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Book ; Online: William Blake's Comic Vision

Rawlinson, Dr Nicholas

2002

Abstract: Blake's comic brilliance has been variously dismissed as the nervous ramblings of a neglected genius, the tomfool doodles of a distracted youngster, or a crude tool for destabilizing textual authority. But, for the eighteenth century, comedy played a ... ...

Abstract	Blake's comic brilliance has been variously dismissed as the nervous ramblings of a neglected genius, the tomfool doodles of a distracted youngster, or a crude tool for destabilizing textual authority. But, for the eighteenth century, comedy played a pivotal role in debates on aesthetics, education, spirituality and morality. This exciting new study blends a close reading of Blake's early work with fascinating historical research to demonstrate that the comic was an essential component of Blake's artistic Vision
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (312 p.)
Publisher	Palgrave Macmillan Ltd
Publishing place	Basingstoke
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Description based upon print version of record
ISBN	9780333745656 ; 0333745655
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Estimates of congenital cytomegalovirus-attributable infant mortality in high-income countries: A review.

Grosse, Scott D / Fleming, Patrick / Pesch, Megan H / Rawlinson, William D

Reviews in medical virology

2024 Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) e2502

Abstract: As many as 5%-10% of infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) disease, or 0.4%-0.8% of all liveborn infants with cCMV infection, die in early infancy in high-income countries. However, estimates are uncertain due to several potential ... ...

Abstract	As many as 5%-10% of infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) disease, or 0.4%-0.8% of all liveborn infants with cCMV infection, die in early infancy in high-income countries. However, estimates are uncertain due to several potential biases that can result from data limitations and study designs. First, infants with cCMV infections who die prior to diagnosis, which usually occurs at 1-4 weeks after birth, may be excluded from both the count of deaths and the denominator of cCMV births, resulting in left truncation and immortal time biases. These 'biases' are features of the data and do not reflect bias on the part of researchers, but understanding the potential existence of threats to validity can help with interpretation of findings. Left truncation of infant deaths occurring prior to diagnosis of cCMV can result in understatement of the burden of infant deaths due to cCMV. Conversely, overestimation of infant deaths associated with symptomatic cCMV may occur in clinical case series owing to greater representation of relatively severely affected infants owing to ascertainment and referral biases. In this review, we summarise the characteristics of 26 studies that reported estimates of cCMV-associated infant deaths, including potential biases or limitations to which those estimates may have been subject. We discuss study designs whose implementation might generate improved estimates of infant deaths attributable to cCMV. More complete estimates of the overall public health impact of cCMV could inform current and future screening, prevention, and vaccine research.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Cytomegalovirus ; Developed Countries ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis ; Infant Mortality ; Infant Death ; Neonatal Screening
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1086043-5
ISSN	1099-1654 ; 1052-9276
ISSN (online)	1099-1654
ISSN	1052-9276
DOI	10.1002/rmv.2502
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Article ; Online: Congenital CMV international guidelines are needed to guide diagnosis, prevention and management.

Rawlinson, William

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)

2017 Volume 106, Issue 9, Page(s) 1389–1390

MeSH term(s)	Cytomegalovirus ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; Humans ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-09
Publishing country	Norway
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	203487-6
ISSN	1651-2227 ; 0365-1436 ; 0803-5253
ISSN (online)	1651-2227
ISSN	0365-1436 ; 0803-5253
DOI	10.1111/apa.13959
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Article ; Online: Assuring result quality: Emerging and biosecurity nicrobiological agents

Rawlinson, William D.

Pathology

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Elsevier; PMC
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.182
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Review of studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus-2 pathogenesis in human organoid models.

