiency of Lévy walks as a foraging strategy, and theoretical work suggests an evolutionary origin. However, previous evolutionary models have assumed a priori that move lengths are drawn from a power law or other families of distributions. Here, we remove this restriction with a model that allows for the evolution of any distribution. Instead of Lévy walks, our model unfailingly results in the evolution of intermittent search, a random walk composed of two disjoint modes-frequent localized walks and infrequent extensive moves-that consistently outcompeted Lévy walks. We also demonstrate that foraging using intermittent search may resemble a Lévy walk because of interactions with the resources within an environment. These extrinsically generated Lévy-like walks belie an underlying behavior and may explain the prevalence of Lévy walks reported in the literature.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecology ; Models, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207092-3
ISSN	1537-5323 ; 0003-0147
ISSN (online)	1537-5323
ISSN	0003-0147
DOI	10.1086/729220
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Article: Uncalled4 improves nanopore DNA and RNA modification detection via fast and accurate signal alignment.

Kovaka, Sam / Hook, Paul W / Jenike, Katharine M / Shivakumar, Vikram / Morina, Luke B / Razaghi, Roham / Timp, Winston / Schatz, Michael C

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Nanopore signal analysis enables detection of nucleotide modifications from native DNA and RNA sequencing, providing both accurate genetic/transcriptomic and epigenetic information without additional library preparation. Presently, only a limited set of ... ...

Abstract	Nanopore signal analysis enables detection of nucleotide modifications from native DNA and RNA sequencing, providing both accurate genetic/transcriptomic and epigenetic information without additional library preparation. Presently, only a limited set of modifications can be directly basecalled (e.g. 5-methylcytosine), while most others require exploratory methods that often begin with alignment of nanopore signal to a nucleotide reference. We present Uncalled4, a toolkit for nanopore signal alignment, analysis, and visualization. Uncalled4 features an efficient banded signal alignment algorithm, BAM signal alignment file format, statistics for comparing signal alignment methods, and a reproducible
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.03.05.583511
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Article ; Online: Z_{3} Parafermion in the Double Charge Kondo Model.

Karki, D B / Boulat, Edouard / Pouse, Winston / Goldhaber-Gordon, David / Mitchell, Andrew K / Mora, Christophe

Physical review letters

2023 Volume 130, Issue 14, Page(s) 146201

Abstract: ... with fractionalized excitations. Recent experiments [W. Pouse et al., Nat. Phys. (2023)NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/s41567 ...

Abstract	Quantum impurity models with frustrated Kondo interactions can support quantum critical points with fractionalized excitations. Recent experiments [W. Pouse et al., Nat. Phys. (2023)NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/s41567-022-01905-4] on a circuit containing two coupled metal-semiconductor islands exhibit transport signatures of such a critical point. Here, we show using bosonization that the double charge-Kondo model describing the device can be mapped in the Toulouse limit to a sine-Gordon model. Its Bethe-ansatz solution shows that a Z_{3} parafermion emerges at the critical point, characterized by a fractional 1/2ln(3) residual entropy, and scattering fractional charges e/3. We also present full numerical renormalization group calculations for the model and show that the predicted behavior of conductance is consistent with experimental results.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.146201
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Book ; Online: Meaningful XAI Based on User-Centric Design Methodology

Maxwell, Winston / Dumas, Bruno

2023

Abstract: This report first takes stock of XAI-related requirements appearing in various EU directives, regulations, guidelines, and CJEU case law. This analysis of existing requirements will permit us to have a clearer vision of the purposes, the ``why'', of XAI, ...

