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Article ; Online: β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans and β(2 → 1) linear fructans impact mucus-related and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in goblet cells and attenuate inflammatory responses in a fructan dependent fashion.

Fernández-Lainez, Cynthia / Aan de Stegge, Myrthe / Silva-Lagos, Luis Alfredo / López-Velázquez, Gabriel / de Vos, Paul

2023 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) 1338–1348

Abstract: Dietary fibers such as fructans have beneficial effects on intestinal health but it is unknown whether they impact goblet cells (GCs). Here we studied the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITFs) and graminan-type fructans (GTFs) with different molecular ... ...

Abstract	Dietary fibers such as fructans have beneficial effects on intestinal health but it is unknown whether they impact goblet cells (GCs). Here we studied the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITFs) and graminan-type fructans (GTFs) with different molecular weights on mucus- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in intestinal GCs. To that end, GCs were incubated in the presence of ITFs or GTFs, or ITFs and GTFs + TNFα or the
MeSH term(s)	Fructans/pharmacology ; Fructans/chemistry ; Goblet Cells/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Mucus/metabolism ; Inulin ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Chemical Substances	Fructans ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Inulin (9005-80-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d2fo02710k
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Article ; Online: β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) and β(2 → 1) fructans protect from impairment of intestinal tight junction's gene expression and attenuate human dendritic cell responses in a fructan-dependent fashion.

Fernández-Lainez, Cynthia / Aan de Stegge, Myrthe / Silva-Lagos, Luis Alfredo / López-Velázquez, Gabriel / de Vos, Paul

Carbohydrate polymers

2023 Volume 320, Page(s) 121259

Abstract: β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans (GTFs) and β(2 → 1) linear fructans (ITFs) possess immunomodulatory properties and protect human intestinal barrier function, however the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well studied. Herein, ... ...

Abstract	β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans (GTFs) and β(2 → 1) linear fructans (ITFs) possess immunomodulatory properties and protect human intestinal barrier function, however the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well studied. Herein, GTFs and ITFs effects with different degree of polymerization (DP) values on tight junctions (TJs) genes CLDN-1, -2 and -3, CDH1, OCLN and TJP1 were studied in Caco-2 gut epithelial cells, under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Also, cytokine production in dendritic cells (DCs) was studied. Higher DP fructans decreased the expression of the pore forming CLDN-2. Higher DP GTFs enhanced CLDN-3, OCLN, and TJP-1. Fructans prevented mRNA dysregulation of CLDN-1, -2 and -3 induced by the barrier disruptors A23187 and deoxynivalenol in a fructan-type dependent fashion. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3 and TNFα by DCs was also attenuated in a fructan-type dependent manner and was strongly attenuated by DCs cultured with medium of Caco-2 cells which were pre-exposed to fructans. Our data show that specific fructans have TJs and DCs modulating effects and contribute to gut homeostasis. This might serve to design effective dietary means to prevent intestinal inflammation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Tight Junctions ; Cytokines/genetics ; Fructans/pharmacology ; Dendritic Cells
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Fructans
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1501516-6
ISSN	1879-1344 ; 0144-8617
ISSN (online)	1879-1344
ISSN	0144-8617
DOI	10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121259
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Article ; Online: Inclusion of extracellular matrix molecules and necrostatin-1 in the intracapsular environment of alginate-based microcapsules synergistically protects pancreatic β cells against cytokine-induced inflammatory stress.

Qin, Tian / Hu, Shuxian / Smink, Alexandra M / de Haan, Bart J / Silva-Lagos, Luis A / Lakey, Jonathan R T / de Vos, Paul

Acta biomaterialia

2022 Volume 146, Page(s) 434–449

Abstract: Immunoisolation of pancreatic islets in alginate-based microcapsules is a promising approach for grafting of islets in absence of immunosuppression. However, loss and damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) during islet isolation enhance susceptibility ... ...

