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Article ; Online: Experimental analysis to assess the hydrological efficiency and the nutrient leaching behavior of a new green wall system.

Palermo, Stefania Anna / Viviani, Gaspare / Pirouz, Behrouz / Turco, Michele / Piro, Patrizia

2023 Volume 901, Page(s) 166301

Abstract: Green Walls represent a sustainable solution to mitigate the effects due to climate change and urbanization. However, although they have been widely investigated in different fields of science, studies on the potential of these systems to manage urban ... ...

Abstract	Green Walls represent a sustainable solution to mitigate the effects due to climate change and urbanization. However, although they have been widely investigated in different fields of science, studies on the potential of these systems to manage urban stormwater are still few. Moreover, even if these systems provide multiple benefits, as other nature-based solutions, they leach nutrients due to growing media, decomposed vegetation, and the possibility of fertilizer use. In this regard, several studies have evaluated the nutrient concentrations in the runoff from green roofs, while studies that have analyzed the nutrient-leaching behavior of green walls are still limited. To bridge these scientific gaps, this study presents experimental findings on the hydrological efficiency and nutrient-leaching behavior of an innovative modular living wall system. Some rainfall-runoff tests were carried out to assess the hydrological response of a new green wall system in retaining stormwater. To evaluate the concentration of the nutrients, the collected outflow was analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-visible. The findings show that the developed green wall panel presents good retention capacity by considering different simulated rainfalls and varying the initial soil moisture conditions. The results in terms of nutrient concentrations highlight that the vegetation life cycle and the fertilizer uses affect the quality of the water released from the green wall panel. The concentration of the analyzed nutrients is influenced by the simulated rainfall's hydrological characteristics and the days between the planting phase and the test. However, the overall results show that the concentrations of each analyzed nutrient are low, except after the fertilizer use, highlighting that the choice of vegetation that does not need external nutrients should be preferred during the design of a green wall.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166301
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Article: The assessment of the effectiveness of the unimodal and bimodal models to evaluate the water flow through nature-based solutions substrates.

Turco, Michele / Palermo, Stefania Anna / Polizzi, Ada / Presta, Ludovica / Pirouz, Behrouz / Piro, Patrizia

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

2023 Volume 88, Issue 4, Page(s) 932–946

Abstract: Nature-based solutions are popular techniques for managing stormwater. Most of them allow porous media as their main layer. The description of the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) as the Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Curve (UHCC) is often required ... ...

Abstract	Nature-based solutions are popular techniques for managing stormwater. Most of them allow porous media as their main layer. The description of the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) as the Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Curve (UHCC) is often required to run the hydrological simulations with the physically based models. Using the unimodal and bimodal models to assess the SWRC and UHCC of soils is a widespread technique but their evaluation is often present in literature only in terms of curve fitting. Based on these assumptions, this work presents the performance assessment of the van Genuchten unimodal and bimodal models by functional evaluation of them based on the runoff from several substrates. Four substrates were investigated to define the structure, the SWRC, and the UHCC. Results showed that all substrates had a bimodal behaviour with lowest values of RMSE (RMSE_Θ = 0.0023 to 0.0037, RMSE_K = 0.0636 to 0.1284). Finally, a numerical simulation using the HYDRUS-1D model was performed for a three-month data set to check the effectiveness of the unimodal model instead of the bimodal one. The findings have shown that the unimodal model must be preferred instead of the bimodal because it has fewer parameters and assured low discrepancies in runoff volume (ε=0.00% to 6.25%).
MeSH term(s)	Computer Simulation ; Electric Conductivity ; Hydrology ; Porosity ; Soil ; Water
Chemical Substances	Soil ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
DOI	10.2166/wst.2023.235
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Article ; Online: Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems

Behrouz Pirouz / Aldo Pedro Ferrante / Behzad Pirouz / Patrizia Piro

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 424, p

2021 Volume 424

Abstract: Many complex problems require a multi-criteria decision, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that affected nearly all activities in the world. In this regard, this study aims to develop a multi-criteria decision support system considering the sustainability, ... ...