Egilmezer, Ece / Rawlinson, William D

Reviews in medical virology

2021 Volume 31, Issue 6, Page(s) e2227

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Covid-19 which was classified as a global pandemic in March 2020. The increasing global health and economic burden of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated urgent investigations ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Covid-19 which was classified as a global pandemic in March 2020. The increasing global health and economic burden of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated urgent investigations into the pathogenesis of disease and development of therapeutic and vaccination regimens. Human trials of vaccine and antiviral candidates have been undertaken, but basic pathogenetic studies are still required to inform these trials. Gaps in understanding of cellular infection by, and immunity to, SARS-CoV-2 mean additional models are required to assist in improved design of these therapeutics. Human organoids are three-dimensional models that contain multiple cell types and mimic human organs in ex vivo culture conditions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been implicated in causing not only respiratory injury but also injury to other organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys. Consequently, a variety of different organoid models have been employed to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of disease due to SARS-CoV-2. Data on these models have not been systematically assembled. In this review, we highlight key findings from studies that have utilised different human organoid types to investigate the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, permissiveness, immune response, dysregulation of cellular functions, and potential antiviral therapeutics.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/virology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Colon/drug effects ; Colon/immunology ; Colon/virology ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Humans ; Liver/drug effects ; Liver/immunology ; Liver/virology ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/immunology ; Lung/virology ; Models, Biological ; Organoids/drug effects ; Organoids/immunology ; Organoids/virology ; Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Virus/genetics ; Receptors, Virus/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Serine Endopeptidases/genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Cytokines ; Receptors, Virus ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Serine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-) ; TMPRSS2 protein, human (EC 3.4.21.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1086043-5
ISSN	1099-1654 ; 1052-9276
ISSN (online)	1099-1654
ISSN	1052-9276
DOI	10.1002/rmv.2227
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) dysregulates neurodevelopmental pathways in cerebral organoids.

Egilmezer, Ece / Hamilton, Stuart T / Foster, Charles S P / Marschall, Manfred / Rawlinson, William D

Communications biology

2024 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 340

Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic aetiology of congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal neurological injury. This study investigated potential CMV pathogenetic mechanisms of fetal neural ... ...

Abstract	Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic aetiology of congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal neurological injury. This study investigated potential CMV pathogenetic mechanisms of fetal neural malformation using in vitro human cerebral organoids. Cerebral organoids were permissive to CMV replication, and infection dysregulated cellular pluripotency and differentiation pathways. Aberrant expression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK), sonic hedgehog (SHH), pluripotency, neurodegeneration, axon guidance, hippo signalling and dopaminergic synapse pathways were observed in CMV-infected organoids using immunofluorescence and RNA-sequencing. Infection with CMV resulted in dysregulation of 236 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-related genes (p = 1.57E-05) and pathways. This notable observation suggests potential links between congenital CMV infection and ASD. Using DisGeNET databases, 103 diseases related to neural malformation or mental disorders were enriched in CMV-infected organoids. Cytomegalovirus infection-related dysregulation of key cerebral cellular pathways potentially provides important, modifiable pathogenetic mechanisms for congenital CMV-induced neural malformation and ASD.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Cytomegalovirus/physiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/metabolism ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/congenital ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/metabolism ; Fetal Diseases ; Organoids/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Hedgehog Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2399-3642
ISSN (online)	2399-3642
DOI	10.1038/s42003-024-05923-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Genome characterization of influenza A and B viruses in New South Wales, Australia, in 2019: A retrospective study using high-throughput whole genome sequencing.

Wang, Xinye / Kim, Ki Wook / Walker, Gregory / Stelzer-Braid, Sacha / Scotch, Matthew / Rawlinson, William D

Influenza and other respiratory viruses

2024 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) e13252

Abstract: Background: During the 2019 severe influenza season, New South Wales (NSW) experienced the highest number of cases in Australia. This study retrospectively investigated the genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in NSW in 2019 and ... ...