Abstract	This report first takes stock of XAI-related requirements appearing in various EU directives, regulations, guidelines, and CJEU case law. This analysis of existing requirements will permit us to have a clearer vision of the purposes, the ``why'', of XAI, which we separate into five categories: contestability, empowerment/redressing information asymmetries, control over system performance, evaluation of algorithmic decisions, and public administration transparency. The analysis of legal requirements also permits us to create four categories of recipients for explainability: data science teams; human operators of the system; persons affected by algorithmic decisions, and regulators/judges/auditors. Lastly, we identify four main operational contexts for explainability: XAI for the upstream design and testing phase; XAI for human-on-the-loop control; XAI for human-in-the-loop control; and XAI for ex-post challenges and investigations.Second, we will present user-centered design methodology, which takes the purposes, the recipients and the operational context into account in order to develop optimal XAI solutions.Third, we will suggest a methodology to permit suppliers and users of high-risk AI applications to propose local XAI solutions that are effective in the sense of being ``meaningful'', for example, useful in light of the operational, safety and fundamental rights contexts. The process used to develop these ``meaningful'' XAI solutions will be based on user-centric design principles examined in the second part.Fourth, we will suggest that the European Commission issue guidelines to provide a harmonised approach to defining ``meaningful'' explanations based on the purposes, audiences and operational contexts of AI systems. These guidelines would apply to the AI Act, but also to the other EU texts requiring explanations for algorithmic systems and results.
Keywords	Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ; Computer Science - Computers and Society
Subject code	004
Publishing date	2023-08-25
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Peer-to-peer: The Social Transmission of Symptoms Online.

Tan, Winston / Pickup, Brydee / Faasse, Kate / Colagiuri, Ben / Barnes, Kirsten

Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine

2023 Volume 57, Issue 7, Page(s) 551–560

Abstract: Background: Social learning can be highly adaptive-for example, avoiding a hotplate your friend just burnt themselves on-but it has also been implicated in symptom transmission. Social learning is particularly pertinent given the rapid increase in the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Social learning can be highly adaptive-for example, avoiding a hotplate your friend just burnt themselves on-but it has also been implicated in symptom transmission. Social learning is particularly pertinent given the rapid increase in the use of online mediums for social interaction. Yet, little is known about the social transmission of symptoms online or social chains extending further than a single model-observer interaction. Purpose: To explore whether socially induced symptoms could be propagated through a three-generation social transmission chain in an online setting. Methods: We explored the social transmission of cybersickness following a virtual reality (VR) experience through online webcam interactions. One hundred and seventy-seven adults viewed a VR video in one of four links along a social transmission chain, after: viewing an actor model cybersickness to the VR video (First-Generation); viewing the First-Generation participant undergo VR (Second-Generation); viewing the Second-Generation participant undergo VR (Third-Generation); or naïve (Control). Results: Cybersickness was strongest in First-Generation participants, indicating social transmission from the model. This was mediated by expectancy and anxiety. Whether or not subsequent generations experienced cybersickness depended on what the observed participant verbally reported, which is consistent with social transmission. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that symptoms can be readily transmitted online, and that expectancy and anxiety are involved. Although it is inconclusive as to whether symptoms can propagate along a social transmission chain, there is some evidence of protection from symptoms when a model who does not report any symptoms is observed. As such, this research highlights the role of social transmission in the modulation of symptoms through virtual mediums.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Anxiety ; Peer Group ; Anxiety Disorders ; Social Interaction
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632630-4
ISSN	1532-4796 ; 0883-6612
ISSN (online)	1532-4796
ISSN	0883-6612
DOI	10.1093/abm/kaac081
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Article ; Online: The impact of shoulder pathology on individuals with distal radius fracture.

Doerrer, Sarah B / Walter, Jacqueline Reese / Priganc, Victoria / Winston, Kristin / Barth, Richard W / Moss, David P

Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists

2021 Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 33–44

Abstract: Background: Shoulder pathology can occur concurrently with a distal radius fracture (DRF) but few studies have examined this population.: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to expand the understanding of the impact of shoulder pathology on ... ...

