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  1. Article: Impact of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Geography on Healthcare Outcomes for Children With Sickle Cell Disease in the United States: A Scoping Review.

    Wahab, Sameerah / Kelly, Kaylan / Klingler, Mariah / Pirovic, Annalena / Futch, Katerina / Rennie, Christopher / Durham, Devon / Herber, Donna / Gramling, Grant / Price, Shawn / Costin, Joshua M

    Cureus

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 3, Page(s) e56089

    Abstract: A large proportion of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) identify as Black or African American (AA). Social bias and stigma in healthcare outcomes for children with SCD are impossible to explore without considering the impact of racial/cultural ... ...

    Abstract A large proportion of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) identify as Black or African American (AA). Social bias and stigma in healthcare outcomes for children with SCD are impossible to explore without considering the impact of racial/cultural identity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geography. It is important to understand the current influences of social movements, expanded health insurance coverage, and telehealth on these variables when considering healthcare outcomes for patients with SCD. The objective of this study was to determine the roles of racial identity, SES, and geography in healthcare outcomes for the pediatric population of children with SCD in the United States (US). This study is a scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases utilized included Cochrane, CINHAL, Medline, and Nursing and Allied Health Collection, all accessed through the EBSCO Information Services. Studies met the following inclusion criteria: published in English, pediatric patients residing in the US, and published between 2017 and 2022. Search terms included "sickle cell" AND "pediatric", which were then combined with "minority" OR "racial" OR "rural" OR "urban" OR "poverty" OR "income" OR "socioeconomic status". The initial search yielded 635 unique articles, with 17 articles meeting full inclusion criteria. Overall, it was clear that there are examples of positive effects of race, low SES, and rural geographic location on positive health outcomes, though a large number of studies oscillated between showing negative associations or no association at all. Barriers to care for patients with SCD are multifaceted, making it difficult to isolate and analyze the impact of individual variables. Many studies demonstrated the significance of family, community, and institutional relationships as positive support for patients with SCD. This review highlights the need for additional research on the healthcare outcome benefits of patient/familial support groups aiming to bring together patients who share racial experience and SCD diagnosis regardless of SES and geography.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2747273-5
    ISSN 2168-8184
    ISSN 2168-8184
    DOI 10.7759/cureus.56089
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Alternative Treatments to Pharmacological Therapy in Pediatric Populations With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Scoping Review.

    Leon, Lexie / Tran, Tram / Navadia, Meera / Patel, Janavi / Vanderveen, Annelies / Cruz, Maria I / Le, Thuy-Mai / Assuah, Freda B / Prager, Victoria / Patel, Darshil / Costin, Joshua M

    Cureus

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 3, Page(s) e55792

    Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a cognitive and behavioral disorder in which individuals present with inattention and impulsivity, in the pediatric ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a cognitive and behavioral disorder in which individuals present with inattention and impulsivity, in the pediatric population. With an increase in diagnoses, there is also increasing concern regarding overdiagnosis and overtreatment with medications for ADHD. The objective of this study was to map out and compile the recent literature pertaining to alternative therapies (e.g., physical activity, diet, mindfulness, and computer-based interventions) for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in an attempt to reduce or replace the use of pharmacological therapy. This scoping review searched articles from multiple databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals, Scopus, and CINAHL). Using search terms "children with ADHD," "alternative treatment," and "cognitive behavioral therapy," articles were identified that were specific to the research question. The inclusion criteria were patients under the age of 18 with a previous diagnosis of ADHD, no other comorbid illnesses, alternative treatments, and was limited to studies published between 2012 and 2022. After removing duplicates, screening for eligibility criteria, and conducting a critical appraisal of the articles, 16 articles were retained for the final review. The main alternative therapeutic domains that emerged were (1) physical activity, (2) diet, (3) mindfulness, (4) computer-based interventions, and (5) miscellaneous interventions. Seven articles assessed the effect of physical activity on executive and cognitive function in children and adolescents with ADHD. Most findings showed improvement with increased physical activity. Two articles explored the effect of diet on the improvement of ADHD symptoms and reported a positive impact. The two articles that evaluated the effects of mindfulness on ADHD symptoms reported a reduction in ADHD symptoms. Two studies evaluated the use of computer-based interventions as an adjunct treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD; improvements in symptoms were reported. One study each evaluated interventions based on music and nerve stimulation. These showed an improvement in attention, memory, and executive function. With the increasing prevalence of ADHD diagnosis in children and adolescents, alternative and/or adjunctive treatments may be a viable and valuable alternative to pharmaceutical interventions. The findings from this review suggest that multiple non-pharmacological interventions effectively reduce symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents, including diet, exercise, mindfulness, computer-based interventions, music, and nerve stimulation. While there are implications for alternatives to be used in the future, more research is warranted using larger samples with controlled trials.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2747273-5
    ISSN 2168-8184
    ISSN 2168-8184
    DOI 10.7759/cureus.55792
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Chlorpheniramine Maleate Displays Multiple Modes of Antiviral Action Against SARS-CoV- 2: A Mechanistic Study

