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Article ; Online: Elimination and eradication goals for communicable diseases: a systematic review.

Khawar, Laila / Donovan, Basil / Peeling, Rosanna W / Guy, Rebecca J / McGregor, Skye

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

2023 Volume 101, Issue 10, Page(s) 649–665

Abstract: Objective: To consolidate recent information on elimination and eradication goals for infectious diseases and clarify the definitions and associated terminology for different goals.: Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the World Health ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To consolidate recent information on elimination and eradication goals for infectious diseases and clarify the definitions and associated terminology for different goals. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the World Health Organization's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing (WHO IRIS) and a customized systematic Google advanced search for documents published between 2008 and 2022 on elimination or eradication strategies for infectious conditions authored by WHO or other leading health organizations. We extracted information on names of infectious conditions, the elimination and eradication goals and timelines, definitions of goals, non-standardized terminology, targets and assessment processes. Findings: We identified nine goals for 27 infectious conditions, ranging from disease control to eradication. In comparison with the hierarchy of disease control, as defined at the Dahlem Workshop in 1997, six goals related to disease control with varying levels of advancement, two related to elimination and one to eradication. Goals progressed along a disease-control continuum, such as end of disease epidemic to pre-elimination to elimination as a public health problem or threat. We identified the use of non-standardized terminology with certain goals, including Conclusion: As we approach the 2030 target date to achieve many of the goals related to disease control and for other infections to become candidates for elimination in the future, clarity of definitions and objectives is important for public health professionals and policy-makers to avoid misperceptions and miscommunication.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Goals ; Disease Eradication ; Public Health ; Global Health ; Communicable Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	80213-x
ISSN	1564-0604 ; 0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
ISSN (online)	1564-0604
ISSN	0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
DOI	10.2471/BLT.23.289676
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Journal ; Article ; Online: Elimination and eradication goals for communicable diseases

Khawar, Laila / Donovan, Basil / Peeling, Rosanna W / Guy, Rebecca J / McGregor, Skye

a systematic review

2023

Abstract: ... 649 ... ...

Abstract	649 665
Keywords	Systematic Reviews
Publishing date	2023-10-01
Publisher	World Health Organization
Document type	Journal ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The application of new metrics for understanding trends in undiagnosed HIV among key populations.

Gray, Richard T / Camara, Hawa / Khawar, Laila / Grulich, Andrew / Guy, Rebecca / McGregor, Skye / Medland, Nicholas

AIDS (London, England)

2023 Volume 37, Issue 12, Page(s) 1851–1859

Abstract: Objective: Investigate the utility of novel metrics for understanding trends in undiagnosed HIV.: Methods: We produced estimates for the number of people with undiagnosed HIV and the number of new HIV infections using Australian surveillance data and ...

Abstract	Objective: Investigate the utility of novel metrics for understanding trends in undiagnosed HIV. Methods: We produced estimates for the number of people with undiagnosed HIV and the number of new HIV infections using Australian surveillance data and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control HIV modelling tool. Using these estimates, we calculated: the total diagnosed fraction, the proportion of all people with HIV diagnosed; the yearly diagnosed fraction, the proportion of people who have not yet received a diagnosis who received a diagnosis during each year; and the case detection rate, which is the annual ratio of new HIV diagnoses to new HIV infections each year; from 2008 to 2019. We report trends in these metrics for Australian-born and overseas-born men who reported male-to-male sex and heterosexual women and men. Results: Each metric for the Australian-born male-to-male sexual contact group improved consistently. In contrast, the metrics for the overseas-born group worsened (total diagnosed fraction: 85.0-81.9%, yearly diagnosed fraction: 23.1-17.8%, and case detection rate: 0.74-0.63). In heterosexuals, women and men had consistent increasing trends for the total diagnosed fraction and yearly diagnosed fraction but with women having consistently higher estimates. Heterosexual men had a declining case detection rate, falling to less than one in 2011, compared to an increase for women. Conclusions: The additional metrics provided important information on Australia's progress toward HIV elimination. The more dynamic changes in the undiagnosed population seen highlight diverging trends for key populations not seen in the total diagnosed fraction.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Benchmarking ; Australia/epidemiology ; Heterosexuality ; Sexual Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639076-6
ISSN	1473-5571 ; 0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
ISSN (online)	1473-5571
ISSN	0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
DOI	10.1097/QAD.0000000000003630
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Article: Defining Elimination of Genital Warts-A Modified Delphi Study.