Abstract	Background: During the 2019 severe influenza season, New South Wales (NSW) experienced the highest number of cases in Australia. This study retrospectively investigated the genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in NSW in 2019 and identified genetic markers related to antiviral resistance and potential virulence. Methods: The complete genomes of influenza A and B viruses were amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results: When comparing the sequencing data with the vaccine strains and reference sequences, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that most NSW A/H3N2 viruses (n = 68; 94%) belonged to 3C.2a1b and a minority (n = 4; 6%) belonged to 3C.3a. These viruses all diverged from the vaccine strain A/Switzerland/8060/2017. All A/H1N1pdm09 viruses (n = 20) showed genetic dissimilarity from vaccine strain A/Michigan/45/2015, with subclades 6B.1A.5 and 6B.1A.2 identified. All B/Victoria-lineage viruses (n = 21) aligned with clade V1A.3, presenting triple amino acid deletions at positions 162-164 in the hemagglutinin protein, significantly diverging from the vaccine strain B/Colorado/06/2017. Multiple amino acid substitutions were also found in the internal proteins of influenza viruses, some of which have been previously reported in hospitalized influenza patients in Thailand. Notably, the oseltamivir-resistant marker H275Y was present in one immunocompromised patient infected with A/H1N1pdm09 and the resistance-related mutation I222V was detected in another A/H3N2-infected patient. Conclusions: Considering antigenic drift and the constant evolution of circulating A and B strains, we believe continuous monitoring of influenza viruses in NSW via the high-throughput sequencing approach provides timely and pivotal information for both public health surveillance and clinical treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Retrospective Studies ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics ; New South Wales/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics ; Influenza Vaccines ; Australia ; Seasons ; Whole Genome Sequencing
Chemical Substances	Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; Influenza Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2274538-5
ISSN	1750-2659 ; 1750-2640
ISSN (online)	1750-2659
ISSN	1750-2640
DOI	10.1111/irv.13252
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Artificial Intelligence to Automate Health Economic Modelling: A Case Study to Evaluate the Potential Application of Large Language Models.

Reason, Tim / Rawlinson, William / Langham, Julia / Gimblett, Andy / Malcolm, Bill / Klijn, Sven

PharmacoEconomics - open

2024 Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) 191–203

Abstract: Background: Current generation large language models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) have achieved human-level performance on many tasks including the generation of computer code based on textual input. This study aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Current generation large language models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) have achieved human-level performance on many tasks including the generation of computer code based on textual input. This study aimed to assess whether GPT-4 could be used to automatically programme two published health economic analyses. Methods: The two analyses were partitioned survival models evaluating interventions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We developed prompts which instructed GPT-4 to programme the NSCLC and RCC models in R, and which provided descriptions of each model's methods, assumptions and parameter values. The results of the generated scripts were compared to the published values from the original, human-programmed models. The models were replicated 15 times to capture variability in GPT-4's output. Results: GPT-4 fully replicated the NSCLC model with high accuracy: 100% (15/15) of the artificial intelligence (AI)-generated NSCLC models were error-free or contained a single minor error, and 93% (14/15) were completely error-free. GPT-4 closely replicated the RCC model, although human intervention was required to simplify an element of the model design (one of the model's fifteen input calculations) because it used too many sequential steps to be implemented in a single prompt. With this simplification, 87% (13/15) of the AI-generated RCC models were error-free or contained a single minor error, and 60% (9/15) were completely error-free. Error-free model scripts replicated the published incremental cost-effectiveness ratios to within 1%. Conclusion: This study provides a promising indication that GPT-4 can have practical applications in the automation of health economic model construction. Potential benefits include accelerated model development timelines and reduced costs of development. Further research is necessary to explore the generalisability of LLM-based automation across a larger sample of models.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2874287-4
ISSN	2509-4254 ; 2509-4262
ISSN (online)	2509-4254
ISSN	2509-4262
DOI	10.1007/s41669-024-00477-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Mpox detection in clinical specimens by three commercial real-time PCR assays demonstrates comparable results.

Hurley, Siobhan / Kim, Ki Wook / Domazetovska, Ana / Yau, Cynthia / Yeang, Malinna / Donovan, Linda / Kok, Jen / Rawlinson, William

Pathology

2024

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	7085-3
ISSN	1465-3931 ; 0031-3025
ISSN (online)	1465-3931
ISSN	0031-3025
DOI	10.1016/j.pathol.2023.11.010
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Article ; Online: Measles.

Rawlinson, William D / Palasanthiran, Pamela

The New England journal of medicine

2019 Volume 381, Issue 20, Page(s) 1978–1979

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Measles
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	207154-x
ISSN	1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
ISSN (online)	1533-4406
ISSN	0028-4793
DOI	10.1056/NEJMc1912468
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