    Elshaier, Yaseen A.M.M / Mostafa, Ahmed / Valerio-Pascua, Fernando / Tesch, Mari L / Costin, Joshua M. / Rahaghi, Franck F.

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPM) has been identified as a potential antiviral compound against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of CPM on key stages of the SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

    Abstract Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPM) has been identified as a potential antiviral compound against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of CPM on key stages of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle, including viral adsorption, replication inhibition, and virucidal activity. Our findings demonstrate that CPM exhibits antiviral properties by interfering with viral adsorption, replication, and directly inactivating the virus. Molecular docking analysis revealed interactions between CPM and essential viral proteins, such as the main protease receptor, spike protein receptor, and RNA polymerase. CPM9s interactions were primarily hydrophobic in nature, with an additional hydrogen bond formation in the RNA polymerase active site. These results suggest that CPM has the potential to serve as a multitarget antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other respiratory viruses. Further investigations are warranted to explore its clinical implications and assess its efficacy in vivo.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-29
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2023.08.28.554806
    Database COVID19

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  4. Article ; Online: Cytopathic mechanisms of HIV-1.

    Costin, Joshua M

    Virology journal

    2007  Volume 4, Page(s) 100

    Abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many tasks, ... ...

    Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many tasks, with each protein serving multiple functions. The Envelope glycoprotein, composed of the two noncovalently linked subunits, SU (surface glycoprotein) and TM (transmembrane glycoprotein) is largely responsible for host cell recognition and entry respectively. While the roles of the N-terminal residues of TM is well established as a fusion pore and anchor for Env into cell membranes, the role of the C-terminus of the protein is not well understood and is fiercely debated. This review gathers information on TM in an attempt to shed some light on the functional regions of this protein.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Genome, Viral ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/metabolism ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/metabolism ; HIV-1/pathogenicity ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Virion/metabolism ; Virus Replication ; Xenopus
    Chemical Substances HIV Envelope Protein gp41 ; Ion Channels ; Peptide Fragments ; lentiviral lytic peptide type 1, Human immunodeficiency virus 1 ; Sodium (9NEZ333N27)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-10-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1743-422X
    ISSN (online) 1743-422X
    DOI 10.1186/1743-422X-4-100
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Mass-selective and ice-free electron cryomicroscopy protein sample preparation via native electrospray ion-beam deposition.

    Esser, Tim K / Böhning, Jan / Fremdling, Paul / Agasid, Mark T / Costin, Adam / Fort, Kyle / Konijnenberg, Albert / Gilbert, Joshua D / Bahm, Alan / Makarov, Alexander / Robinson, Carol V / Benesch, Justin L P / Baker, Lindsay / Bharat, Tanmay A M / Gault, Joseph / Rauschenbach, Stephan

    PNAS nexus

    2022  Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) pgac153

    Abstract: Despite tremendous advances in sample preparation and classification algorithms for electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis (SPA), sample heterogeneity remains a major challenge and can prevent access to high-resolution structures. ...

    Abstract Despite tremendous advances in sample preparation and classification algorithms for electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis (SPA), sample heterogeneity remains a major challenge and can prevent access to high-resolution structures. In addition, optimization of preparation conditions for a given sample can be time-consuming. In the current work, it is demonstrated that native electrospray ion-beam deposition (native ES-IBD) is an alternative, reliable approach for the preparation of extremely high-purity samples, based on mass selection in vacuum. Folded protein ions are generated by native electrospray ionization, separated from other proteins, contaminants, aggregates, and fragments, gently deposited on cryo-EM grids, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and subsequently imaged by cryo-EM. We demonstrate homogeneous coverage of ice-free cryo-EM grids with mass-selected protein complexes. SPA reveals that the complexes remain folded and assembled, but variations in secondary and tertiary structures are currently limiting information in 2D classes and 3D EM density maps. We identify and discuss challenges that need to be addressed to obtain a resolution comparable to that of the established cryo-EM workflow. Our results show the potential of native ES-IBD to increase the scope and throughput of cryo-EM for protein structure determination and provide an essential link between gas-phase and solution-phase protein structures.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac153
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Cytopathic Mechanisms of HIV-1

    Costin Joshua M

    Virology Journal, Vol 4, Iss 1, p

    2007  Volume 100

    Abstract: Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many ...