Khawar, Laila / Machalek, Dorothy A / Regan, David G / Donovan, Basil / McGregor, Skye / Guy, Rebecca J

Vaccines

2020 Volume 8, Issue 2

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines8020316
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Article ; Online: Genital warts trends in Australian and overseas-born people in Australia: A cross-sectional trend analysis to measure progress towards control and elimination.

Khawar, Laila / McManus, Hamish / Vickers, Tobias / Chow, Eric P F / Fairley, Christopher K / Donovan, Basil / Machalek, Dorothy A / Regan, David G / Grulich, Andrew E / Guy, Rebecca J / McGregor, Skye

The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific

2021 Volume 16, Page(s) 100251

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-6065
ISSN (online)	2666-6065
DOI	10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100251
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Article: Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis and antimicrobial screening of ethanolic extract of Operculina terpathum from cholistan desert.

Shaheen, Ghazala / Ashfaq, Arslan / Khawar, Anum / Jamil, Qurratul Ain / Parveen, Rashida / Hadi, Faheem / Ghauri, Aymen Owais / Shirazi, Jafir Hussain / Asif, Hafiz Muhammad / Shamim, Tahira / Sumreen, Laila / Ali, Tanveer / Akram, Muhammad / Noor, Raessa / Mehmood, Amna / Sajid, Farhan

Pharmacy practice

2022 Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 2647

Abstract: Aim of present study was to assess pharmacological (antioxidant, antibacterial & antifungal) potential of Operculina terpathum seeds. Ethanolic extract was prepared and its phytochemical evaluation show the different chemical compounds such as ... ...

Abstract	Aim of present study was to assess pharmacological (antioxidant, antibacterial & antifungal) potential of Operculina terpathum seeds. Ethanolic extract was prepared and its phytochemical evaluation show the different chemical compounds such as carbohydrates, phenols, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids and proteins. FTIR spectra showed the presence of organic acids, hydroxyl and phenolic compounds, amino groups, aliphatic compounds, functional groups such as amide, ketone, aldehyde, aromatics and halogen compounds. Antioxidant activity of the Operculina terpathum alcoholic extract was performed by DPPH method and it showed 97.13%whereas IC50±SEM (µg/ml) was 1.425±0.16. Antibacterial activity was performed against different bacterial strains and results were comparable with that of standard. Maximum antibacterial activity was exhibited by Bacillus subtillis (28.33±2 mm) and Bacillus pumilus (25.33±2 mm) respectively. Antifungal activity was also performed and it showed maximum activity against Aspergillus flavous and Candida albicans6±1, 5±1mm respectively. These results showed that Operculina terpathum has good antibacterial and antifungal activity against different microbes and it could be used as an alternative to antibiotics, as the antibiotics resistance is very common now a days.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	Spain
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2414565-8
ISSN	1886-3655 ; 1885-642X
ISSN (online)	1886-3655
ISSN	1885-642X
DOI	10.18549/PharmPract.2022.2.2647
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Article ; Online: Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) Annual Surveillance Report 2021.

Teutsch, Suzy M / Nunez, Carlos A / Morris, Anne / Eslick, Guy D / Berkhout, Angela / Novakovic, Daniel / Brotherton, Julia Ml / McGregor, Skye / Khawar, Laila / Khandaker, Gulam / Booy, Robert / Jones, Cheryl A / Rawlinson, William / Thorley, Bruce R / Elliott, Elizabeth J

Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)

