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Article ; Online: Infectious RNA vaccine protects mice against chikungunya virus infection.

Szurgot, Inga / Ljungberg, Karl / Kümmerer, Beate M / Liljeström, Peter

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 21076

Abstract: We describe a novel vaccine platform that can generate protective immunity to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in C57BL/6J mice after a single immunization by employing an infectious RNA (iRNA), which upon introduction into a host cell launches an infectious ... ...

Abstract	We describe a novel vaccine platform that can generate protective immunity to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in C57BL/6J mice after a single immunization by employing an infectious RNA (iRNA), which upon introduction into a host cell launches an infectious attenuated virus. We and others have previously reported that an engineered deletion of 183 nucleotides in the nsP3 gene attenuates chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and reduces in vivo viral replication and viremia after challenge in mice, macaques and man. Here, we demonstrated that in vitro transfection of iRNA carrying the nsP3 deletion generated infectious viruses, and after intramuscular injection, the iRNA induced robust antibody responses in mice. The iRNA was superior at eliciting binding and neutralizing antibody responses as compared to a DNA vaccine encoding the same RNA (iDNA) or a non-propagating RNA replicon (RREP) lacking the capsid encoding gene. Subsequent challenge with a high dose of CHIKV demonstrated that the antibody responses induced by this vaccine candidate protected animals from viremia. The iRNA approach constitutes a novel vaccine platform with the potential to impact the spread of CHIKV. Moreover, we believe that this approach is likely applicable also to other positive-strand viruses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Chikungunya Fever/immunology ; Chikungunya Fever/prevention & control ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/genetics ; Chikungunya virus/immunology ; Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity ; Female ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology ; mRNA Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-78009-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: DNA-launched RNA replicon vaccines induce potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in mice.

Szurgot, Inga / Hanke, Leo / Sheward, Daniel J / Vidakovics, Laura Perez / Murrell, Ben / McInerney, Gerald M / Liljeström, Peter

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 3125

Abstract: The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its rapid spread into a global pandemic made the urgent development of scalable vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global health and economic imperative. Here, we characterized and compared the ... ...

Abstract	The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its rapid spread into a global pandemic made the urgent development of scalable vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global health and economic imperative. Here, we characterized and compared the immunogenicity of two alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating (DREP) vaccine candidates encoding either SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (DREP-S) or a spike ectodomain trimer stabilized in prefusion conformation (DREP-S
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines, DNA ; spike glycoprotein, SARS-CoV
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-82498-5
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Article ; Online: DNA-launched RNA replicon vaccines induce potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in mice

Inga Szurgot / Leo Hanke / Daniel J. Sheward / Laura Perez Vidakovics / Ben Murrell / Gerald M. McInerney / Peter Liljeström

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its rapid spread into a global pandemic made the urgent development of scalable vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global health and economic imperative. Here, we characterized and ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its rapid spread into a global pandemic made the urgent development of scalable vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global health and economic imperative. Here, we characterized and compared the immunogenicity of two alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating (DREP) vaccine candidates encoding either SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (DREP-S) or a spike ectodomain trimer stabilized in prefusion conformation (DREP-Secto). We observed that the two DREP constructs were immunogenic in mice inducing both binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as T cell responses. Interestingly, the DREP coding for the unmodified spike turned out to be more potent vaccine candidate, eliciting high titers of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies that were able to efficiently neutralize pseudotyped virus after a single immunization. In addition, both DREP constructs were able to efficiently prime responses that could be boosted with a heterologous spike protein immunization. These data provide important novel insights into SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design using a rapid response DNA vaccine platform. Moreover, they encourage the use of mixed vaccine modalities as a strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Virus-like particles as vaccine.

Chroboczek, Jadwiga / Szurgot, Inga / Szolajska, Ewa

Acta biochimica Polonica

2014 Volume 61, Issue 3, Page(s) 531–539

Abstract: This review presents data on commercial and experimental virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, including description of VLP vaccines against influenza. Virus-like particles are multimeric, sometimes multiprotein nanostructures assembled from viral ... ...