    Abstract Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been intensely investigated since its discovery in 1983 as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With relatively few proteins made by the virus, it is able to accomplish many tasks, with each protein serving multiple functions. The Envelope glycoprotein, composed of the two noncovalently linked subunits, SU (surface glycoprotein) and TM (transmembrane glycoprotein) is largely responsible for host cell recognition and entry respectively. While the roles of the N-terminal residues of TM is well established as a fusion pore and anchor for Env into cell membranes, the role of the C-terminus of the protein is not well understood and is fiercely debated. This review gathers information on TM in an attempt to shed some light on the functional regions of this protein.
    Keywords Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Microbiology ; DOAJ:Biology ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BioMed Central
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article: The Association Between Distance Learning, Stress Level, and Perceived Quality of Education in Medical Students After Transitioning to a Fully Online Platform.

    Altaf, Rida / Kling, Michael / Hough, Arielle / Baig, Jibran / Ball, Andrea / Goldstein, Jessica / Brunworth, Jamie / Chau, Cassidy / Dybas, Marissa / Jacobs, Robin J / Costin, Joshua

    Cureus

    2022  Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) e24071

    Abstract: Background: Before COVID-19, preclinical medical students traditionally attended didactic lectures in in-person settings. Due to social distancing, students were required to switch to online meeting platforms, such as Zoom. For medical students ... ...

    Abstract Background: Before COVID-19, preclinical medical students traditionally attended didactic lectures in in-person settings. Due to social distancing, students were required to switch to online meeting platforms, such as Zoom. For medical students accustomed to in-person interactions, these changes may add more stress to the already stressful medical school experience. Furthermore, it was unclear if students' stress levels were related to their preference for one learning modality over another. The purpose of this study was thus to explore associations between lecture modality (synchronous Zoom lectures versus live, in-person lectures) and stress in second-year medical students after they transitioned from a face-to-face learning experience to a fully online lecture platform.
    Methodology: Cross-sectional data were collected from 112 second-year medical students enrolled in a large U.S. medical school using an anonymous questionnaire delivered electronically via social media and emails. The survey contained items pertaining to students' attitudes towards different types of lecture modalities and how they relate to personal stress. Descriptive data and Spearman's rank correlation tests were conducted using IBM Corp. Released 2020. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
    Results: This study examined correlations between preclinical medical school lecture delivery and personality type, stress levels, attendance, and burnout. Overall, no significance was found between mode of delivery and personality type. On the other hand, the mode of delivery significantly affected stress levels, attendance, and burnout. Moderate to strong correlations were found between the item "Zoom lectures have reduced stress compared to in-person lectures" and preference for Zoom, quality of education using Zoom compared to the in-person lectures, belief that Zoom lectures should continue as part of the curriculum delivery method, staying motivated with lectures fully online with Zoom, and liking that Zoom lectures save commute time to campus.
    Conclusions: Findings suggest that a fully online curriculum may play a role in reducing stress in medical students without compromising the quality of education.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2747273-5
    ISSN 2168-8184
    ISSN 2168-8184
    DOI 10.7759/cureus.24071
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Viroporin potential of the lentivirus lytic peptide (LLP) domains of the HIV-1 gp41 protein.

    Costin, Joshua M / Rausch, Joshua M / Garry, Robert F / Wimley, William C

    Virology journal

    2007  Volume 4, Page(s) 123

    Abstract: Background: Mechanisms by which HIV-1 mediates reductions in CD4+ cell levels in infected persons are being intensely investigated, and have broad implications for AIDS drug and vaccine development. Virally induced changes in membrane ionic permeability ...