2022 Volume 46

Abstract: Abstract: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting surveillance of rare communicable and non-communicable conditions in children since its inception in 1993. In this report, the results are described of surveillance of ten ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) has been conducting surveillance of rare communicable and non-communicable conditions in children since its inception in 1993. In this report, the results are described of surveillance of ten communicable diseases (and complications) for 2021, including the numbers of cases and incidence estimates; demographics; clinical features; and management and short-term outcomes. The included diseases are: acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV); neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; perinatal exposure to HIV; severe complications from influenza; juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis (JoRRP); congenital rubella syndrome; congenital varicella syndrome; and neonatal varicella infection. In 2021, cases of JoRRP were reported to the APSU for the first time since 2017, indicating potential gaps in HPV vaccination. AFP surveillance by APSU again contributed to Australia achieving a minimum target incidence of one AFP case per 100,000 children aged < 15 years. There were no cases of children with severe complications of influenza. No cases of varicella or congenital rubella were reported; however, at-risk populations, especially young migrant and refugee women from countries without universal vaccination programs, need to be screened and prioritised for vaccination prior to pregnancy. Cases of perinatal exposure to HIV continue to increase; however, the rate of mother-to-child-transmission remains at low levels due to the use of effective intervention strategies. Case numbers of congenital CMV and neonatal HSV remain steady in the absence of vaccines, prompting the need for greater awareness and education, with recent calls for target screening of at-risk infants for congenital CMV.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Australia/epidemiology ; Chickenpox/epidemiology ; Chickenpox/prevention & control ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-20
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2209-6051
ISSN (online)	2209-6051
DOI	10.33321/cdi.2022.46.66
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Defining Elimination of Genital Warts—A Modified Delphi Study

Laila Khawar / Dorothy A. Machalek / David G. Regan / Basil Donovan / Skye McGregor / Rebecca J. Guy

Vaccines, Vol 8, Iss 316, p

2020 Volume 316

Abstract: Background: Substantial declines in genital warts (GW) have been observed in countries with quadrivalent HPV vaccination programmes, with Australia showing the highest reductions due to early commencement and high vaccination coverage. There is a real ... ...

Abstract	Background: Substantial declines in genital warts (GW) have been observed in countries with quadrivalent HPV vaccination programmes, with Australia showing the highest reductions due to early commencement and high vaccination coverage. There is a real potential to achieve GW elimination; however, no GW elimination definition exists. Taking Australia as a case study, we aimed to reach expert consensus on a proposed GW elimination definition using a modified Delphi process. Method: We used modelling and epidemiological data to estimate the expected number of new GW cases, from pre-vaccination (baseline) in 2006 to the year 2060 in Australian heterosexuals, men who have sex with men (MSM), and newly arrived international travellers and migrants. We used these data and the literature, to develop a questionnaire containing ten elimination-related items, each with 9-point Likert scales (1—strongly disagree; 9—strongly agree). The survey was completed by 18 experts who participated in a full day face-to-face modified Delphi study, in which individuals and then small groups discussed and scored each item. The process was repeated online for items where consensus (≥70% agreement) was not initially achieved. Median and coefficient of variation (COV) were used to describe the central tendency and variability of responses, respectively. Findings: There was a 95% participation rate in the face-to-face session, and 84% response rate in the final online round. The median item score ranged between 7.0 and 9.0 and the COV was ≤0.30 on all items. Consensus was reached that at ≥80% HPV vaccination coverage, GW will be eliminated as a public health problem in Australia by 2060. During this time period there will be a 95% reduction in population-level incidence compared with baseline, equivalent to <1 GW case per 10,000 population. The reductions will occur most rapidly in Australian heterosexuals, with 73%, 90% and 97% relative reductions by years 2021, 2030 and 2060, respectively. The proportion of new GW cases attributable to ...
Keywords	Keywords: human papillomavirus HPV ; HPV vaccine ; quadrivalent HPV ; vaccine ; nonavalent HPV vaccine ; 9-valent vaccine ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	820
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004-18.

Chow, Eric P F / Carter, Allison / Vickers, Tobias / Fairley, Christopher K / McNulty, Anna / Guy, Rebecca J / Regan, David G / Grulich, Andrew E / Callander, Denton / Khawar, Laila / Machalek, Dorothy A / Donovan, Basil

The Lancet. Infectious diseases

2021 Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 1747–1756

Abstract: Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals ... ...

