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Article ; Online: Prevalence of Developmental Venous Anomalies in Association with Sporadic Cavernous Malformations on 7T MRI.

Cogswell, Petrice M / Pillai, Jay J / Lanzino, Giuseppe / Flemming, Kelly D

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology

2023 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 72–75

Abstract: Background and purpose: The etiology of sporadic cavernous malformations is not well-understood. However, recent evidence suggests that they may arise from a developmental venous anomaly. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ... ...

Abstract	Background and purpose: The etiology of sporadic cavernous malformations is not well-understood. However, recent evidence suggests that they may arise from a developmental venous anomaly. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of developmental venous anomalies associated with sporadic cavernous malformations using 7T MR imaging. Materials and methods: We retrospectively identified patients with a sporadic cavernous malformation imaged with 7T MR imaging between August 2019 and July 2022. Two raters determined whether a developmental venous anomaly was associated with each malformation. Results: The study included 59 patients with a total of 61 cavernous malformations. Of the sixty-one, 44 (72%) had an associated developmental venous anomaly. An associated anomaly was most common for cavernous malformations in the brainstem (88%) compared with the cerebral hemispheres or cerebellum (60%-67%). Conclusions: By means of high-quality 7T imaging, most patients with a sporadic cavernous malformation were found to have an associated developmental venous anomaly. These findings support the hypothesis that cavernous malformations may arise secondary to hemodynamic abnormalities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Prevalence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations/complications ; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603808-6
ISSN	1936-959X ; 0195-6108
ISSN (online)	1936-959X
ISSN	0195-6108
DOI	10.3174/ajnr.A8072
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Article: Quantifying Carotid Stenosis: History, Current Applications, Limitations, and Potential: How Imaging Is Changing the Scenario.

Saba, Luca / Scicolone, Roberta / Johansson, Elias / Nardi, Valentina / Lanzino, Giuseppe / Kakkos, Stavros K / Pontone, Gianluca / Annoni, Andrea D / Paraskevas, Kosmas I / Fox, Allan J

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1

Abstract: Carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The journey to understanding carotid disease has developed over time and radiology has a pivotal role in diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic management. This paper reviews ... ...

Abstract	Carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The journey to understanding carotid disease has developed over time and radiology has a pivotal role in diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic management. This paper reviews the history of diagnostic imaging in carotid disease, its evolution towards its current applications in the clinical and research fields, and the potential of new technologies to aid clinicians in identifying the disease and tailoring medical and surgical treatment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life14010073
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Article ; Online: Transsylvian, Carotid-Oculomotor Triangle Approach for Resection of a Rapidly Enlarging Midbrain-Pontine Cavernous Malformation: 3-Dimensional Operative Video.

Sorenson, Thomas J / Hughes, Joshua D / Lanzino, Giuseppe / Rangel Castilla, Leonardo

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)

2019 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) E112

Abstract: Cavernous malformations (CM) of the anterior midbrain are best reached through an orbitozygomatic (OZ) approach with removal of the orbital rim and wide Sylvian fissure dissection. Our surgical video demonstrates this approach to resect a ruptured CM in ... ...

Abstract	Cavernous malformations (CM) of the anterior midbrain are best reached through an orbitozygomatic (OZ) approach with removal of the orbital rim and wide Sylvian fissure dissection. Our surgical video demonstrates this approach to resect a ruptured CM in a 36-yr-old woman who presented with headaches, left face and left arm paresthesias/weakness, and right-sided partial oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a midbrain CM, and the patient was managed conservatively. However, 1 wk later, she presented again with worsened left arm and leg weakness and complete CN III palsy. Seven Tesla MRI demonstrated a larger hematoma, and the CM with new mass effect and upper pons extension. The patient underwent a right modified OZ craniotomy and Sylvian fissure split under guidance of intraoperative neuronavigation and with neuromonitoring. The carotid-oculomotor triangle and the Liliequist membrane were dissected to access the midbrain, and CN III was identified and followed posteriorly to the midbrain. Confirmed with neuronavigation, a longitudinal incision of the midbrain was performed, and the CM was encountered. The hematoma and CM were debulked and removed in a piece-meal fashion, leaving hemosiderin-stained brain intact to prevent unnecessary additional damage to the midbrain. Postoperative MRI confirmed gross-total resection, and the patient's weakness recovered substantially. In this video, we demonstrate that the brainstem is no longer forbidden surgical territory, and show how the use of neuronavigation for surgical planning, positioning, and approach, in addition to the understanding of safe entry zones and meticulous microsurgical technique have made safe and effective surgery on the brainstem possible.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2767575-0
ISSN	2332-4260 ; 2332-4252
ISSN (online)	2332-4260
ISSN	2332-4252
DOI	10.1093/ons/opy390
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Zs.A 1424 -ON-: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Pure arterial malformation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with interspersed adipose tissue: case report.

