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  1. Article ; Online: Viktor Mutt lecture: Peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier.

    Banks, William A

    Peptides

    2023  Volume 169, Page(s) 171079

    Abstract: The field of peptides exploded in the 1970's and has continued to be a major area of discovery. Among the early discoveries was that peptides administered peripherally could affect brain functions. This led Kastin to propose that peptides could cross the ...

    Abstract The field of peptides exploded in the 1970's and has continued to be a major area of discovery. Among the early discoveries was that peptides administered peripherally could affect brain functions. This led Kastin to propose that peptides could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although initially very controversial, Kastin, I, and others demonstrated not only that peptides can cross the BBB, but elucidated many fundamental characteristics of that passage. That work was in large part the basis of the 2022 Viktor Mutt Lectureship. Here, we review some of the early work with current updates on topics related to the penetration of peptides across the BBB. We briefly review mechanisms by which peripherally administered peptides can affect brain function without crossing the BBB, and then review the major mechanisms by which peptides and their analogs have been show to cross the BBB: transmembrane diffusion, saturable transport, and adsorptive transcytosis. Saturable transport systems are adaptable to physiologic changes and can be altered by disease states. In particular, the transport across the BBB of insulin and of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) illustrate many of the concepts regarding peptide transport across the BBB.
    MeSH term(s) Blood-Brain Barrier ; Biological Transport ; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Insulin
    Chemical Substances Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Insulin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 769028-9
    ISSN 1873-5169 ; 0196-9781
    ISSN (online) 1873-5169
    ISSN 0196-9781
    DOI 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171079
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Symposium on musculoskeletal disorders. I. Dedicatory foreword. (William T. Green).

    Banks, H H

    Pediatric clinics of North America

    1967  Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 299–306

    MeSH term(s) History, 20th Century ; Orthopedics/history ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 1967-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 215711-1
    ISSN 1557-8240 ; 0031-3955
    ISSN (online) 1557-8240
    ISSN 0031-3955
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Leptin and the Blood-Brain Barrier: Curiosities and Controversies.

    Banks, William A

    Comprehensive Physiology

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) 2351–2369

    Abstract: Leptin for over 25 years has been a central theme in the study of appetite, obesity, and starvation. As the major site of leptin production is peripheral, and the site of action of greatest interest is the hypothalamus, how leptin accesses the central ... ...

    Abstract Leptin for over 25 years has been a central theme in the study of appetite, obesity, and starvation. As the major site of leptin production is peripheral, and the site of action of greatest interest is the hypothalamus, how leptin accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been of great interest. We review here the ongoing research that addresses fundamental questions such as the sites of leptin resistances in obesity and other conditions, the causes of resistances and their relations to one another, the three barrier sites of entry into the CNS, why recent studies using suprapharmacological doses cannot address these questions but give insight into nonsaturable entry of leptin into the CNS, and how that might be useful in using leptin therapeutically. The current status of the controversy of whether the short form of the leptin receptor acts as the BBB leptin transporter and how obesity may transform leptin transport is reviewed. Review of these and other topics summarizes in a new appreciation of what leptin may have actually evolved to do and what physiological role leptin resistance may play. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-19, 2021.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Transport ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Exploratory Behavior ; Humans ; Leptin/metabolism ; Obesity
    Chemical Substances Leptin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2040-4603
    ISSN (online) 2040-4603
    DOI 10.1002/cphy.c200017
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Viewpoint: Is lipopolysaccharide a hormone or a vitamin?

    Jiang, Wei / Banks, William A

    Brain, behavior, and immunity

    2023  Volume 114, Page(s) 1–2

    MeSH term(s) Vitamins ; Vitamin D ; Hormones ; Lipopolysaccharides
    Chemical Substances Vitamins ; lipopolysaccharide A ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Hormones ; Lipopolysaccharides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
    ISSN (online) 1090-2139
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.018
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    Zs.MO 327: Show issues

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  5. Article ; Online: Stone tools in northern Europe made by Homo sapiens 45,000 years ago.