Abstract	Background: Shoulder pathology can occur concurrently with a distal radius fracture (DRF) but few studies have examined this population. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to expand the understanding of the impact of shoulder pathology on individuals with DRF. Study design: Mixed Methods Design. Methods: A total of 45 participants with a DRF were categorized into a DRF only (n = 29) and shoulder pathology concurrent with DRF (SPCDRF) (n = 16) groups. Quantitative data gathered included demographics, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11, Visual Analog Scale, and Compensatory Mechanism Checklist. Qualitative interviews were performed with 7 participants in the SPCDRF group. Within group correlations were analyzed via the Spearman Rank. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups. Qualitative analysis was performed to describe the experience of participants in the SPCDRF group. A mixed methods analysis compared quantitative and qualitative data. Results: Sixteen participants (35.6%) in the sample presented with shoulder pathology; 6 participants (37.5%) presented at initial evaluation due to the fall; 10 participants (62.5%) developed shoulder pathology due to compensation or disuse. Average number of days to develop shoulder pathology after the DRF was 43 days. SPCDRF participants had significantly greater pain levels (p = .02) and more activity avoidance (p = .03) than the DRF only group. Four qualitative themes emerged: It's difficult to perform occupations and changes had to be made; There is fear and uncertainty; The impact of pain; Tried to be normal but could not Mixed methods analysis found that qualitative data further illuminated quantitative findings. Conclusions: Individuals with shoulder pathology concurrent with a DRF may present with higher pain levels and avoid activity more. In addition, they may describe fearfulness in using their injured upper extremity especially if they have high levels of pain. Study design: Mixed Methods Design.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Shoulder ; Wrist Fractures ; Hand ; Pain Measurement ; Pain ; Radius Fractures/complications ; Radius Fractures/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639284-2
ISSN	1545-004X ; 0894-1130
ISSN (online)	1545-004X
ISSN	0894-1130
DOI	10.1016/j.jht.2021.09.002
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Article ; Online: Proximal femoral changes related to obesity: an analysis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis pathoanatomy.

Winston, Travis W / Landau, Andrew J / Hosseinzadeh, Pooya

Journal of pediatric orthopedics. Part B

2021 Volume 31, Issue 3, Page(s) 216–223

Abstract: Recent research has revealed the importance of the femoral epiphyseal tubercle and cupping height in the stability of the physis and its association with capital femoral slippage. To better understand the connection between the pathogenesis of slipped ... ...

Abstract	Recent research has revealed the importance of the femoral epiphyseal tubercle and cupping height in the stability of the physis and its association with capital femoral slippage. To better understand the connection between the pathogenesis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis and obesity, we performed a retrospective analysis of proximal femur and acetabular anatomies using computed tomography (CT) scans in the hips of normal weight and obese pediatric patients. We measured morphologic characteristics of the proximal femur and acetabulum in developing hips of 31 obese adolescent patients and age-matched and sex-matched control group using pelvic CT scans. Measurements included physeal diameter, tubercle height, width, and volume, cupping height, acetabular rotation and inclination, and metaphyseal bone density. Measurements were performed on true coronal and sagittal views through the center of the epiphysis using previously described and validated techniques. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the measurements between obese and nonobese adolescents. The epiphyseal tubercle volume and average cupping size were similar between the two groups. Acetabular inclination and metaphyseal bone density were significantly different between the cohorts. Metaphyseal bone density was lower among obese patients. Obesity does not appear to cause morphologic changes to the capital femoral physis, though it is associated with a decreased metaphyseal bone mineral density which could indicate physeal instability. This could suggest increased metabolic activity in the metaphyseal bone in obese adolescents. Therefore, metabolic factors associated with obesity, rather than anatomical changes, may be responsible for physeal instability seen in obese adolescents.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging ; Epiphyses/pathology ; Femur/diagnostic imaging ; Femur/pathology ; Humans ; Pediatric Obesity/complications ; Pediatric Obesity/diagnostic imaging ; Retrospective Studies ; Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging ; Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses/etiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1473-5865
ISSN (online)	1473-5865
DOI	10.1097/BPB.0000000000000859
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Article: Factors Moderating the Link between Personal Recounts of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects Viewed on Social Media and Viewer Postvaccination Experience.

Tan, Winston / Colagiuri, Ben / Barnes, Kirsten

Vaccines

2022 Volume 10, Issue 10

Abstract: While social media exposure is known to influence vaccine hesitancy, its impact on postvaccination experience remains relatively unknown. This retrospective cross-sectional study explored whether various psychosocial and individual factors moderate the ... ...

Abstract	While social media exposure is known to influence vaccine hesitancy, its impact on postvaccination experience remains relatively unknown. This retrospective cross-sectional study explored whether various psychosocial and individual factors moderate the association between social media exposure to personal recounts of COVID-19 vaccine side effects and the viewer’s subsequent postvaccination side effect experience. Adults residing in Australia, who were fully vaccinated with two COVID-19 vaccine doses (n = 280) completed an online survey. The more severe the personal recounts of post-COVID-19 vaccination side effects participants were exposed to on social media, the more severe their own postvaccination side effects were following both their first (β = 0.261, p < 0.001) and second dose (β = 0.299, p < 0.001). This association was stronger among those with greater vaccine side effect worry, elevated negative emotional states such as anxiety and stress, and a stronger proclivity for using social media over mainstream media for COVID-19 vaccine side effect information. As such, not only does social influence appear to exacerbate or trigger postvaccination side effects, but a range of psychosocial and situational factors moderate this association. Health organisations and government bodies could minimise the negative effects of social media exposure in future health outbreaks by countering treatment misperceptions on social media platforms as they arise.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines10101611
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Article: Perception of Primary School Teachers on Pupils' Eye Health in the Ga West Municipality, Greater Accra Region, Ghana.