Sorenson, Thomas J / Brinjikji, Waleed / Flemming, Kelly D / Lanzino, Giuseppe

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics

2018 Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 261–264

Abstract: Incidental vascular lesions are being discovered at an increasing frequency due to widespread noninvasive brain imaging studies. One of these lesions has recently been termed a "pure arterial malformation" (PAM), which is defined as dilated, overlapping, ...

Abstract	Incidental vascular lesions are being discovered at an increasing frequency due to widespread noninvasive brain imaging studies. One of these lesions has recently been termed a "pure arterial malformation" (PAM), which is defined as dilated, overlapping, and tortuous arteries forming a mass of arterial loops with a coil-like appearance in the absence of arteriovenous shunting. The pathogenesis of these lesions is not known, but a congenital etiology is suspected. The authors report the case of a 17-year-old female who was found to have a PAM of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with adipose tissue interspersed within the arterial loops. The authors believe that this abnormal intracranial association between blood vessel and adipose tissue lends further support to the theory that PAMs are the result of a congenital malformation and are therefore safe to manage conservatively given their presumed benign natural history. Far from offering conclusive evidence, this unique case report adds to the growing body of PAM literature and strengthens an increasingly supported congenital theory of genesis.
MeSH term(s)	Adipose Tissue/diagnostic imaging ; Adolescent ; Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Arteriovenous Malformations/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Arteries/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Arteries/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2403985-8
ISSN	1933-0715 ; 1933-0707
ISSN (online)	1933-0715
ISSN	1933-0707
DOI	10.3171/2018.4.PEDS18135
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Article: Cortical Thinning in High-Grade Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis.

Marshall, Randolph S / Liebeskind, David S / Iii, John Huston / Edwards, Lloyd J / Howard, George / Meschia, James F / Brott, Thomas G / Lal, Brajesh K / Heck, Donald / Lanzino, Giuseppe / Sangha, Navdeep / Kashyap, Vikram S / Morales, Clarissa D / Cotton-Samuel, Dejania / Rivera, Andres M / Brickman, Adam M / Lazar, Ronald M

Journal of stroke

2023 Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 92–100

Abstract: Background and purpose: High-grade carotid artery stenosis may alter hemodynamics in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but consequences of this effect are poorly understood. Cortical thinning is associated with cognitive impairment in dementia, head trauma, ... ...

Abstract	Background and purpose: High-grade carotid artery stenosis may alter hemodynamics in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but consequences of this effect are poorly understood. Cortical thinning is associated with cognitive impairment in dementia, head trauma, demyelination, and stroke. We hypothesized that hemodynamic impairment, as represented by a relative time-to-peak (TTP) delay on MRI in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stenosis, would be associated with relative cortical thinning in that hemisphere. Methods: We used baseline MRI data from the NINDS-funded Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis-Hemodynamics (CREST-H) study. Dynamic contrast susceptibility MR perfusion-weighted images were post-processed with quantitative perfusion maps using deconvolution of tissue and arterial signals. The protocol derived a hemispheric TTP delay, calculated by subtraction of voxel values in the hemisphere ipsilateral minus those contralateral to the stenosis. Results: Among 110 consecutive patients enrolled in CREST-H to date, 45 (41%) had TTP delay of at least 0.5 seconds and 9 (8.3%) subjects had TTP delay of at least 2.0 seconds, the maximum delay measured. For every 0.25-second increase in TTP delay above 0.5 seconds, there was a 0.006-mm (6 micron) increase in cortical thickness asymmetry. Across the range of hemodynamic impairment, TTP delay independently predicted relative cortical thinning on the side of stenosis, adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, hemisphere, smoking history, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and preexisting infarction (P=0.032). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that hemodynamic impairment from high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis may structurally alter the cortex supplied by the stenotic carotid artery.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-03
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2814366-8
ISSN	2287-6405 ; 2287-6391
ISSN (online)	2287-6405
ISSN	2287-6391
DOI	10.5853/jos.2022.02285
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Article ; Online: Cavernous Malformation Hemorrhagic Presentation at Diagnosis Associated with Low 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Level.