    Abstract Background: Mechanisms by which HIV-1 mediates reductions in CD4+ cell levels in infected persons are being intensely investigated, and have broad implications for AIDS drug and vaccine development. Virally induced changes in membrane ionic permeability induced by lytic viruses of many families contribute to cytopathogenesis. HIV-1 induces disturbances in plasma membrane ion transport. The carboxyl terminus of TM (gp41) contains potential amphipathic alpha-helical motifs identified through their structural similarities to naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. These sequences have been dubbed lentiviral lytic peptides (LLP) -1, -2, and -3.
    Results: Peptides corresponding to the LLP domains (from a clade B virus) partition into lipid membranes, fold into alpha-helices and disrupt model membrane permeability. A peptide corresponding to the LLP-1 domain of a clade D HIV-1 virus, LLP-1D displayed similar activity to the LLP-1 domain of the clade B virus in all assays, despite a lack of amino acid sequence identity.
    Conclusion: These results suggest that the C-terminal domains of HIV-1 Env proteins may form an ion channel, or viroporin. Increased understanding of the function of LLP domains and their role in the viral replication cycle could allow for the development of novel HIV drugs.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Motifs ; Computational Biology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/genetics ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/metabolism ; HIV-1/chemistry ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/metabolism ; Humans ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Peptides ; Proteomics
    Chemical Substances HIV Envelope Protein gp41 ; Peptide Fragments ; Peptides ; lentiviral lytic peptide type 1, Human immunodeficiency virus 1
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-11-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1743-422X
    ISSN (online) 1743-422X
    DOI 10.1186/1743-422X-4-123
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Viroporin potential of the lentivirus lytic peptide (LLP) domains of the HIV-1 gp41 protein

    Garry Robert F / Rausch Joshua M / Costin Joshua M / Wimley William C

    Virology Journal, Vol 4, Iss 1, p

    2007  Volume 123

    Abstract: Abstract Background Mechanisms by which HIV-1 mediates reductions in CD4+ cell levels in infected persons are being intensely investigated, and have broad implications for AIDS drug and vaccine development. Virally induced changes in membrane ionic ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Mechanisms by which HIV-1 mediates reductions in CD4+ cell levels in infected persons are being intensely investigated, and have broad implications for AIDS drug and vaccine development. Virally induced changes in membrane ionic permeability induced by lytic viruses of many families contribute to cytopathogenesis. HIV-1 induces disturbances in plasma membrane ion transport. The carboxyl terminus of TM (gp41) contains potential amphipathic α-helical motifs identified through their structural similarities to naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. These sequences have been dubbed lentiviral lytic peptides (LLP) -1, -2, and -3. Results Peptides corresponding to the LLP domains (from a clade B virus) partition into lipid membranes, fold into α-helices and disrupt model membrane permeability. A peptide corresponding to the LLP-1 domain of a clade D HIV-1 virus, LLP-1D displayed similar activity to the LLP-1 domain of the clade B virus in all assays, despite a lack of amino acid sequence identity. Conclusion These results suggest that the C-terminal domains of HIV-1 Env proteins may form an ion channel, or viroporin. Increased understanding of the function of LLP domains and their role in the viral replication cycle could allow for the development of novel HIV drugs.
    Keywords Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Microbiology ; DOAJ:Biology ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
    Subject code 572
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BioMed Central
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: A multicenter study of ketamine effects on functional connectivity

    Leah M. Fleming / Daniel C. Javitt / Cameron S. Carter / Joshua T. Kantrowitz / Ragy R. Girgis / Lawrence S. Kegeles / John D. Ragland / Richard J. Maddock / Tyler A. Lesh / Costin Tanase / James Robinson / William Z. Potter / Marlene Carlson / Melanie M. Wall / Tse-Hwei Choo / Jack Grinband / Jeffrey Lieberman / John H. Krystal / Philip R. Corlett

    NeuroImage: Clinical, Vol 22, Iss , Pp - (2019)

    Large scale network relationships, hubs and symptom mechanisms

    2019  

    Abstract: Ketamine is an uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist. It induces effects in healthy individuals that mimic symptoms associated with schizophrenia. We sought to root these experiences in altered brain function, ... ...

    Abstract Ketamine is an uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist. It induces effects in healthy individuals that mimic symptoms associated with schizophrenia. We sought to root these experiences in altered brain function, specifically aberrant resting state functional connectivity (rsfMRI). In the present study, we acquired rsfMRI data under ketamine and placebo in a between-subjects design and analyzed seed-based measures of rsfMRI using large-scale networks, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and sub-nuclei of the thalamus. We found ketamine-induced alterations in rsfMRI connectivity similar to those seen in patients with schizophrenia, some changes that may be more comparable to early stages of schizophrenia, and other connectivity signatures seen in patients that ketamine did not recreate. We do not find any circuits from our regions of interest that correlates with positive symptoms of schizophrenia in our sample, although we find that DLPFC connectivity with ACC does correlate with a mood measure. These results provide support for ketamine's use as a model of certain biomarkers of schizophrenia, particularly for early or at-risk patients. Keywords: Ketamine, Functional connectivity, Psychosis, Resting state
    Keywords Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ; RC346-429
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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