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  1. Article ; Online: Decline in pneumococcal disease incidence in the time of COVID-19 in Singapore.

    Lim, Rachel Hf / Chow, Angela / Ho, Hanley J

    The Journal of infection

    2020  Volume 81, Issue 6, Page(s) e19–e21

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Humans ; Incidence ; Influenza, Human ; Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Singapore/epidemiology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 424417-5
    ISSN 1532-2742 ; 0163-4453
    ISSN (online) 1532-2742
    ISSN 0163-4453
    DOI 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Decline in pneumococcal disease incidence in the time of COVID-19 in Singapore

    Lim, Rachel HF / Chow, Angela / Ho, Hanley J

    Journal of Infection ; ISSN 0163-4453

    2020  

    Keywords Microbiology (medical) ; Infectious Diseases ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.020
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Dominant Negative TRAF3 Variant With Recurrent

    Liew, Mei Fong / Lim, Hui Fang / Liang, Mui Cheng / Lim, Ives / Tan, Zhaohong / Tan, Rachel Ying Min / Sam, Qi Hui / Soe, Win Mar / Tay, Sen Hee / Xu, Shengli / Chang, Matthew Wook / Foo, Roger / Soong, Tuck Wah / Ravikumar, Sharada / Chai, Louis Yi Ann

    Open forum infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 9, Issue 8, Page(s) ofac379

    Abstract: Host factors leading to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (PNTM) disease are poorly understood compared with disseminated NTM disease, which is linked to the interleukin 12-interferon gamma signaling pathway. We investigated the tumor necrosis factor ...

    Abstract Host factors leading to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (PNTM) disease are poorly understood compared with disseminated NTM disease, which is linked to the interleukin 12-interferon gamma signaling pathway. We investigated the tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) R338W variant in a patient with recurrent PNTM infection, demonstrating TRAF3- and TNF-α-deficient phenotypes via ex vivo immune and cloning-transfection cellular studies.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2757767-3
    ISSN 2328-8957
    ISSN 2328-8957
    DOI 10.1093/ofid/ofac379
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Demographic Representation in 3 Leading Artificial Intelligence Text-to-Image Generators.

    Ali, Rohaid / Tang, Oliver Y / Connolly, Ian D / Abdulrazeq, Hael F / Mirza, Fatima N / Lim, Rachel K / Johnston, Benjamin R / Groff, Michael W / Williamson, Theresa / Svokos, Konstantina / Libby, Tiffany J / Shin, John H / Gokaslan, Ziya L / Doberstein, Curtis E / Zou, James / Asaad, Wael F

    JAMA surgery

    2023  Volume 159, Issue 1, Page(s) 87–95

    Abstract: Importance: The progression of artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators raises concerns of perpetuating societal biases, including profession-based stereotypes.: Objective: To gauge the demographic accuracy of surgeon representation by 3 ...

    Abstract Importance: The progression of artificial intelligence (AI) text-to-image generators raises concerns of perpetuating societal biases, including profession-based stereotypes.
    Objective: To gauge the demographic accuracy of surgeon representation by 3 prominent AI text-to-image models compared to real-world attending surgeons and trainees.
    Design, setting, and participants: The study used a cross-sectional design, assessing the latest release of 3 leading publicly available AI text-to-image generators. Seven independent reviewers categorized AI-produced images. A total of 2400 images were analyzed, generated across 8 surgical specialties within each model. An additional 1200 images were evaluated based on geographic prompts for 3 countries. The study was conducted in May 2023. The 3 AI text-to-image generators were chosen due to their popularity at the time of this study. The measure of demographic characteristics was provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges subspecialty report, which references the American Medical Association master file for physician demographic characteristics across 50 states. Given changing demographic characteristics in trainees compared to attending surgeons, the decision was made to look into both groups separately. Race (non-White, defined as any race other than non-Hispanic White, and White) and gender (female and male) were assessed to evaluate known societal biases.
    Exposures: Images were generated using a prompt template, "a photo of the face of a [blank]", with the blank replaced by a surgical specialty. Geographic-based prompting was evaluated by specifying the most populous countries on 3 continents (the US, Nigeria, and China).
    Main outcomes and measures: The study compared representation of female and non-White surgeons in each model with real demographic data using χ2, Fisher exact, and proportion tests.
    Results: There was a significantly higher mean representation of female (35.8% vs 14.7%; P < .001) and non-White (37.4% vs 22.8%; P < .001) surgeons among trainees than attending surgeons. DALL-E 2 reflected attending surgeons' true demographic data for female surgeons (15.9% vs 14.7%; P = .39) and non-White surgeons (22.6% vs 22.8%; P = .92) but underestimated trainees' representation for both female (15.9% vs 35.8%; P < .001) and non-White (22.6% vs 37.4%; P < .001) surgeons. In contrast, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion had significantly lower representation of images of female (0% and 1.8%, respectively; P < .001) and non-White (0.5% and 0.6%, respectively; P < .001) surgeons than DALL-E 2 or true demographic data. Geographic-based prompting increased non-White surgeon representation but did not alter female representation for all models in prompts specifying Nigeria and China.
    Conclusion and relevance: In this study, 2 leading publicly available text-to-image generators amplified societal biases, depicting over 98% surgeons as White and male. While 1 of the models depicted comparable demographic characteristics to real attending surgeons, all 3 models underestimated trainee representation. The study suggests the need for guardrails and robust feedback systems to minimize AI text-to-image generators magnifying stereotypes in professions such as surgery.
    MeSH term(s) United States ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Artificial Intelligence ; Surgeons ; Specialties, Surgical ; Demography
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2701841-6
    ISSN 2168-6262 ; 2168-6254
    ISSN (online) 2168-6262
    ISSN 2168-6254
    DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.5695
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Sputum Eosinophilia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ventilation Heterogeneity in Severe Asthma.