Flemming, Kelly D / Kumar, Shivram / Brown, Robert D / Singh, Ravinder J / Whitehead, Kevin / McCreath, Lauren / Lanzino, Giuseppe

Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 49, Issue 2, Page(s) 216–222

Abstract: ... focal neurologic deficit (FND). Recently in vitro data have suggested vitamin D may play a role in stabilizing CCM2 ... endothelial cells. Little is known about the effect of vitamin D in human CM disease.: Methods: Beginning in 2015 ... in a prospective clinical registry as well as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D study. A structured interview, survey, and ...

Abstract	Background: Cavernous malformations (CM) are angiographically occult vascular malformations that may be incidental or present with intracerebral or spinal hemorrhage, seizures, or nonhemorrhagic focal neurologic deficit (FND). Recently in vitro data have suggested vitamin D may play a role in stabilizing CCM2 endothelial cells. Little is known about the effect of vitamin D in human CM disease. Methods: Beginning in 2015, consecutive patients at our institution with radiologically confirmed CM were recruited to participate in a prospective clinical registry as well as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D study. A structured interview, survey, and examination were performed at baseline. Medical records and magnetic resonance imaging studies were reviewed and data collected included comorbid conditions, medication use, and location of CM. Standard definition of clinical hemorrhage, FND, and seizures was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used, and OR, 95% CIs, and likelihood-ratio p values were calculated to determine the influence of the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level on clinical presentation with hemorrhage. Results: Of 213 patients enrolled in the clinical registry between January 2015 and October 2018, 70 participated in the vitamin D study (median age: 38.3 years; 51.4% female). Of the 70 participants, 30 (42.9%) presented with hemorrhage. 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D levels were performed within 1 year of symptoms in 64.1% of patients. Patients presenting with hemorrhage had a lower 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level compared to those presenting with seizure without hemorrhage, FND, or as an incidental finding (median 25.5 ng/mL; range 11-59 hemorrhage vs. median 31.0; range 14-60, no hemorrhage; p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, month of blood draw, and body mass index, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D remained a significant predictor of hemorrhagic presentation. Brainstem location also predicted hemorrhage at presentation. Conclusion: Low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level was more common in patients with CM presenting with hemorrhage. This study supports the potential role of modifiable factor in the initial clinical presentation of CM. Further study is needed to determine the role of vitamin D on prospective hemorrhage risk and whether supplementation may be beneficial.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers/blood ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/complications ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Female ; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/complications ; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages/diagnostic imaging ; Intracranial Hemorrhages/etiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Registries ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Seizures/etiology ; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin D/blood ; Vitamin D Deficiency/blood ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications ; Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; 25-hydroxyvitamin D (A288AR3C9H)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1069462-6
ISSN	1421-9786 ; 1015-9770
ISSN (online)	1421-9786
ISSN	1015-9770
DOI	10.1159/000507789
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Zs.A 3181: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Impact Analysis of Different CT Configurations of Carotid Artery Plaque Calcifications on Cerebrovascular Events.

Saba, L / Chen, H / Cau, R / Rubeis, G D / Zhu, G / Pisu, F / Jang, B / Lanzino, G / Suri, J S / Qi, Y / Wintermark, M

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology

2022 Volume 43, Issue 2, Page(s) 272–279

Abstract: Background and purpose: CT is considered the standard reference both for quantification and characterization of carotid artery calcifications. Our aim was to investigate the relationship among different types of calcium configurations detected with CT ... ...