Abstract	Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals younger than 38 years and male individuals younger than 21 years have been eligible for the free quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. We aimed to examine the trends in genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals who attended sexual health clinics throughout Australia before and after the introduction of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme in February, 2013. Methods: We did a serial cross-sectional analysis of genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals attending a national surveillance network of 35 clinics between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018. We calculated prevalence ratios of genital warts, using log-binomial regression models, for the female-only vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Feb 28, 2013), gender-neutral vaccination period (March 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2018), and the whole vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2018) compared with the pre-vaccination period (Jan 1, 2004, to June 30, 2007). Findings: We included 121 038 men and 116 341 women in the analysis. Overall, we observed a 58% reduction (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·40-0·44) in genital wart diagnoses in female individuals and a 45% reduction (0·55, 0·53-0·57) in genital wart diagnoses in heterosexual male individuals after the introduction of the vaccination programme in 2007. The largest reduction in genital warts was observed in younger individuals, and there was a decreasing magnitude of reduction with increasing age (80%, 72%, 61%, 41%, and 16% reductions in female individuals aged 15-20 years, 21-25 years, 26-30 years, 31-35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively; 70%, 61%, 49%, 37%, and 29% reductions in male individuals aged 15-20 years, 21-25 years, 26-30 years, 31-35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively). Significant reductions observed in female individuals (0·32, 0·28-0·36) and male individuals (0·51, 0·43-0·61) aged 15-20 years in the female-only vaccination period were followed by a more substantial reduction in female individuals (0·07, 0·06-0·09) and male individuals (0·11, 0·08-0·15) aged 15-20 years in the gender-neutral vaccination period. Interpretation: The national gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme has led to substantial and ongoing reduction in genital warts among Australian female and heterosexual male individuals, with a marked reduction in young individuals who received the vaccine at school. Funding: Seqirus Australia and the Australian Government Department of Health.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Australia/epidemiology ; Condylomata Acuminata/epidemiology ; Condylomata Acuminata/prevention & control ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/methods ; Male ; Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Prevalence ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Papillomavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2061641-7
ISSN	1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
ISSN	1473-3099
DOI	10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00071-2
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Zs.A 5743: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Brief interventions to reduce Ecstasy use: a multi-site randomized controlled trial.

Norberg, Melissa M / Hides, Leanne / Olivier, Jake / Khawar, Laila / McKetin, Rebecca / Copeland, Jan

Behavior therapy

2014 Volume 45, Issue 6, Page(s) 745–759

Abstract: Studies examining the ability of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) to augment education provision among ecstasy users have produced mixed results and none have examined whether treatment fidelity was related to ecstasy use outcomes. The primary ... ...

Abstract	Studies examining the ability of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) to augment education provision among ecstasy users have produced mixed results and none have examined whether treatment fidelity was related to ecstasy use outcomes. The primary objectives of this multi-site, parallel, two-group randomized controlled trial were to determine if a single-session of MET could instill greater commitment to change and reduce ecstasy use and related problems more so than an education-only intervention and whether MET sessions delivered with higher treatment fidelity are associated with better outcomes. The secondary objective was to assess participants' satisfaction with their assigned interventions. Participants (N=174; Mage=23.62) at two Australian universities were allocated randomly to receive a 15-minute educational session on ecstasy use (n=85) or a 50-minute session of MET that included an educational component (n=89). Primary outcomes were assessed at baseline, and then at 4-, 16-, and 24-weeks postbaseline, while the secondary outcome measure was assessed 4-weeks postbaseline by researchers blind to treatment allocation. Overall, the treatment fidelity was acceptable to good in the MET condition. There were no statistical differences at follow-up between the groups on the primary outcomes of ecstasy use, ecstasy-related problems, and commitment to change. Both intervention groups reported a 50% reduction in their ecstasy use and a 20% reduction in the severity of their ecstasy-related problems at the 24-week follow up. Commitment to change slightly improved for both groups (9%-17%). Despite the lack of between-group statistical differences on primary outcomes, participants who received a single session of MET were slightly more satisfied with their intervention than those who received education only. MI fidelity was not associated with ecstasy use outcomes. Given these findings, future research should focus on examining mechanisms of change. Such work may suggest new methods for enhancing outcomes. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12611000136909.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Motivation ; Motivational Interviewing ; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ; Patient Satisfaction ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (KE1SEN21RM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	211996-1
ISSN	1878-1888 ; 0005-7894
ISSN (online)	1878-1888
ISSN	0005-7894
DOI	10.1016/j.beth.2014.05.006
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