Abstract	Immunoisolation of pancreatic islets in alginate-based microcapsules is a promising approach for grafting of islets in absence of immunosuppression. However, loss and damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) during islet isolation enhance susceptibility of islets for inflammatory stress. In this study, a combined strategy was applied to reduce this stress by incorporating ECM components (collagen type IV/RGD) and necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) in alginate-based microcapsules in vitro. To demonstrate efficacy, viability and function of MIN6 β-cells and human islets in capsules with collagen type IV/RGD and/or Nec-1 was investigated in presence and absence of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α. The combination of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 had higher protective effects than the molecules alone. Presence of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 in the intracapsular environment reduced cytokine-induced overproduction of free radical species and unfavorable shifts in mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, the ECM components collagen type IV/RGD prevented a cytokine induced suppression of the FAK/Akt pathway. Our data indicate that the inclusion of collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 in the intracapsular environment prevents islet-cell loss when exposed to inflammatory stress, which might contribute to higher survival of β-cells in the immediate period after transplantation. This approach of inclusion of stress reducing agents in the intracapsular environment of immunoisolating devices may be an effective way to enhance the longevity of encapsulated islet grafts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Islet-cells in immunoisolated alginate-based microcapsules are very susceptible to inflammatory stress which impacts long-term survival of islet grafts. Here we show that incorporation of ECM components (collagen type IV/RGD) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) in the intracapsular environment of alginate-based capsules attenuates this susceptibility and promotes islet-cell survival. This effect induced by collagen type IV/RGD and Nec-1 was probably due to lowering free radical production, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and by maintaining ECM/integrin/FAK/Akt signaling and Nec-1/RIP1/RIP3 signaling. Our study provides an effective strategy to extend longevity of islet grafts which might be of great potential for future clinical application of immunoisolated cells.
MeSH term(s)	Alginates/pharmacology ; Capsules ; Collagen Type IV/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Indoles ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Oligopeptides/metabolism ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Alginates ; Capsules ; Collagen Type IV ; Cytokines ; Imidazoles ; Indoles ; Oligopeptides ; necrostatin-1 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2173841-5
ISSN	1878-7568 ; 1742-7061
ISSN (online)	1878-7568
ISSN	1742-7061
DOI	10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.042
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Article ; Online: DAMPening COVID-19 Severity by Attenuating Danger Signals.

Silva-Lagos, Luis A / Pillay, Janesh / van Meurs, Matijs / Smink, Alexandra / van der Voort, Peter H J / de Vos, Paul

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 720192

Abstract: COVID-19 might lead to multi-organ failure and, in some cases, to death. The COVID-19 severity is associated with a "cytokine storm." Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are proinflammatory molecules that can activate pattern recognition ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 might lead to multi-organ failure and, in some cases, to death. The COVID-19 severity is associated with a "cytokine storm." Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are proinflammatory molecules that can activate pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). DAMPs and TLRs have not received much attention in COVID-19 but can explain some of the gender-, weight- and age-dependent effects. In females and males, TLRs are differentially expressed, likely contributing to higher COVID-19 severity in males. DAMPs and cytokines associated with COVID-19 mortality are elevated in obese and elderly individuals, which might explain the higher risk for severer COVID-19 in these groups. Adenosine signaling inhibits the TLR/NF-κB pathway and, through this, decreases inflammation and DAMPs' effects. As vaccines will not be effective in all susceptible individuals and as new vaccine-resistant SARS-CoV-2 mutants might develop, it remains mandatory to find means to dampen COVID-19 disease severity, especially in high-risk groups. We propose that the regulation of DAMPs
MeSH term(s)	Adenosine/metabolism ; Alarmins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Alarmins/immunology ; Animals ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Humans ; Inflammation/prevention & control ; Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors ; Inflammation Mediators/immunology ; Multiple Organ Failure/etiology ; Multiple Organ Failure/prevention & control ; Patient Acuity ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors ; Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
Chemical Substances	Alarmins ; Inflammation Mediators ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Adenosine (K72T3FS567)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.720192
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Article ; Online: β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) and β(2 → 1) fructans protect from impairment of intestinal tight junction's gene expression and attenuate human dendritic cell responses in a fructan-dependent fashion