Abstract	Many complex problems require a multi-criteria decision, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that affected nearly all activities in the world. In this regard, this study aims to develop a multi-criteria decision support system considering the sustainability, feasibility, and success rate of possible approaches. Therefore, two models have been developed: Geo-AHP (applying geo-based data) and BN-Geo-AHP using probabilistic techniques (Bayesian network). The ranking method of Geo-APH is generalized, and the equations are provided in a way that adding new elements and variables would be possible by experts. Then, to improve the ranking, the application of the probabilistic technique of a Bayesian network and the role of machine learning for database and weight of each parameter are explained, and the model of BN-Geo-APH has been developed. In the next step, to show the application of the developed Geo-AHP and BN-Geo-AHP models, we selected the new pandemic of COVID-19 that affected nearly all activities, and we used both models for analysis. For this purpose, we first analyzed the available data about COVID-19 and previous studies about similar virus infections, and then we ranked the main approaches and alternatives in confronting the pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis of approaches with the selected alternatives shows the first ranked approach is massive vaccination and the second ranked is massive swabs or other tests. The third is the use of medical masks and gloves, and the last ranked is the lockdown, mostly due to its major negative impact on the economy and individuals.
Keywords	machine learning ; AHP ; geo-based data ; multi-criteria ; COVID-19 ; environment ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
Subject code	006
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Novel Multipurpose Self-Irrigated Green Roof with Innovative Drainage Layer

Pirouz, Behrouz / Palermo, Stefania Anna / Becciu, Gianfranco / Sanfilippo, Umberto / Nejad, Hana Javadi / Piro, Patrizia / Turco, Michele

Hydrology. 2023 Feb. 25, v. 10, no. 3

2023

Abstract: Climate change is a significant problem that many countries are currently facing, and green roofs (GRs) are one of the suitable choices to confront it and decrease its impacts. The advantages of GRs are numerous, such as stormwater management, thermal ... ...

Abstract	Climate change is a significant problem that many countries are currently facing, and green roofs (GRs) are one of the suitable choices to confront it and decrease its impacts. The advantages of GRs are numerous, such as stormwater management, thermal need reduction, runoff quality, and life quality improvement. However, there are some limitations, including the weight, limits in water retention, irrigation in the drought period, suitability of harvested water for building usages, installation on sloped roofs, and high cost. Therefore, developing a novel system and design for GRs with higher efficiency and fewer negative points seems necessary and is the main scope of this research. In this regard, a novel multipurpose self-irrigated green roof with an innovative drainage layer combined with specific multilayer filters has been developed. The application of the proposed system in terms of water retention capacity, water storage volume, runoff treatment performance, irrigation system, drainage layer, application of the harvested water for domestic purposes, and some other aspects has been analyzed and compared with the conventional systems with a focus on extensive green roofs. The results demonstrate that this novel green roof would have many advantages including less weight due to the replacement of the gravel drainage layer with a pipeline network for water storage, higher water retention capacity due to the specific design, higher impacts on runoff treatment due to the existence of multilayer filters that can be changed periodically, easier installation on flat and sloped roofs, the possibility of using the collected rainfall for domestic use, and fewer irrigation water demands due to the sub-surface self-irrigation system.
Keywords	climate change ; drainage ; drought ; gravel ; green roofs ; irrigation systems ; irrigation water ; quality of life ; rain ; runoff ; stormwater management ; water holding capacity ; water storage
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0225
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2777964-6
ISSN	2306-5338
ISSN	2306-5338
DOI	10.3390/hydrology10030057
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Machine Learning and Geo-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems in Analysis of Complex Problems

Pirouz, Behrouz / Ferrante, Aldo Pedro / Pirouz, Behzad / Piro, Patrizia

ISPRS international journal of geo-information. 2021 June 21, v. 10, no. 6

2021

Abstract	Many complex problems require a multi-criteria decision, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that affected nearly all activities in the world. In this regard, this study aims to develop a multi-criteria decision support system considering the sustainability, feasibility, and success rate of possible approaches. Therefore, two models have been developed: Geo-AHP (applying geo-based data) and BN-Geo-AHP using probabilistic techniques (Bayesian network). The ranking method of Geo-APH is generalized, and the equations are provided in a way that adding new elements and variables would be possible by experts. Then, to improve the ranking, the application of the probabilistic technique of a Bayesian network and the role of machine learning for database and weight of each parameter are explained, and the model of BN-Geo-APH has been developed. In the next step, to show the application of the developed Geo-AHP and BN-Geo-AHP models, we selected the new pandemic of COVID-19 that affected nearly all activities, and we used both models for analysis. For this purpose, we first analyzed the available data about COVID-19 and previous studies about similar virus infections, and then we ranked the main approaches and alternatives in confronting the pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis of approaches with the selected alternatives shows the first ranked approach is massive vaccination and the second ranked is massive swabs or other tests. The third is the use of medical masks and gloves, and the last ranked is the lockdown, mostly due to its major negative impact on the economy and individuals.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; COVID-19 infection ; databases ; models ; multi-criteria decision making ; pandemic ; spatial data ; vaccination ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0621
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2655790-3
ISSN	2220-9964
ISSN	2220-9964
DOI	10.3390/ijgi10060424
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A Novel Idea for Improving the Efficiency of Green Walls in Urban Environment (an Innovative Design and Technique)

