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Article ; Online: Geomorphological characteristics and the kinematic process of the Ganheba rock–ice avalanche in Yulong Mountain, China

Ruichen Chen / Jian Chen / Lulu Shi / Zhijiu Cui / Song Chen

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: ... a massive failure of rock mass (9.1×106 m3) originated on the south slope of Yulong Mountain in Yunnan ...

Abstract	Rock–ice avalanches have increased in recent years due to global warming. On 12 March 2004, a massive failure of rock mass (9.1×106 m3) originated on the south slope of Yulong Mountain in Yunnan Province and eventually formed the Ganheba rock–ice avalanche, with an H/L ratio of 0.4. In this study, the geomorphological characteristics, sedimentary characteristics, and emplacement process of the Ganheba rock–ice avalanche were analyzed based on remote sensing interpretation, field investigation, and 2D discrete element modeling. This study suggests that long-term effects, including historical seismic effects and freeze–thaw action, were the key factors in the occurrence of this landslide. Interesting landforms and sedimentary structures found in this case, such as lateral ridges, superelevation, and boat rocks, were used to explain the characteristics of the velocity and the thinning spreading process of the avalanche mass. The numerical simulation further revealed that the entire movement of this rock–ice avalanche lasted about 105 s, with a maximum front velocity of 82 m/s. The underlying substrate rather than the ice is considered to have contributed to the hypermobility of the Ganheba rock–ice avalanche. The developed fissures, complex topography, and basal friction were determined to control the progressive fragmentation in this case. Meanwhile, the kinematic process of the Ganheba rock–ice avalanche was divided into four stages: failure and acceleration, collision deceleration, deceleration spreading, and deformation. The findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the evolution of glacier-related hazards in the high-mountain region.
Keywords	rock–ice avalanche ; geomorphological characteristics ; kinematic process ; freeze–thaw action ; discrete element modeling ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Water-soluble elements in snow and ice on Mt. Yulong.

Niu, Hewen / Kang, Shichang / Shi, Xiaofei / He, Yuanqing / Lu, Xixi / Shi, Xiaoyi / Paudyal, Rukumesh / Du, Jiankuo / Wang, Shijin / Du, Jun / Chen, Jizu

The Science of the total environment

2017 Volume 574, Page(s) 889–900

Abstract: ... at high elevation sites (4300-4850masl) from Mt. Yulong on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau in 2015 ... inorganic ions (WSIs) to elucidate the chemical species and compositions of the glaciers in the Mt. Yulong ...

Abstract	Melting of high-elevation glaciers can be accelerated by the deposition of light-absorbing aerosols (e.g., organic carbon, mineral dust), resulting in significant reductions of the surface albedo on glaciers. Organic carbon deposited in glaciers is of great significance to global carbon cycles, snow photochemistry, and air-snow exchange processes. In this work, various snow and ice samples were collected at high elevation sites (4300-4850masl) from Mt. Yulong on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau in 2015. These samples were analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIs) to elucidate the chemical species and compositions of the glaciers in the Mt. Yulong region. Generally, glacial meltwater had the lowest DOC content (0.39mgL
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.114
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Article ; Online: Ten years of surveillance of the Yulong plague focus in China and the molecular typing and source tracing of the isolates.

Wang, Peng / Shi, Liyuan / Zhang, Fuxin / Guo, Ying / Zhang, Zhikai / Tan, Hongli / Cui, Zhigang / Ding, Yibo / Liang, Ying / Liang, Yun / Yu, Dongzheng / Xu, Jianguo / Li, Wei / Song, Zhizhong

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2018 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) e0006352

Abstract: ... by the World Health Organization. The five human pneumonic plague cases in Yulong County in 2005 gave rise to the discovery ... of a Yulong plague focus in Yunnan province, China. Thereafter, continuous wild rodent plague (sylvatic plague ... was identified as the main plague reservoir of this focus. In this study, the epizootics in Yulong ...