Fernández-Lainez, Cynthia / aan de Stegge, Myrthe / Silva-Lagos, Luis Alfredo / López-Velázquez, Gabriel / De Vos, Paul

Carbohydrate Polymers. 2023 Nov., v. 320 p.121259-

2023

Abstract	β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans (GTFs) and β(2 → 1) linear fructans (ITFs) possess immunomodulatory properties and protect human intestinal barrier function, however the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well studied. Herein, GTFs and ITFs effects with different degree of polymerization (DP) values on tight junctions (TJs) genes CLDN-1, -2 and -3, CDH1, OCLN and TJP1 were studied in Caco-2 gut epithelial cells, under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Also, cytokine production in dendritic cells (DCs) was studied. Higher DP fructans decreased the expression of the pore forming CLDN-2. Higher DP GTFs enhanced CLDN-3, OCLN, and TJP-1. Fructans prevented mRNA dysregulation of CLDN-1, -2 and -3 induced by the barrier disruptors A23187 and deoxynivalenol in a fructan-type dependent fashion. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3 and TNFα by DCs was also attenuated in a fructan-type dependent manner and was strongly attenuated by DCs cultured with medium of Caco-2 cells which were pre-exposed to fructans. Our data show that specific fructans have TJs and DCs modulating effects and contribute to gut homeostasis. This might serve to design effective dietary means to prevent intestinal inflammation.
Keywords	cytokines ; dendritic cells ; deoxynivalenol ; epithelium ; fructans ; gene expression ; homeostasis ; humans ; inflammation ; intestines ; polymerization ; tight junctions ; ACTB ; Caco-2 ; CSM ; A23187 ; CLDN-1 ; CLDN-2 ; CLDN-3 ; DMEM ; DP ; EHEC ; E-cadherin ; CDH1 ; DCs ; DON ; GAPDH ; GTFs ; IECs ; interleukin IL-1RA ; IL-6 ; IL-8 ; IL-10 ; ITFs ; MAPK ; MCP-1/CCL2 ; MIP-1α/CCL3 ; NF-κB ; OCLN ; TJs ; PKC ; RT-qPCR ; TNFα ; TEER ; ZO-1 ; Non-digestible carbohydrates ; Inflammatory bowel disease ; Nutraceuticals ; Functional foods ; Intestinal and immune cells crosstalk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-11
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1501516-6
ISSN	1879-1344 ; 0144-8617
ISSN (online)	1879-1344
ISSN	0144-8617
DOI	10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121259
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Antibiotics Treatment on the Maternal Immune Response and Gut Microbiome in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Mice.

Faas, Marijke M / Liu, Yuanrui / Wekema, Lieske / Weiss, Gisela A / van Loo-Bouwman, Carolien A / Silva Lagos, Luis

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 12

Abstract: The gut microbiota are involved in adaptations of the maternal immune response to pregnancy. We therefore hypothesized that inducing gut dysbiosis during pregnancy alters the maternal immune response. Thus, pregnant mice received antibiotics from day 9 ... ...

Abstract	The gut microbiota are involved in adaptations of the maternal immune response to pregnancy. We therefore hypothesized that inducing gut dysbiosis during pregnancy alters the maternal immune response. Thus, pregnant mice received antibiotics from day 9 to day 16 to disturb the maternal gut microbiome. Feces were collected before, during and after antibiotic treatment, and microbiota were measured using 16S RNA sequencing. Mice were sacrificed at day 18 of pregnancy and intestinal (Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and peripheral immune responses (blood and spleen) were measured using flow cytometry. Antibiotic treatment decreased fetal and placental weight. The bacterial count and the Shannon index were significantly decreased (Friedman, followed by Dunn's test,
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Mice ; Female ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Placenta ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Bacteria ; Immunity
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15122723
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Article ; Online: Crystal type, chain length and polydispersity impact the resistant starch type 3 immunomodulatory capacity via Toll-like receptors.