Pirouz, Behrouz / Turco, Michele / Palermo, Stefania Anna

Water. 2020 Dec. 15, v. 12, no. 12

2020

Abstract: The advantages of low-impact development approaches, such as green walls in an urban environment, are numerous. These systems can be applied for managing stormwater, saving energy consumption, decreasing noise pollution, improving runoff quality, ... ...

Abstract	The advantages of low-impact development approaches, such as green walls in an urban environment, are numerous. These systems can be applied for managing stormwater, saving energy consumption, decreasing noise pollution, improving runoff quality, improving life quality, and so forth. Besides, atmospheric water harvesting methods are considered a nonconventional water source. There are many studies about the analysis and advantages of green walls and atmospheric water harvesting conducted separately. However, the use of a combined system that uses fog harvesting in the irrigation of green walls has received less attention in previous studies, and therefore in this research, the feasibility of a novel green wall platform was investigated. At first, the potential of using green walls and atmospheric water harvesting in different climates was analyzed. Then a new combined system was proposed and explained. The study results determined that atmospheric water harvesting can be applied as a source of irrigation for green facilities, particularly in the dry season and in periods with lower precipitation. In the Mediterranean climate, summer fog harvesting yields 1.4–4.6 L/m²/day, and the water consumption of green walls is about 4–8 L/day/m². This can improve one issue of green walls in an urban environment, which is irrigation in summer. Furthermore, the novel system would protect plants from severe conditions, improve buildings’ thermal behavior by decreasing direct sunlight, and increase conventional green walls’ efficiency and advantages.
Keywords	Mediterranean climate ; buildings ; design ; dry season ; harvesting ; irrigation ; methodology ; noise pollution ; quality of life ; research ; solar radiation ; stormwater ; summer ; thermal properties ; urban areas ; walls ; water harvesting ; yields
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1215
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2521238-2
ISSN	2073-4441
ISSN	2073-4441
DOI	10.3390/w12123524
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Role of Artificial Intelligence, MLR and Statistical Analysis in Investigations about the Correlation of Swab Tests and Stress on Health Care Systems by COVID-19

Behzad Pirouz / Hana Javadi Nejad / Galileo Violini / Behrouz Pirouz

Information, Vol 11, Iss 454, p

2020 Volume 454

Abstract: The outbreak of the new Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted investigations on various aspects. This research aims to study the possible correlation between the numbers of swab tests and the trend of confirmed cases of infection, while paying ... ...

Abstract	The outbreak of the new Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted investigations on various aspects. This research aims to study the possible correlation between the numbers of swab tests and the trend of confirmed cases of infection, while paying particular attention to the sickness level. The study is carried out in relation to the Italian case, but the result is of more general importance, particularly for countries with limited ICU (intensive care units) availability. The statistical analysis showed that, by increasing the number of tests, the trend of home isolation cases was positive. However, the trend of mild cases admitted to hospitals, intensive case cases, and daily deaths were all negative. The result of the statistical analysis provided the basis for an AI study by ANN. In addition, the results were validated using a multivariate linear regression (MLR) approach. Our main result was to identify a significant statistical effect of a reduction of pressure on the health care system due to an increase in tests. The relevance of this result is not confined to the COVID-19 outbreak, because the high demand of hospitalizations and ICU treatments due to this pandemic has an indirect effect on the possibility of guaranteeing an adequate treatment for other high-fatality diseases, such as, e.g., cardiological and oncological ones. Our results show that swab testing may play a significant role in decreasing stress on the health system. Therefore, this case study is relevant, in particular, for plans to control the pandemic in countries with a limited capacity for admissions to ICU units.
Keywords	statistical analysis ; artificial intelligence ; ANN ; MLR ; COVID-19 ; swab ; Information technology ; T58.5-58.64 ; covid19
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Novel Multipurpose Self-Irrigated Green Roof with Innovative Drainage Layer

Behrouz Pirouz / Stefania Anna Palermo / Gianfranco Becciu / Umberto Sanfilippo / Hana Javadi Nejad / Patrizia Piro / Michele Turco