Abstract	Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, was classified as a reemerging infectious disease by the World Health Organization. The five human pneumonic plague cases in Yulong County in 2005 gave rise to the discovery of a Yulong plague focus in Yunnan province, China. Thereafter, continuous wild rodent plague (sylvatic plague) was identified as the main plague reservoir of this focus. In this study, the epizootics in Yulong focus were described, and three molecular typing methods, including the different region (DFR) analysis, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), and the multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) (14+12), were used for the molecular typing and source tracing of Y. pestis isolates in the Yulong plague focus. Simultaneously, several isolates from the vicinity of Yunnan were used as controls. The results showed that during the 10-year period from 2006 to 2016, an animal plague epidemic occurred in 6 of those years, and 5 villages underwent an animal plague epidemic within a 30-km2 area of the Yulong plague focus. Searching for dead mice was the most effective monitoring method in this plague focus. No positive sample has been found in 6937 captured live rodents thus far, suggesting that the virulence of strains in the Yulong plague focus is stronger and the survival time of mice is shorter after infection. Strains from Lijiang, Sichuan and Tibet were of the same complex based on a typing analysis of DFR and CRISPR. The genetic relationship of Y. pestis illustrated by MLVA "14+12" demonstrates that Tibet and Sichuan strains evolved from the strains 1.IN2 (Qinghai, 1970 and Tibet, 1976), and Lijiang strains are closer to Batang strains (Batang County in Sichuan province, 2011, Himalaya marmot plague foci) in terms of genetic or phylogenic relationships. In conclusion, we have a deeper understanding of this new plague focus throughout this study, which provides a basis for effective prevention and control.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Epidemics ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Molecular Typing ; Phylogeny ; Plague/epidemiology ; Plague/microbiology ; Plague/transmission ; Rodentia/microbiology ; Tibet/epidemiology ; Time Factors ; Yersinia pestis/classification ; Yersinia pestis/genetics ; Yersinia pestis/isolation & purification ; Yersinia pestis/pathogenicity
Language	English
Publishing date	2018
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0006352
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Modification of stable isotopes in snow and related post-depositional processes on a temperate glacier of Mt. Yulong, southeast Tibetan Plateau

Pu, Tao / Kong, Yanlong / Wang, Shijin / Shi, Xiaoyi / Wang, Ke / Niu, Hewen / Chen, Pengfei

Journal of hydrology. 2020 May, v. 584

2020

Abstract: Stable isotopes are useful for obtaining hydroclimatic and past environmental information. The record of stable isotopes in snow not only reflects the deposition condition but also provides information on post-depositional processes, which benefits ice ... ...

Abstract	Stable isotopes are useful for obtaining hydroclimatic and past environmental information. The record of stable isotopes in snow not only reflects the deposition condition but also provides information on post-depositional processes, which benefits ice core studies. In this study, δ18O and δD in new snow, surface snow and snowpack were measured to analyze deposited and post-depositional processes on a temperate glacier at the southeast margin of the Tibetan plateau. The results indicated that new snow and surface snow were relatively depleted in heavy isotopes during the post-monsoon period and enriched in heavy isotopes during the westerly and pre-monsoon period. Surface snow was enriched in 18O and D relative to new snow sampled during the same period. Isotopic homogenization was observed in May and June snowpack, illustrating the effect of melting on isotopes. The relatively low slope (<8) for the δD–δ18O line during the post-monsoon period and high slope (>8) during the westerly and pre-monsoon periods corresponded to temperature change. Although the vertical isotopic composition of snowpack sampled in April recorded the deposited information of winter precipitation, the post-depositional processes could have altered the isotopic composition of snow. During the accumulation period, wind drift was an crucial factor leading to abrupt isotopic modification in snow, which was verified using the energy-balance model and wind regime. During the ablation period, the decreasing trend of the slope and the gradual enrichment of 18O and D in the leaving snow mainly resulted from the isotopic exchange between liquid and solid water. The study enhanced our understanding of the controlling post-depositional processes on temperate glaciers.
Keywords	energy balance ; glaciers ; homogenization ; hydrology ; ice ; liquids ; melting ; models ; oxygen ; snow ; snowpack ; stable isotopes ; temperature ; wind ; winter ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-05
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1473173-3
ISSN	1879-2707 ; 0022-1694
ISSN (online)	1879-2707
ISSN	0022-1694
DOI	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124675
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: In-situ measurements of light-absorbing impurities in snow of glacier on Mt. Yulong and implications for radiative forcing estimates.

Niu, Hewen / Kang, Shichang / Shi, Xiaofei / Paudyal, Rukumesh / He, Yuanqing / Li, Gang / Wang, Shijin / Pu, Tao / Shi, Xiaoyi

The Science of the total environment

2017 Volume 581-582, Page(s) 848–856

Abstract: ... collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were ...