Silva Lagos, Luis / Klostermann, Cynthia E / López-Velázquez, Gabriel / Fernández-Lainez, Cynthia / Leemhuis, Hans / Oudhuis, A A C M Lizette / Buwalda, Piet / Schols, Henk A / de Vos, Paul

Carbohydrate polymers

2023 Volume 324, Page(s) 121490

Abstract: Food ingredients that can activate and improve immunological defense, against e.g., pathogens, have become a major field of research. Resistant starches (RSs) can resist enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induce health benefits. RS-3 ... ...

Abstract	Food ingredients that can activate and improve immunological defense, against e.g., pathogens, have become a major field of research. Resistant starches (RSs) can resist enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induce health benefits. RS-3 physicochemical characteristics such as chain length (DP), A- or B-type crystal, and polydispersity index (PI) might be crucial for immunomodulation by activating human toll-like receptors (hTLRs). We hypothesize that crystal type, DP and PI, alone or in combination, impact the recognition of RS-3 preparations by hTLRs leading to different RS-3 immunomodulatory effects. We studied the activation of hTLR2, hTLR4, and hTLR5 by 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL of RS-3. We found strong activation of hTLR2-dependent NF-kB activation with PI <1.25, DP 18 as an A- or B-type crystal. At different doses, NF-kB activation was increased from 6.8 to 7.1 and 10-fold with A-type and 6.2 to 10.2 and 14.4-fold with B-type. This also resulted in higher cytokine production in monocytes. Molecular docking, using amylose-A and B, demonstrated that B-crystals bind hTLR2 promoting hTLR2-1 dimerization, supporting the stronger effects of B-type crystals. Immunomodulatory effects of RS-3 are predominantly hTLR2-dependent, and activation can be tailored by managing crystallinity, chain length, and PI.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Resistant Starch ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Amylose/chemistry ; Starch/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Resistant Starch ; NF-kappa B ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Amylose (9005-82-7) ; Starch (9005-25-8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1501516-6
ISSN	1879-1344 ; 0144-8617
ISSN (online)	1879-1344
ISSN	0144-8617
DOI	10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121490
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Article ; Online: Crystal type, chain length and polydispersity impact the resistant starch type 3 immunomodulatory capacity via Toll-like receptors

Silva Lagos, Luis / Klostermann, Cynthia E. / López-Velázquez, Gabriel / Fernández-Lainez, Cynthia / Leemhuis, Hans / Oudhuis, A.A.C.M.L. / Buwalda, Piet / Schols, Henk A. / de Vos, Paul

Carbohydrate Polymers

2024 Volume 324

Abstract	Food ingredients that can activate and improve immunological defense, against e.g., pathogens, have become a major field of research. Resistant starches (RSs) can resist enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induce health benefits. RS-3 physicochemical characteristics such as chain length (DP), A- or B-type crystal, and polydispersity index (PI) might be crucial for immunomodulation by activating human toll-like receptors (hTLRs). We hypothesize that crystal type, DP and PI, alone or in combination, impact the recognition of RS-3 preparations by hTLRs leading to different RS-3 immunomodulatory effects. We studied the activation of hTLR2, hTLR4, and hTLR5 by 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL of RS-3. We found strong activation of hTLR2-dependent NF-kB activation with PI <1.25, DP 18 as an A- or B-type crystal. At different doses, NF-kB activation was increased from 6.8 to 7.1 and 10-fold with A-type and 6.2 to 10.2 and 14.4-fold with B-type. This also resulted in higher cytokine production in monocytes. Molecular docking, using amylose-A and [sbnd]B, demonstrated that B-crystals bind hTLR2 promoting hTLR2-1 dimerization, supporting the stronger effects of B-type crystals. Immunomodulatory effects of RS-3 are predominantly hTLR2-dependent, and activation can be tailored by managing crystallinity, chain length, and PI.
Keywords	Functional food ; Immunomodulation ; Physicochemical characteristics ; Resistant starch ; Toll-like receptors
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1501516-6
ISSN	1879-1344 ; 0144-8617
ISSN (online)	1879-1344
ISSN	0144-8617
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Article ; Online: TLR2 and TLR4 activity in monocytes and macrophages after exposure to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin.