Hydrology, Vol 10, Iss 57, p

2023 Volume 57

Abstract	Climate change is a significant problem that many countries are currently facing, and green roofs (GRs) are one of the suitable choices to confront it and decrease its impacts. The advantages of GRs are numerous, such as stormwater management, thermal need reduction, runoff quality, and life quality improvement. However, there are some limitations, including the weight, limits in water retention, irrigation in the drought period, suitability of harvested water for building usages, installation on sloped roofs, and high cost. Therefore, developing a novel system and design for GRs with higher efficiency and fewer negative points seems necessary and is the main scope of this research. In this regard, a novel multipurpose self-irrigated green roof with an innovative drainage layer combined with specific multilayer filters has been developed. The application of the proposed system in terms of water retention capacity, water storage volume, runoff treatment performance, irrigation system, drainage layer, application of the harvested water for domestic purposes, and some other aspects has been analyzed and compared with the conventional systems with a focus on extensive green roofs. The results demonstrate that this novel green roof would have many advantages including less weight due to the replacement of the gravel drainage layer with a pipeline network for water storage, higher water retention capacity due to the specific design, higher impacts on runoff treatment due to the existence of multilayer filters that can be changed periodically, easier installation on flat and sloped roofs, the possibility of using the collected rainfall for domestic use, and fewer irrigation water demands due to the sub-surface self-irrigation system.
Keywords	NBSs ; self-irrigation ; green roof ; sustainable development ; capillarity ; water filters ; Science ; Q
Subject code	600
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of an Assessment Method for Investigating the Impact of Climate and Urban Parameters in Confirmed Cases of COVID-19: A New Challenge in Sustainable Development.

Pirouz, Behrouz / Shaffiee Haghshenas, Sina / Pirouz, Behzad / Shaffiee Haghshenas, Sami / Piro, Patrizia

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 8

Abstract: Sustainable development has been a controversial global topic, and as a complex concept in recent years, it plays a key role in creating a favorable future for societies. Meanwhile, there are several problems in the process of implementing this approach, ...

Abstract	Sustainable development has been a controversial global topic, and as a complex concept in recent years, it plays a key role in creating a favorable future for societies. Meanwhile, there are several problems in the process of implementing this approach, like epidemic diseases. Hence, in this study, the impact of climate and urban factors on confirmed cases of COVID-19 (a new type of coronavirus) with the trend and multivariate linear regression (MLR) has been investigated to propose a more accurate prediction model. For this propose, some important climate parameters, including daily average temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, in addition to urban parameters such as population density, were considered, and their impacts on confirmed cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. The analysis was performed for three case studies in Italy, and the application of the proposed method has been investigated. The impacts of parameters have been considered with a delay time from one to nine days to find out the most suitable combination. The result of the analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and the impact of climate parameters on the trend of confirmed cases. The research hypothesis approved by the MLR model and the present assessment method could be applied by considering several variables that exhibit the exact delay of them to new confirmed cases of COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Climate ; Coronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Forecasting ; Health Impact Assessment ; Humans ; Italy/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Population Density ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sustainable Development ; Temperature ; Wind
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17082801
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Article ; Online: Smart Technologies for Water Resource Management: An Overview.

Palermo, Stefania Anna / Maiolo, Mario / Brusco, Anna Chiara / Turco, Michele / Pirouz, Behrouz / Greco, Emilio / Spezzano, Giandomenico / Piro, Patrizia

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 22, Issue 16

Abstract: The latest progress in information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up new opportunities for real-time monitoring and controlling of cities' structures, infrastructures, and services. In this context, smart ... ...

Abstract	The latest progress in information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up new opportunities for real-time monitoring and controlling of cities' structures, infrastructures, and services. In this context, smart water management technology provides the data and tools to help users more effectively manage water usage. Data collected with smart water devices are being integrated with building management systems to show how much water is used by occupants as well as to identify the consumption areas to use water more efficiently. By this approach, smart buildings represent an innovative solution that enhances a city's sustainability and contributes to overcoming environmental challenges due to increasing population and climate change. One of the main challenges is resource-saving and recovery. Water is an all-important need of all living beings, and the concerns of its scarcity impose a transition to innovative and sustainable management starting from the building scale. Thus, this manuscript aims to provide an updated and valuable overview for researchers, consumers, and stakeholders regarding implementing smart and sustainable technologies for water resource management, primarily for building-scale uses.
MeSH term(s)	Cities ; Climate Change ; Technology ; Water ; Water Resources
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s22166225
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