Abstract	The Tibetan Plateau (TP) or the third polar cryosphere borders geographical hotspots for discharges of black carbon (BC). BC and dust play important roles in climate system and Earth's energy budget, particularly after they are deposited on snow and glacial surfaces. BC and dust are two kinds of main light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow and glaciers. Estimating concentrations and distribution of LAIs in snow and glacier ice in the TP is of great interest because this region is a global hotspot in geophysical research. Various snow samples, including surface aged-snow, superimposed ice and snow meltwater samples were collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were determined for BC, Organic Carbon (OC) concentrations using an improved thermal/optical reflectance (DRI Model 2001) method and gravimetric method for dust concentrations. Results indicated that the LAIs concentrations were highly elevation-dependent in the study area. Higher contents and probably greater deposition at relative lower elevations (generally <5000masl) of the glacier was observed. Temporal difference of LAIs contents demonstrated that LAIs in snow of glacier gradually increased as snow melting progressed. Evaluations of the relative absorption of BC and dust displayed that the impact of dust on snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF) is substantially larger than BC, particularly when dust contents are higher. This was verified by the absorption factor, which was <1.0. In addition, we found the BC-induced albedo reduction to be in the range of 2% to nearly 10% during the snow melting season, and the mean snow albedo reduction was 4.63%, hence for BC contents ranging from 281 to 894ngg
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.032
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Water-soluble elements in snow and ice on Mt. Yulong

Niu, Hewen / Jiankuo Du / Jizu Chen / Jun Du / Rukumesh Paudyal / Shichang Kang / Shijin Wang / Xiaofei Shi / Xiaoyi Shi / Xixi Lu / Yuanqing He

Science of the total environment. 2017 Jan. 01, v. 574

2017

Abstract: ... at high elevation sites (4300â4850masl) from Mt. Yulong on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau in 2015 ... inorganic ions (WSIs) to elucidate the chemical species and compositions of the glaciers in the Mt. Yulong ...

Abstract	Melting of high-elevation glaciers can be accelerated by the deposition of light-absorbing aerosols (e.g., organic carbon, mineral dust), resulting in significant reductions of the surface albedo on glaciers. Organic carbon deposited in glaciers is of great significance to global carbon cycles, snow photochemistry, and air-snow exchange processes. In this work, various snow and ice samples were collected at high elevation sites (4300â4850masl) from Mt. Yulong on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau in 2015. These samples were analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIs) to elucidate the chemical species and compositions of the glaciers in the Mt. Yulong region. Generally, glacial meltwater had the lowest DOC content (0.39mgLâ1), while fresh snow had the highest (2.03mgLâ1) among various types of snow and ice samples. There were obvious spatial and temporal trends of DOC and WSIs in glaciers. The DOC and TN concentrations decreased in the order of fresh snow, snow meltwater, snowpit, and surface snow, resulting from the photolysis of DOC and snow's quick-melt effects. The surface snow had low DOC and TN depletion ratios in the melt season; specifically, the ratios were â0.79 and â0.19mgLâ1dâ1, respectively. In the winter season, the ratios of DOC and TN were remarkably higher, with values of â0.20mgLâ1dâ1 and â0.08mgLâ1dâ1, respectively. A reduction of the DOC and TN content in glaciers was due to snow's quick melt and sublimation. Deposition of these light-absorbing impurities (LAPs) in glaciers might accelerate snowmelt and even glacial retreat.
Keywords	aerosols ; altitude ; carbon ; chemical speciation ; glaciation ; glaciers ; ice ; inorganic ions ; melting ; nitrogen content ; photolysis ; snow ; snowmelt ; sublimation ; winter ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0101
Size	p. 889-900.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.114
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Variability of Stable Isotope in Lake Water and Its Hydrological Processes Identification in Mt. Yulong Region

Shi, Xiaoyi / He, Yuanqing / Pu, Tao / Qi, Cuishan / Xia, Dunsheng / Zhang, Guotao

Water. 2017 Sept. 16, v. 9, no. 9

2017

Abstract: ... hydrological cycle. However, the systematic study on lake water balance is scarce in Mt. Yulong region. Here ...