Abstract	Background and purpose: CT is considered the standard reference both for quantification and characterization of carotid artery calcifications. Our aim was to investigate the relationship among different types of calcium configurations detected with CT within the plaque with a novel classification and to investigate the prevalence of cerebrovascular events. Materials and methods: Seven hundred ninety patients (men = 332; mean age, 69.7 [SD, 13] years; 508 symptomatic for cerebrovascular symptoms and 282 asymptomatic) who underwent computed tomography of the carotid arteries were retrospectively included in this institutional review board-approved study. The plaque was classified into 6 types according to the different types of calcium configurations as the following: type 1, complete absence of calcification within the plaque; type 2, intimal or superficial calcifications; type 3, deep or bulky calcifications; type 4, adventitial calcifications with internal soft plaque of <2 mm thickness; type 5, mixed patterns with intimal and bulky calcifications; and type 6, positive rim sign. Results: The highest prevalence of cerebrovascular events was observed for type 6, for which 89 of the 99 cases were symptomatic. Type 6 plaque had the highest degree of correlation with TIA, stroke, symptoms, and ipsilateral infarct for both sides with a higher prevalence in younger patients. The frequency of symptoms observed by configuration type significantly differed between right and left plaques, with symptoms observed more frequently in type 6 calcification on the right side (50/53; 94%) than on the left side (39/46; 85%, Conclusions: We propose a novel carotid artery plaque configuration classification that is associated with the prevalence of cerebrovascular events. If confirmed in longitudinal analysis, this classification could be used to stratify the risk of occurrence of ischemic events.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Artery Diseases/complications ; Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology ; Carotid Stenosis/complications ; Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging ; Carotid Stenosis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic/complications ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic/diagnostic imaging ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603808-6
ISSN	1936-959X ; 0195-6108
ISSN (online)	1936-959X
ISSN	0195-6108
DOI	10.3174/ajnr.A7401
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Article: Anatomical Step-by-Step Dissection of Complex Skull Base Approaches for Trainees: Surgical Anatomy of the Bifrontal Transbasal Approach, Surgical Principles, and Illustrative Cases

Vilany, Larissa / Dang, Danielle D. / Agosti, Edoardo / Plou, Pedro / Leonel, Luciano C. P. C. / Graepel, Stephen / Pinheiro-Neto, Carlos D. / Lanzino, Giuseppe / Link, Michael J. / Peris-Celda, Maria

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base

2023

Abstract: Introduction: The transbasal approach traditionally uses a bicoronal scalp incision with bifrontal craniotomy to establish an extradural midline skull base working corridor. Depending on additional craniofacial osteotomies, this approach can expand its ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The transbasal approach traditionally uses a bicoronal scalp incision with bifrontal craniotomy to establish an extradural midline skull base working corridor. Depending on additional craniofacial osteotomies, this approach can expand its reach to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and may be employed for the resection of particularly complex sinonasal and midline skull base tumors. Given its discrepancy in nomenclature and differences in interoperator technique, we propose a practical, operatively oriented guide for trainees performing this approach. Methods: Three formalin-fixed, latex-injected specimens were dissected under microscopic magnification and endoscopic-assisted visualization. Stepwise dissections of the transcranial-transbasal approach with common modifications were performed, documented with three-dimensional photography, and supplemented with representative case applications. Results: The traditional transbasal approach via bifrontal craniotomy affords wide extradural access to the anterior cranial fossa and central skull base. The addition of craniofacial osteotomies further expands access into the sinonasal cavities, clivus, and craniocervical junction. Key steps described include patient positioning, bicoronal skin incision, pericranial graft harvest, bifrontal craniotomy, orbital rim osteotomy, sphenoidotomy, bilateral ethmoidectomies, and microsurgical dissection of the sellar region. Basal superior sagittal sinus ligation and durotomy allow for intradural exposure. Reconstruction techniques are also discussed. Conclusion: While the transbasal approach is rich with historical descriptions, illustrations, and modifications, its stepwise performance may be relatively unknown and unclear to younger generations of trainees. We present a comprehensive guide to optimize familiarity with the transbasal approach and its indications in the surgical anatomy laboratory, mastery of the relevant microsurgical anatomy, and simultaneous preparation for learning and participation in the operating room.
Keywords	transbasal ; bifrontal ; central skull base ; anterior cranial fossa ; tumor ; step-by-step ; trainee
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-09
Publisher	Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Publishing place	Stuttgart ; New York
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2654269-9
ISSN	2193-634X ; 2193-6331
ISSN (online)	2193-634X
ISSN	2193-6331
DOI	10.1055/s-0043-1775875
Database	Thieme publisher's database

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Article ; Online: Postprocedural Thrombosis following Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysm with Flow Diverters or Coiling: A Histologic Study.