    Svenningsen, Sarah / Eddy, Rachel L / Lim, Hui Fang / Cox, P Gerard / Nair, Parameswaran / Parraga, Grace

    American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

    2018  Volume 197, Issue 7, Page(s) 876–884

    Abstract: Rationale: Inflammation and smooth muscle dysfunction are integral components of severe asthma that contribute to luminal obstruction causing airflow limitation, ventilation heterogeneity, and symptoms. This is important for guiding treatment decisions ... ...

    Abstract Rationale: Inflammation and smooth muscle dysfunction are integral components of severe asthma that contribute to luminal obstruction causing airflow limitation, ventilation heterogeneity, and symptoms. This is important for guiding treatment decisions directed at the inflammatory (e.g., anti-T-helper cell type 2 monoclonal antibodies) and noninflammatory, smooth muscle-mediated (e.g., bronchial thermoplasty) components of severe asthma.
    Objectives: To investigate the contribution of eosinophilic bronchitis and smooth muscle dysfunction to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ventilation heterogeneity in patients with severe asthma.
    Methods: We measured the inhaled hyperpolarized gas MRI response to salbutamol as a marker of smooth muscle dysfunction, and sputum eosinophils as a marker of airway inflammation, and their contributions to ventilation heterogeneity (quantified as the ventilation defect percent [VDP]) in 27 patients with severe asthma. Spirometry and forced oscillation airway resistance measurements were also acquired pre- and postsalbutamol. Patients were dichotomized on the basis of sputum eosinophilia, and pre- and postsalbutamol VDP and physiological measurements were evaluated.
    Measurements and main results: MRI VDP improved with salbutamol inhalation in patients in whom sputum eosinophilia was uncontrolled (≥3%, n = 16) (P = 0.002) and in those in whom it was controlled (<3%, n = 11) (P = 0.02), independent of improvements in FEV
    Conclusions: In patients with severe asthma, MRI regionally identifies the inflammatory and noninflammatory components of airway disease. Ventilation heterogeneity persists postsalbutamol in patients with uncontrolled eosinophilic bronchitis, which may be the functional consequence of airway inflammation.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Asthma/blood ; Asthma/complications ; Asthma/physiopathology ; Eosinophilia/complications ; Eosinophilia/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lung/diagnostic imaging ; Lung/physiopathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiration ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sputum
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1180953-x
    ISSN 1535-4970 ; 0003-0805 ; 1073-449X
    ISSN (online) 1535-4970
    ISSN 0003-0805 ; 1073-449X
    DOI 10.1164/rccm.201709-1948OC
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium.

    Tan, Kai Sen / Lim, Rachel Liyu / Liu, Jing / Ong, Hsiao Hui / Tan, Vivian Jiayi / Lim, Hui Fang / Chung, Kian Fan / Adcock, Ian M / Chow, Vincent T / Wang, De Yun

    Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

    2020  Volume 8, Page(s) 99

    Abstract: Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations ...

    Abstract Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggravates disease symptoms. Recent advances in
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2737824-X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    DOI 10.3389/fcell.2020.00099
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Bronchial thermoplasty guided by hyperpolarised gas magnetic resonance imaging in adults with severe asthma: a 1-year pilot randomised trial.

    Svenningsen, Sarah / Nair, Parameswaran / Eddy, Rachel L / McIntosh, Marrissa J / Kjarsgaard, Melanie / Lim, Hui Fang / McCormack, David G / Cox, Gerard / Parraga, Grace

    ERJ open research

    2021  Volume 7, Issue 3

    Abstract: Patient-specific localisation of ventilation defects using hyperpolarised gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces the possibility of regionally targeted bronchial thermoplasty (BT) for the treatment of severe asthma. We aimed to demonstrate that ... ...