Ceesay, Winston / Braimah, Imoro Z / Abaidoo, Benjamin

Journal of the West African College of Surgeons

2022 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) 15–20

Abstract: Background: Eye health education is lacking in low- and middle-income countries due to limited availability of eye care personnel in the school setting. Teachers have been considered possible human resource for maintaining eye health in schoolchildren.!# ...

Abstract	Background: Eye health education is lacking in low- and middle-income countries due to limited availability of eye care personnel in the school setting. Teachers have been considered possible human resource for maintaining eye health in schoolchildren. Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the knowledge of teachers on the nature of eye problems among schoolchildren and their ability to recognize visual disorders. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey among primary school teachers in the Ga West Municipality. Cluster sampling was used to select 140 teachers from 12 public and private schools. A structured questionnaire was used in assessing teachers' knowledge about the features of a healthy and diseased eyes, common causes of visual impairment (VI) and blindness, and recognizing and preventing eye problems in the children. Aggregate scores were computed for correct responses concerning healthy and diseased eyes, and scores were categorized into poor (0-25%), fair (26-50%), good (51-75%), and very good (76-100%) knowledge. Results: Eighty-six (61.4%) of the teachers were females. The mean age was 33 ± 9.1 years. Most teachers were found to have good knowledge about healthy and diseased eyes (75.0% and 60.0%). Hypermetropia, red eye, allergy, and cataract were cited by 50.0-57.9% as the most common causes of VI and blindness. Between 27.1% and 92.1% of teachers identified difficulties seeing the writing board, inability to concentrate in class, holding the book close to the eye to read, and squinting as ways of recognizing eye problems. Most respondents, 132 (94.3%), were of the view that teachers should be involved in screening schoolchildren for ocular morbidities. Conclusion: Teachers in the Ga West Municipality had good knowledge of the characteristics of healthy eyes and a fair knowledge of the causes of VI in primary schoolchildren. Teachers require further training if they are to serve as focal persons for vision screening and eye health education in primary schools.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-05
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2276-6944
ISSN	2276-6944
DOI	10.4103/jwas.jwas_902_19
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Article: A Fair Performance Comparison between Complex-Valued and Real-Valued Neural Networks for Disease Detection.

Jojoa, Mario / Garcia-Zapirain, Begonya / Percybrooks, Winston

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 8

Abstract: Our aim is to contribute to the classification of anomalous patterns in biosignals using this novel approach. We specifically focus on melanoma and heart murmurs. We use a comparative study of two convolution networks in the Complex and Real numerical ... ...

Abstract	Our aim is to contribute to the classification of anomalous patterns in biosignals using this novel approach. We specifically focus on melanoma and heart murmurs. We use a comparative study of two convolution networks in the Complex and Real numerical domains. The idea is to obtain a powerful approach for building portable systems for early disease detection. Two similar algorithmic structures were chosen so that there is no bias determined by the number of parameters to train. Three clinical data sets, ISIC2017, PH2, and Pascal, were used to carry out the experiments. Mean comparison hypothesis tests were performed to ensure statistical objectivity in the conclusions. In all cases, complex-valued networks presented a superior performance for the Precision, Recall, F1 Score, Accuracy, and Specificity metrics in the detection of associated anomalies. The best complex number-based classifier obtained in the Receiving Operating Characteristic (ROC) space presents a Euclidean distance of 0.26127 with respect to the ideal classifier, as opposed to the best real number-based classifier, whose Euclidean distance to the ideal is 0.36022 for the same task of melanoma detection. The 27.46% superiority in this metric, as in the others reported in this work, suggests that complex-valued networks have a greater ability to extract features for more efficient discrimination in the dataset.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics12081893
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