    Banks, William E

    Nature

    2024  Volume 626, Issue 7998, Page(s) 264–265

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Hominidae ; Archaeology ; Europe ; Fossils ; Biological Evolution
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type News
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/d41586-024-00072-1
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    Zs.MG 9: Show issues
    Zs.MO 244: Show issues

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  6. Book: A biography of president William V. S. Tubman

    Banks Henries, A. Doris

    1967  

    Author's details by A. Doris Banks Henries
    Language English
    Size IX, 180 S, Ill
    Publisher MacMillan
    Publishing place London
    Document type Book
    Database Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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  7. Book: A biography of president William V. S. Tubman

    Banks Henries, A. Doris

    1967  

    Author's details by A. Doris Banks Henries
    Keywords Persönlichkeiten des politischen Lebens ; Liberia
    Language English
    Size IX, 180 S, Ill
    Publisher MacMillan
    Publishing place London
    Document type Book
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  8. Article ; Online: A Spectrum of Topics for 2019: Advances in Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, Autism, Exosomes, and Central Nervous System Diseases.

    Banks, William A

    Current pharmaceutical design

    2020  Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–5

    Abstract: Advances in various fields were discussed in the reviews and original research articles published in 2019 in Current Pharmaceutical Design. Here, I review some of the major highlights for selected areas. A better understanding of disease mechanisms was a ...

    Abstract Advances in various fields were discussed in the reviews and original research articles published in 2019 in Current Pharmaceutical Design. Here, I review some of the major highlights for selected areas. A better understanding of disease mechanisms was a prominent recurrent theme and new therapeutic targets based on those mechanisms are highlighted here. Inflammation and oxidative stress are major features of many diseases, therefore, interventions to address these processes are reviewed. Although repurposing of old drugs occurred in several fields, drug targeting and drug delivery, especially of nanoparticles, also continues to be a major area of interest.
    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Drug Repositioning ; Exosomes ; Humans ; Nanoparticles ; Obesity ; Oxidative Stress
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-29
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1304236-1
    ISSN 1873-4286 ; 1381-6128
    ISSN (online) 1873-4286
    ISSN 1381-6128
    DOI 10.2174/138161282601200225102049
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  9. Article ; Online: The Blood-Brain Barrier Interface in Diabetes Mellitus: Dysfunctions, Mechanisms and Approaches to Treatment.

    Banks, William A

    Current pharmaceutical design

    2020  Volume 26, Issue 13, Page(s) 1438–1447

    Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common diseases in the world. Among its effects are an increase in the risk of cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. DM is characterized by high blood ... ...

    Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common diseases in the world. Among its effects are an increase in the risk of cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels that are caused by either lack of insulin (Type I) or resistance to the actions of insulin (Type II). The phenotypes of these two types are dramatically different, with Type I animals being thin, with low levels of leptin as well as insulin, whereas Type II animals are often obese with high levels of both leptin and insulin. The best characterized change in BBB dysfunction is that of disruption. The brain regions that are disrupted, however, vary between Type I vs Type II DM, suggesting that factors other than hyperglycemia, perhaps hormonal factors such as leptin and insulin, play a regionally diverse role in BBB vulnerability or protection. Some BBB transporters are also altered in DM, including P-glycoprotein, lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, and the insulin transporter as other functions of the BBB, such as brain endothelial cell (BEC) expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and immune cell trafficking. Pericyte loss secondary to the increased oxidative stress of processing excess glucose through the Krebs cycle is one mechanism that has shown to result in BBB disruption. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by advanced glycation endproducts can increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases, which in turn affects tight junction proteins, providing another mechanism for BBB disruption as well as effects on P-glycoprotein. Through the enhanced expression of the redox-related mitochondrial transporter ABCB10, redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-E2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) inhibits BEC-monocyte adhesion. Several potential therapies, in addition to those of restoring euglycemia, can prevent some aspects of BBB dysfunction. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition decreases glucose metabolism and so reduces oxidative stress, preserving pericytes and blocking or reversing BBB disruption. Statins or N-acetylcysteine can reverse the BBB opening in some models of DM, fibroblast growth factor-21 improves BBB permeability through an Nrf2-dependent pathway, and nifedipine or VEGF improves memory in DM models. In summary, DM alters various aspects of BBB function through a number of mechanisms. A variety of treatments based on those mechanisms, as well as restoration of euglycemia, may be able to restore BBB functions., including reversal of BBB disruption.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Hyperglycemia ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
    Chemical Substances Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-25
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1304236-1
    ISSN 1873-4286 ; 1381-6128
    ISSN (online) 1873-4286
    ISSN 1381-6128
    DOI 10.2174/1381612826666200325110014
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  10. Article ; Online: The next chapter for COVID-19: A respiratory virus inflames the brain.

    Banks, William A / Erickson, Michelle A

    Brain, behavior, and immunity

    2022  Volume 101, Page(s) 286–287

    MeSH term(s) Brain ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
    ISSN (online) 1090-2139
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.017
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