Larco, J A / Abbasi, M / Liu, Y / Dai, D / Lanzino, G / Savastano, L E / Cloft, H / Kallmes, D F / Kadirvel, R / Brinjikji, W

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology

2021 Volume 43, Issue 2, Page(s) 258–264

Abstract: Endovascular treatment of aneurysms with flow diverters or coiling is sometimes complicated by intraprocedural or postprocedural thrombosis along or within the devices. Thrombus composition and structure associated with such complications may provide ... ...

Abstract	Endovascular treatment of aneurysms with flow diverters or coiling is sometimes complicated by intraprocedural or postprocedural thrombosis along or within the devices. Thrombus composition and structure associated with such complications may provide insights into mechanisms of thrombus formation and clinical strategies to remove the thrombus. We present a retrospective histopathologic study of 4 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy due to acute occlusion of either implanted flow diverter devices or along coils during the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.
MeSH term(s)	Embolization, Therapeutic/adverse effects ; Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging ; Intracranial Aneurysm/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents/adverse effects ; Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging ; Thrombosis/etiology ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	603808-6
ISSN	1936-959X ; 0195-6108
ISSN (online)	1936-959X
ISSN	0195-6108
DOI	10.3174/ajnr.A7369
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Article ; Online: Intracranial and Extracranial Neurovascular Manifestations of Takayasu Arteritis.

Bond, K M / Nasr, D / Lehman, V / Lanzino, G / Cloft, H J / Brinjikji, W

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology

2017 Volume 38, Issue 4, Page(s) 766–772

Abstract: Background and purpose: Takayasu arteritis is a rare, large-vessel vasculitis that presents with symptoms related to end-organ ischemia. While the extracranial neurovascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis are well-established, little is known ... ...

Abstract	Background and purpose: Takayasu arteritis is a rare, large-vessel vasculitis that presents with symptoms related to end-organ ischemia. While the extracranial neurovascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis are well-established, little is known regarding the intracranial manifestations. In this study, we characterize the intracranial and cervical neurovascular radiologic findings in patients with Takayasu arteritis. Materials and methods: Patients with Takayasu arteritis who presented to our institution between 2001 and 2016 with intracranial and/or cervical vascular imaging were included in this study. Images were evaluated for the presence of vascular abnormalities, including intracranial or extracranial stenosis, vessel-wall thickening, dissection, subclavian steal, aneurysms, infarcts, and hemorrhages. Descriptive analyses are reported. Results: Seventy-nine patients with Takayasu arteritis met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The most common presenting neurologic symptoms were headache (32.9%) and dizziness (15.2%). Intracranial and extracranial vascular imaging was performed in 84.8% and 89.9% of patients, respectively. Among patients with intracranial vascular imaging, 3 (3.9%) had intracranial aneurysms, 3 (3.9%) had acute large-vessel occlusion, 6 (7.6%) had intracranial vasculitis, and 1 (1.3%) had reversible cerebrovascular constriction syndrome. Among patients with cervical vascular imaging, 42 (53.1%) had some degree of narrowing of the common carotid artery and 18 (22.8%) had narrowing of the ICAs. Seventeen patients (23.6%) had subclavian steal. Conclusions: Intracranial vascular abnormalities in patients with Takayasu arteritis presenting with neurologic symptoms are not rare, with cerebral vasculitis seen in 7.8% of patients, and stroke secondary to large-vessel occlusion, in 3.9% of patients. Cervical vascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis were present in most patients in our study.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Blood Vessels/pathology ; Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Infarction/diagnostic imaging ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Dizziness/etiology ; Female ; Headache/etiology ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nervous System/pathology ; Subclavian Steal Syndrome/diagnostic imaging ; Takayasu Arteritis/complications ; Takayasu Arteritis/pathology ; Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603808-6
ISSN	1936-959X ; 0195-6108
ISSN (online)	1936-959X
ISSN	0195-6108
DOI	10.3174/ajnr.A5095
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