Silva Lagos, Luis / Luu, Thy Viet / De Haan, Bart / Faas, Marijke / De Vos, Paul

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

2022 Volume 77, Issue 11, Page(s) 2972–2983

Abstract: Background: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections but also impact immunity. This is usually attributed to antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the microbiota, but antibiotics may have a direct effect on immune cells and immunity-associated ... ...

Abstract	Background: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections but also impact immunity. This is usually attributed to antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the microbiota, but antibiotics may have a direct effect on immune cells and immunity-associated receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Objectives: To investigate whether antibiotics alter TLR2/1, TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in immune cells. Methods: We evaluated the effects of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin on TLR2/1-, TLR2/6- and TLR4-induced NF-κB activation in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells. Furthermore, we studied TNF-α and IL-6 levels in THP-1-derived macrophages after exposure to these antibiotics and TLR ligands. Results: Amoxicillin had no effect on any of the TLRs studied. However, ciprofloxacin reduced TLR2/1, TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells and decreased TLR2/1-induced TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Doxycycline reduced TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells and TNF-α and IL-6 levels in response to TLR2/6 stimulation in macrophages. Erythromycin decreased TLR2/1 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells without changes in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in macrophages. In addition, ciprofloxacin decreased the expression of TLR2 mRNA. Conclusions: These results suggest that some antibiotics may attenuate TLR-dependent monocyte/macrophage responses and likely reduce bacterial clearance. The latter is particularly important in infections with AMR bacteria, where misprescribed antibiotics not only fail in control of AMR infections but might also weaken host defence mechanisms by limiting innate immune responses. Our data suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the deterioration of the immune response during and after antibiotic treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Monocytes ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Doxycycline/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-6/genetics ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Erythromycin/pharmacology ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Amoxicillin/pharmacology ; Macrophages ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Doxycycline (N12000U13O) ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-6 ; Erythromycin (63937KV33D) ; Ciprofloxacin (5E8K9I0O4U) ; Amoxicillin (804826J2HU) ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	191709-2
ISSN	1460-2091 ; 0305-7453
ISSN (online)	1460-2091
ISSN	0305-7453
DOI	10.1093/jac/dkac254
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Article ; Online: Assessment of Factors Influencing Personal Exposure to Air Pollution on Main Roads in Bogota: A Mixed-Method Study.

Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N / Parra-Barrera, Eliana L / Toloza-Pérez, Yesith Guillermo / Soto, Hanna / Lagos, Luisa F / Mendez, Daniela / Rico, Andrea / Almentero, Julia Edith / Quintana-Cortes, Mónica A / Pinzón-Silva, Diana C / García, Andrés / Benavides-Piracón, John A / Zona-Rubio, Diana C / Portilla, Claudia / Wilches-Mogollon, Maria A / Romero-Díaz, Sol A / Hernández-Florez, Luis Jorge / Morales, Ricardo / Sarmiento, Olga L

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

2022 Volume 58, Issue 8

Abstract: Background and ... ...

Abstract	Background and Objectives
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Carbon ; Colombia ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Humans ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2188113-3
ISSN	1648-9144 ; 1010-660X
ISSN (online)	1648-9144
ISSN	1010-660X
DOI	10.3390/medicina58081125
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