Abstract	Lakes are regarded as important nodes in water resources, playing pivotal roles in the regional hydrological cycle. However, the systematic study on lake water balance is scarce in Mt. Yulong region. Here, we study the stable isotope compositions of precipitation, inflowing rivers and lake water to exploit the characteristics of hydrological supply and lake water balance. The results showed that there was a typical spatial distribution of surface isotope in August and April. Relatively high δ18O values with low d-excess were found on the east and west shores of the lake in August and in the middle part of the lake in April. The lowest δ18O with highest d-excess were found in the north and south shores in August and April, respectively. Meanwhile, slight isotopic stratification indicated that the lake water was vertically mixed-well. Subsequently, the evaporation-to-inflow ratios (E/Is) during the two periods were further derived based on the isotope mass balance model. Approximately 51% in August and 12% in April of the water flowing into Lashi Lake underwent evaporation. This study provides a reference for the long-term monitoring and modeling the hydrology processes of the basin, and is important for the regional water resource.
Keywords	basins ; evaporation ; hydrologic cycle ; lakes ; models ; monitoring ; oxygen ; rivers ; stable isotopes
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0916
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2521238-2
ISSN	2073-4441
ISSN	2073-4441
DOI	10.3390/w9090711
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: In-situ measurements of light-absorbing impurities in snow of glacier on Mt. Yulong and implications for radiative forcing estimates

Niu, Hewen / Gang Li / Rukumesh Paudyal / Shichang Kang / Shijin Wang / Tao Pu / Xiaofei Shi / Xiaoyi Shi / Yuanqing He

Science of the total environment. 2017 Mar. 01, v. 581-582

2017

Abstract: ... collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were ... glacier on Mt. Yulong, the associated instantaneous RF will be 76.38–146.96Wm−2. Further research is ...

Abstract	The Tibetan Plateau (TP) or the third polar cryosphere borders geographical hotspots for discharges of black carbon (BC). BC and dust play important roles in climate system and Earth's energy budget, particularly after they are deposited on snow and glacial surfaces. BC and dust are two kinds of main light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow and glaciers. Estimating concentrations and distribution of LAIs in snow and glacier ice in the TP is of great interest because this region is a global hotspot in geophysical research. Various snow samples, including surface aged-snow, superimposed ice and snow meltwater samples were collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were determined for BC, Organic Carbon (OC) concentrations using an improved thermal/optical reflectance (DRI Model 2001) method and gravimetric method for dust concentrations. Results indicated that the LAIs concentrations were highly elevation-dependent in the study area. Higher contents and probably greater deposition at relative lower elevations (generally <5000masl) of the glacier was observed. Temporal difference of LAIs contents demonstrated that LAIs in snow of glacier gradually increased as snow melting progressed. Evaluations of the relative absorption of BC and dust displayed that the impact of dust on snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF) is substantially larger than BC, particularly when dust contents are higher. This was verified by the absorption factor, which was <1.0. In addition, we found the BC-induced albedo reduction to be in the range of 2% to nearly 10% during the snow melting season, and the mean snow albedo reduction was 4.63%, hence for BC contents ranging from 281 to 894ngg−1 in snow of a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong, the associated instantaneous RF will be 76.38–146.96Wm−2. Further research is needed to partition LAIs induced glacial melt, modeling researches in combination with long-term in-situ observations of LAIs in glaciers is also urgent needed in the future work.
Keywords	absorption ; altitude ; carbon ; climate ; dust ; energy ; geophysics ; glaciers ; gravimetry ; ice ; leaf area index ; melting ; models ; radiative forcing ; reflectance ; snow ; snowmelt ; temporal variation ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0301
Size	p. 848-856.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.032
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Distribution of light-absorbing impurities in snow of glacier on Mt. Yulong, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Niu, Hewen / Gang Li / Shichang Kang / Shijin Wang / Tao Pu / Xiaofei Shi / Xiaoyi Shi / Xingguo Yan / Yuanqing He / Yulan Zhang

Atmospheric research. 2017 Nov. 15, v. 197

2017

Abstract: ... from field measurements of ILAIs, including black carbon (BC) and dust in snowpacks of glacier on Mt. Yulong ... the SNow ICe Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model. Albedo reduction for 1200ngg−1 of BC in Mt. Yulong snow was ...