    Abstract Patient-specific localisation of ventilation defects using hyperpolarised gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces the possibility of regionally targeted bronchial thermoplasty (BT) for the treatment of severe asthma. We aimed to demonstrate that BT guided by MRI to ventilation defects reduces the number of radiofrequency activations while resulting in improved asthma quality-of-life and control scores that are non-inferior to standard BT. In a 1-year pilot randomised controlled trial, 14 patients with severe asthma who were clinically eligible to receive BT underwent hyperpolarised gas MRI to characterise ventilation defects and were randomised to MRI-guided or standard BT. End-points were improved Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scores, the proportion of AQLQ and ACQ responders and the number of radiofrequency activations and bronchoscopy sessions. Participants who underwent MRI-guided BT received 53% fewer radiofrequency activations than those who had standard BT (p=0.003). At 12 months, the mean improvement from baseline was similar between the MRI-guided group (n=5) and the standard group (n=7) for AQLQ score (MRI-guided: 1.8, 95% CI 0.1-3.5, p=0.04; standard: 0.7, 95% CI -0.9-2.3, p=0.30) (p=0.25) and ACQ-5 score (MRI-guided: -1.4, 95% CI -2.6- -0.2, p=0.03; standard: -0.7, 95% CI -1.3-0.0, p=0.04) (p=0.17). A similar proportion of participants in both groups achieved a clinically relevant improvement in AQLQ score (MRI-guided: 80%; standard: 71%) and ACQ-5 score (MRI-guided: 80%; standard: 57%). Hyperpolarised gas MRI-guided BT reduced the number of radiofrequency activations, and resulted in asthma quality of life and control improvements at 12 months that were non-inferior to standard BT.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2827830-6
    ISSN 2312-0541
    ISSN 2312-0541
    DOI 10.1183/23120541.00268-2021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Metformin triggers a kidney GDF15-dependent area postrema axis to regulate food intake and body weight.

    Zhang, Song-Yang / Bruce, Kyla / Danaei, Zahra / Li, Rosa J W / Barros, Daniel R / Kuah, Rachel / Lim, Yu-Mi / Mariani, Laura H / Cherney, David Z / Chiu, Jennifer F M / Reich, Heather N / Lam, Tony K T

    Cell metabolism

    2023  Volume 35, Issue 5, Page(s) 875–886.e5

    Abstract: ... GDF15 levels in high-fat (HF) fed male rats through the upregulation of GDF15 synthesis in the kidney ...

    Abstract Metformin, the most widely prescribed medication for obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D), lowers plasma glucose levels, food intake, and body weight in rodents and humans, but the mechanistic site(s) of action remain elusive. Metformin increases plasma growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels to regulate energy balance, while GDF15 administration activates GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL) that is highly expressed in the area postrema (AP) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the hindbrain to lower food intake and body weight. However, the tissue-specific contribution of plasma GDF15 levels after metformin treatment is still under debate. Here, we found that metformin increased plasma GDF15 levels in high-fat (HF) fed male rats through the upregulation of GDF15 synthesis in the kidney. Importantly, the kidney-specific knockdown of GDF15 expression as well as the AP-specific knockdown of GFRAL expression negated the ability of metformin to lower food intake and body weight gain. Taken together, we unveil the kidney as a target of metformin to regulate energy homeostasis through a kidney GDF15-dependent AP axis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Metformin/pharmacology ; Area Postrema/metabolism ; Weight Loss ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Body Weight/physiology ; Eating ; Kidney/metabolism ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Metformin (9100L32L2N) ; GDF15 protein, human ; Growth Differentiation Factor 15
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.014
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases

    Tan, Kai Sen / Lim, Rachel Liyu / Liu, Jing / Ong, Hsiao Hui / Tan, Vivian Jiayi / Lim, Hui Fang / Chung, Kian Fan / Adcock, Ian M. / Chow, Vincent T. / Wang, De Yun

    Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 8:99

    Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium

    2020  

    Abstract: Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations ...

    Abstract Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggravates disease symptoms. Recent advances in in vitro air-liquid interface 3D cultures, organoid cultures and the use of novel human and animal challenge models have evoked new understandings as to the mechanisms of viral exacerbations. In this review, we will focus on recent novel findings that elucidate how respiratory viral infections alter the epithelial barrier in the airways, the upper airway microbial environment, epigenetic modifications including miRNA modulation, and other changes in immune responses throughout the upper and lower airways. First, we reviewed the prevalence of different respiratory viral infections in causing exacerbations in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Subsequently we also summarized how recent models have expanded our appreciation of the mechanisms of viral-induced exacerbations. Further we highlighted the importance of the virome within the airway microbiome environment and its impact on subsequent bacterial infection. This review consolidates the understanding of viral induced exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases and indicates pathways that may be targeted for more effective management of chronic inflammatory diseases.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; upper airway ; epithelium ; respiratory virus ; chronic airway inflammatory diseases ; acute exacerbation ; covid19
    Language English
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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