Abstract	This review presents data on commercial and experimental virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, including description of VLP vaccines against influenza. Virus-like particles are multimeric, sometimes multiprotein nanostructures assembled from viral structural proteins and are devoid of any genetic material. VLPs present repetitive high-density displays of viral surface proteins. Importantly, they contain functional viral proteins responsible for cell penetration by the virus, ensuring efficient cell entry and thus tissue-specific targeting, determined by the origin of the virus. The foremost application of VLPs is in vaccinology, where they provide delivery systems that combine good safety profiles with strong immunogenicity and constitute a safe alternative to inactivated infectious viruses. These stable and versatile nanoparticles display excellent adjuvant properties capable of inducing innate and cognate immune responses. They present both, high-density B-cell epitopes, for antibody production and intracellular T-cell epitopes, thus inducing, respectively, potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Uptake of VLPs by antigen-presenting cells leads to efficient immune responses resulting in control of pathogenic microorganisms.
MeSH term(s)	Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/genetics ; Influenza A virus/immunology ; Influenza A virus/ultrastructure ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Nanostructures ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
Chemical Substances	Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
Language	English
Publishing date	2014
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	595762-x
ISSN	1734-154X ; 0001-527X
ISSN (online)	1734-154X
ISSN	0001-527X
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Article ; Online: Leukocytes and drug-resistant cancer cells are targets for intracellular delivery by adenoviral dodecahedron.

Jedynak, Marta / Laurin, David / Dolega, Patryk / Podsiadla-Bialoskorska, Malgorzata / Szurgot, Inga / Chroboczek, Jadwiga / Szolajska, Ewa

Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine

2018 Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 1853–1865

Abstract: One of the major factors limiting the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy is inefficient drug delivery. Systems enabling efficient delivery and enhanced intracellular uptake appear particularly promising in this respect. Virus-like particle, adenoviral ... ...

Abstract	One of the major factors limiting the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy is inefficient drug delivery. Systems enabling efficient delivery and enhanced intracellular uptake appear particularly promising in this respect. Virus-like particle, adenoviral dodecahedron (Dd), employs receptor-mediated endocytosis for cell penetration and is able to deliver intracellularly dozens of cargo molecules attached to one particle. We focused on studying Dd properties in the context of cancer treatment, showing that intratumoral injection of Dd, assessed in mouse xenograft model, results in vector accumulation in tumor without spreading in off-target organs. Moreover, we demonstrated that Dd is a promising vector targeting leukocytes and drug-resistant cancer cells. Dd uptake by human blood cells analyzed in vitro indicated the preference for leukocytes in comparison to red blood cells and platelets. Furthermore, internalization of Dd-doxorubicin conjugate by drug-resistant cells leads to increased nuclear accumulation of doxorubicin and significant enhancement of cytotoxicity against target cancer cells.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology ; Capsid Proteins/administration & dosage ; Capsid Proteins/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Leukocytes/cytology ; Leukocytes/metabolism ; Mice ; Neoplasms/therapy
Chemical Substances	Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; Capsid Proteins ; Doxorubicin (80168379AG)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2183417-9
ISSN	1549-9642 ; 1549-9634
ISSN (online)	1549-9642
ISSN	1549-9634
DOI	10.1016/j.nano.2018.05.001
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Functional monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase in blood but not airways and predict COVID-19 severity.

The Journal of clinical investigation

2021 Volume 131, Issue 6

Abstract: The immunopathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains enigmatic, causing immunodysregulation and T cell lymphopenia. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) are T cell suppressors that expand in inflammatory conditions, but ... ...

Abstract	The immunopathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains enigmatic, causing immunodysregulation and T cell lymphopenia. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) are T cell suppressors that expand in inflammatory conditions, but their role in acute respiratory infections remains unclear. We studied the blood and airways of patients with COVID-19 across disease severities at multiple time points. M-MDSC frequencies were elevated in blood but not in nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates of patients with COVID-19 compared with healthy controls. M-MDSCs isolated from patients with COVID-19 suppressed T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production partly via an arginase 1-dependent (Arg-1-dependent) mechanism. Furthermore, patients showed increased Arg-1 and IL-6 plasma levels. Patients with COVID-19 had fewer T cells and downregulated expression of the CD3ζ chain. Ordinal regression showed that early M-MDSC frequency predicted subsequent disease severity. In conclusion, M-MDSCs expanded in the blood of patients with COVID-19, suppressed T cells, and were strongly associated with disease severity, indicating a role for M-MDSCs in the dysregulated COVID-19 immune response.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arginase/blood ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/blood ; Influenza, Human/immunology ; Influenza, Human/pathology ; Interferon-gamma/blood ; Interleukin-6/blood ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology ; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/pathology ; Pandemics ; Respiratory System/immunology ; Respiratory System/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/pathology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	IL6 protein, human ; Interleukin-6 ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; ARG1 protein, human (EC 3.5.3.1) ; Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3067-3
ISSN	1558-8238 ; 0021-9738
ISSN (online)	1558-8238
ISSN	0021-9738
DOI	10.1172/JCI144734
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Article: Self-adjuvanting influenza candidate vaccine presenting epitopes for cell-mediated immunity on a proteinaceous multivalent nanoplatform