Abstract	Insoluble light-absorbing impurities (ILAIs) in surface snow of glacier reduce snow albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In order to assess effects of ILAIs on glacier melt, we present the first results from field measurements of ILAIs, including black carbon (BC) and dust in snowpacks of glacier on Mt. Yulong, southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Amplification factors because of snow melt were calculated for BC and dust concentrations in surface snow, and melt scavenging rates, effects of ILAIs on snow spectral albedo, and associated radiative forcing (RF) were estimated. Melt amplification generally appeared to be confined to the top few centimeters of the snowpack, and our results indicated that BC was more efficiently scavenged with meltwater than the other insoluble light-absorbers (e.g., dust). Absorbing impurities reduced snow spectral albedo more with larger particulate grain radius (re). Spectral albedo reduction was investigated using the SNow ICe Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model. Albedo reduction for 1200ngg−1 of BC in Mt. Yulong snow was 0.075 for snow with re=500 compared with re=200μm. If dust (51.37ppm) was the only impurity in the snowpack, the spectral albedo reduction would be only 0.03, and the associated RF was 42.76Wm−2. For a BC and dust mixed scenario, the spectral albedo was substantially reduced (0.11±0.03), and the associated RF (145.23Wm−2) was more than three times larger than that for the dust-only scenario. BC in snow is an active factor controlling snow albedo and snow-ice RF. Further observational studies are needed to quantify the contribution of BC and dust to albedo reduction and glacier melt and to characterize the variation of glacier RF.
Keywords	aerosols ; carbon ; dust ; glaciers ; ice ; melting ; models ; observational studies ; radiative forcing ; snow ; snowmelt ; snowpack ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-1115
Size	p. 474-484.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	0169-8095
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Characteristics of inorganic ions in precipitation at different altitudes in the Yulong Snow Mountain, China

Zhu, Guofeng / Pu, Tao / He, Yuanqing / Shi, Peiji / Zhang, Tao / Wei, Wei / Niu, Hewen

Environmental earth sciences. 2013 Nov., v. 70, no. 6

2013

Abstract: ... altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain, hoping to obtain some basic information about the chemical ... characteristics of precipitation. A couple of precipitation samples at different altitudes in the Yulong Snow ... from the eastern Pacific. The inorganic ions in precipitation increased significantly in the Yulong Snow Mountain area ...

Abstract	The present study investigated the chemical composition of summer precipitation at different altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain, hoping to obtain some basic information about the chemical characteristics of precipitation. A couple of precipitation samples at different altitudes in the Yulong Snow Mountain area in southeastern China were collected from July 26 to July 31, 2005 for chemical analyses. Sea-salt tracer analysis showed that Cl⁻ and Na⁺ had high proportion from marine sources, while the other ions mainly were from non-marine sources. Statistics showed that the cation concentrations ranged from 0.51 to 5.26� mg� L⁻¹ and anion concentrations ranged from 0.99 to 4.90� mg� L⁻¹. Further analysis showed that terrestrial ions, especially from the proximal terrestrial sources, largely affected the ion concentrations in precipitation. Ion concentrations of precipitation were correlated significantly with local atmospheric circulation at altitude 2,950–4,800� m, and also correlated closely with human activities at altitude 2,400–2,950� m. Limestone, the majority of local rocks, caused high cation concentrations in precipitation, such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The majority of vapors in the region came from the Indian Ocean whereas parts came from the eastern Pacific. The inorganic ions in precipitation increased significantly in the Yulong Snow Mountain area during this century. Compared with most of the high altitude Mountains in China, the precipitations in the Yulong Snow Mountain area had higher concentrations of inorganic ions and low acidic ion concentrations. The conclusions can provide a basis for study of regional climate characteristics, environment and ecological characteristics of Yulong Snow Mountain area.
Keywords	altitude ; atmospheric circulation ; calcium ; chemical analysis ; chemical composition ; chlorides ; climate ; humans ; inorganic ions ; ions ; limestone ; magnesium ; mountains ; sodium ; statistics ; summer ; vapors ; China ; Indian Ocean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-11
Size	p. 2807-2816.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2493699-6
ISSN	1866-6299 ; 1866-6280
ISSN (online)	1866-6299
ISSN	1866-6280
DOI	10.1007/s12665-013-2340-0
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