Szurgot, Inga / Benedicte Lambrecht / David Laurin / Ewa Szolajska / Guy Schoehn / Jadwiga Chroboczek / Laurence Chaperot

Vaccine. 2013 Sept. 13, v. 31, no. 40

2013

Abstract: We exploit the features of a virus-like particle, adenoviral dodecahedron (Ad Dd), for engineering a multivalent vaccination platform carrying influenza epitopes for cell-mediated immunity. The delivery platform, Ad Dd, is a proteinaceous, polyvalent, ... ...

Abstract	We exploit the features of a virus-like particle, adenoviral dodecahedron (Ad Dd), for engineering a multivalent vaccination platform carrying influenza epitopes for cell-mediated immunity. The delivery platform, Ad Dd, is a proteinaceous, polyvalent, and biodegradable nanoparticle endowed with remarkable endocytosis activity that can be engineered to carry 60 copies of a peptide. Influenza M1 is the most abundant influenza internal protein with the conserved primary structure. Two different M1 immunodominant epitopes were separately inserted in Dd external positions without destroying the particles’ dodecahedric structure. Both kinds of DdFluM1 obtained through expression in baculovirus system were properly presented by human dendritic cells triggering efficient activation of antigen-specific T cells responses. Importantly, the candidate vaccine was able to induce cellular immunity in vivo in chickens. These results warrant further investigation of Dd as a platform for candidate vaccine, able to stimulate cellular immune responses.
Keywords	biodegradability ; cell-mediated immunity ; chickens ; dendritic cells ; endocytosis ; engineering ; humans ; immunodominant epitopes ; influenza ; nanoparticles ; T-lymphocytes ; vaccination ; vaccines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0913
Size	p. 4338-4346.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.021
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Self-adjuvanting influenza candidate vaccine presenting epitopes for cell-mediated immunity on a proteinaceous multivalent nanoplatform.

Szurgot, Inga / Szolajska, Ewa / Laurin, David / Lambrecht, Benedicte / Chaperot, Laurence / Schoehn, Guy / Chroboczek, Jadwiga

Vaccine

2013 Volume 31, Issue 40, Page(s) 4338–4346

Abstract	We exploit the features of a virus-like particle, adenoviral dodecahedron (Ad Dd), for engineering a multivalent vaccination platform carrying influenza epitopes for cell-mediated immunity. The delivery platform, Ad Dd, is a proteinaceous, polyvalent, and biodegradable nanoparticle endowed with remarkable endocytosis activity that can be engineered to carry 60 copies of a peptide. Influenza M1 is the most abundant influenza internal protein with the conserved primary structure. Two different M1 immunodominant epitopes were separately inserted in Dd external positions without destroying the particles' dodecahedric structure. Both kinds of DdFluM1 obtained through expression in baculovirus system were properly presented by human dendritic cells triggering efficient activation of antigen-specific T cells responses. Importantly, the candidate vaccine was able to induce cellular immunity in vivo in chickens. These results warrant further investigation of Dd as a platform for candidate vaccine, able to stimulate cellular immune responses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Chickens ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Endocytosis/immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Influenza, Human/immunology ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Nanoparticles/metabolism ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology ; Vaccination ; Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
Chemical Substances	Epitopes ; Influenza Vaccines ; M1 protein, Influenza A virus ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-09-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.021
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Article ; Online: DNA-launched RNA replicon vaccines induce potent anti-Ebolavirus immune responses that can be further improved by a recombinant MVA boost.

Öhlund, Pontus / García-Arriaza, Juan / Zusinaite, Eva / Szurgot, Inga / Männik, Andres / Kraus, Annette / Ustav, Mart / Merits, Andres / Esteban, Mariano / Liljeström, Peter / Ljungberg, Karl

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 12459

Abstract: There are currently no licensed therapeutic treatment or preventive vaccines against Ebolavirus disease, and the 2013-2016 West African outbreak of Ebolavirus disease spread rapidly and resulted in almost 30,000 cases and more than 11,000 deaths. However, ...

Abstract	There are currently no licensed therapeutic treatment or preventive vaccines against Ebolavirus disease, and the 2013-2016 West African outbreak of Ebolavirus disease spread rapidly and resulted in almost 30,000 cases and more than 11,000 deaths. However, the devastating outbreak has spurred the development of novel Ebolavirus vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating RNA replicon vaccines (DREP) encoding either the glycoprotein (GP) gene or co-expressing the GP and VP40 genes of Sudan or Zaire Ebolavirus are immunogenic in mice inducing both binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as CD8 T cell responses. In addition, antibodies were cross-reactive against another Ebolavirus, although the specificity was higher for the vaccination antigen. DREP vaccines were more immunogenic than recombinant MVA vaccines expressing the same Ebolavirus antigens. However, a DREP prime followed by an MVA boost immunization regimen improved vaccine immunogenicity as compared to DREP and MVA homologous prime-boost immunizations. Moreover, we show that a bivalent approach targeting both Sudan and Zaire Ebolavirus can be employed without significant loss of immunity. This opens for further investigation of a pan-Ebolavirus or even a pan-filovirus vaccine.
MeSH term(s)	Alphavirus/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; DNA/immunology ; Ebola Vaccines/immunology ; Ebolavirus/immunology ; Female ; Glycoproteins/immunology ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; RNA/immunology ; Replicon/immunology ; Sudan ; Vaccination/methods ; Vaccines, DNA/immunology ; Vero Cells ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Ebola Vaccines ; Glycoproteins ; MVA vaccine ; Vaccines, DNA ; Viral Vaccines ; RNA (63231-63-0) ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-31003-6
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Article ; Online: Targeting SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain to cells expressing CD40 improves protection to infection in convalescent macaques.

Marlin, Romain / Godot, Veronique / Cardinaud, Sylvain / Galhaut, Mathilde / Coleon, Severin / Zurawski, Sandra / Dereuddre-Bosquet, Nathalie / Cavarelli, Mariangela / Gallouët, Anne-Sophie / Maisonnasse, Pauline / Dupaty, Léa / Fenwick, Craig / Naninck, Thibaut / Lemaitre, Julien / Gomez-Pacheco, Mario / Kahlaoui, Nidhal / Contreras, Vanessa / Relouzat, Francis / Fang, Raphaël Ho Tsong /

Wang, Zhiqing / Ellis, Jerome / Chapon, Catherine / Centlivre, Mireille / Wiedemann, Aurelie / Lacabaratz, Christine / Surenaud, Mathieu / Szurgot, Inga / Liljeström, Peter / Planas, Delphine / Bruel, Timothée / Schwartz, Olivier / Werf, Sylvie van der / Pantaleo, Giuseppe / Prague, Mélanie / Thiébaut, Rodolphe / Zurawski, Gerard / Lévy, Yves / Grand, Roger Le

Nature communications

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 5215

Abstract: Achieving sufficient worldwide vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 will require additional approaches to currently approved viral vector and mRNA vaccines. Subunit vaccines may have distinct advantages when immunizing vulnerable individuals, children ...

Abstract	Achieving sufficient worldwide vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 will require additional approaches to currently approved viral vector and mRNA vaccines. Subunit vaccines may have distinct advantages when immunizing vulnerable individuals, children and pregnant women. Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. Additionally, we demonstrate that a single dose of the αCD40.RBD vaccine, injected without adjuvant, is sufficient to boost a rapid increase in neutralizing antibodies in convalescent non-human primates (NHPs) exposed six months previously to SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine-elicited antibodies cross-neutralize different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including D614G, B1.1.7 and to a lesser extent B1.351. Such vaccination significantly improves protection against a new high-dose virulent challenge versus that in non-vaccinated convalescent animals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD40 Antigens/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Convalescence ; Humans ; Macaca ; Mice ; Mutation ; Protein Domains ; Reinfection/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
Chemical Substances	CD40 Antigens ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines, Subunit ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-021-25382-0
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