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Article ; Online: Is it ethical to advertise unhealthy foods to children?

Boyland, E

The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

2023 Volume 82, Issue 3, Page(s) 234–240

Abstract: The marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages (hereafter: food) high in fats, salt and/or sugar (HFSS) has been strongly implicated in the rising levels of childhood obesity worldwide. Multiple ethical concerns arise from the practice of exposing ... ...

Abstract	The marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages (hereafter: food) high in fats, salt and/or sugar (HFSS) has been strongly implicated in the rising levels of childhood obesity worldwide. Multiple ethical concerns arise from the practice of exposing children to such marketing and efforts to monitor and restrict it through regulatory policies. There is considerable evidence that exposure to powerful food marketing messages affects children's food behaviours in ways that are detrimental to good dietary health. Children are particularly vulnerable to being exploited and deceived by food marketing messages based on their cognitive and developmental immaturity. HFSS food marketing also affects numerous child rights enshrined within the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (of which the UK is a signatory) including the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. The debate has become somewhat polarised between the public health community's evidence-based assertion that all marketing is inherently exploitative and the rebuttal from food and marketing industry stakeholders that provided the marketing is 'accurate and truthful' and there is no ethical need to regulate. This polarisation is reflected in the complexity of policymaking decisions regarding the rationale for mandatory government-led policies or industry self-regulation. There are also ethical considerations inherent in the monitoring of children's food marketing exposure, particularly in the digital sphere, by researchers for the purposes of informing policy design, scope and implementation. This review paper will explore the latest evidence on these issues and consider the implications for public health research, policy, and practice.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Pediatric Obesity/etiology ; Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control ; Food ; Beverages ; Marketing ; Diet ; Food Industry ; Television
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	391142-1
ISSN	1475-2719 ; 0029-6651
ISSN (online)	1475-2719
ISSN	0029-6651
DOI	10.1017/S0029665123000010
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Article ; Online: Towards effective restriction of unhealthy food marketing to children: unlocking the potential of artificial intelligence.

Olstad, Dana Lee / Boyland, Emma

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity

2023 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 61

Abstract: ... marketing on television relative to pre-policy. Banning advertisements for all 'high-in' products (i.e ...

Abstract	The World Health Organization recommends that member states enact policies to limit unhealthy food marketing to children. Chile enacted relatively stringent laws that restrict unhealthy food marketing to children in two phases, beginning in 2016. Dillman-Carpentier and colleagues examined the incremental effectiveness of the first and second phases of Chile's policy in limiting children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing on television relative to pre-policy. Banning advertisements for all 'high-in' products (i.e., those that exceeded thresholds for energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or sodium) during the daytime (phase 2) was more effective in reducing children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing on television than only banning 'high-in' marketing during programs with large child audiences (phase 1). These findings underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive policies that reduce children's exposure to all marketing for unhealthy foods-not simply that which targets them directly-to better protect them from its negative impacts. However, although policies in Chile and other nations have reduced children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing in broadcast media, it is not clear whether such policies have meaningfully reduced children's overall food marketing exposures. This is partly due to the challenges of studying children's digital food marketing exposures, which are an increasingly important source of unhealthy food marketing. To address these methodologic gaps, several research teams are developing artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems to assess food marketing to children on digital media and support efforts to monitor compliance with policies that restrict this marketing. These and other AI systems will be essential to comprehensively and systematically study and monitor food marketing to children on digital media internationally and at scale.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Advertising ; Artificial Intelligence ; Internet ; Food Industry ; Food ; Marketing ; Television ; Beverages
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868 ; 1479-5868
ISSN (online)	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01458-6
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Article ; Online: Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing via Fortnite streamers on Twitch: A content analysis.

Evans, Rebecca / Christiansen, Paul / Masterson, Travis / Barlow, Georgia / Boyland, Emma

Appetite

2024 Volume 195, Page(s) 107207

Abstract: ... influencers (i.e., streamers) play videogames. No studies have explored food cues within the streamed content ... per hour) were coded for exposure (e.g., display type, healthfulness) and power (e.g., presentation) using ...

Abstract	Food and non-alcoholic beverage (hereafter: food) marketing is prevalent in digital media and predominantly for foods high in fats, salt and/or sugar (HFSS). However, little is known about food marketing in videogame livestreaming platforms - a hybridisation of social and gaming media where individuals can watch influencers (i.e., streamers) play videogames. No studies have explored food cues within the streamed content or content likely to be viewed by adolescents. The current study analysed the food cues in Twitch (the leading videogame livestreaming platform) videos (n = 52, 52h) uploaded to the platform during October 2020-September 2021 by influencers likely to be popular with adolescents. Food cues (n = 133, 2.56 per hour) were coded for exposure (e.g., display type, healthfulness) and power (e.g., presentation) using a World Health Organization (WHO) protocol and the UK Nutrient Profile Model. The majority (70.7%) of cues were HFSS, with energy drinks being the most featured food category (62.4%). Most cues were branded (80.5%) and featured as either product placement (44.4%) or a looping image (40.6%). Influencers were more likely to consume healthy (88.5%) than HFSS items (33.4%). The mean duration of each food cue was 20 min and 25 s per hour. Only 2.3% of cues had an advertising disclosure. This study provides the first empirical assessment of food cues on Twitch in livestreamed content likely to be popular with adolescents and has implications for digital food marketing policy development.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Internet ; Food ; Beverages ; Marketing/methods ; Advertising ; Energy Drinks ; Social Media
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1461347-5
ISSN	1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
ISSN	0195-6663
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2024.107207
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Article ; Online: Associations between everyday exposure to food marketing and hunger and food craving in adults: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Boyland, Emma / Spanakis, Panagiotis / O'Reilly, Connor / Christiansen, Paul

Appetite

2024 Volume 196, Page(s) 107241

Abstract: Food marketing in television and digital media negatively affects appetitive sensations and eating behaviour in children, but effects are less well understood for outdoor food advertising and adults. This research used Ecological Momentary Assessment ( ... ...

Abstract	Food marketing in television and digital media negatively affects appetitive sensations and eating behaviour in children, but effects are less well understood for outdoor food advertising and adults. This research used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to explore associations between exposures to food advertising in various contexts (television, digital, outdoors) and adults' hunger and craving for highly advertised food categories. Over one week, participants provided ratings of cravings for types of food (fast food, soft drinks, snacks/confectionery, other) and hunger on a smartphone app up to six times per day when they saw a food advertisement (reactive assessment) and at random intervals (random assessment). Fifty-four participants (70.4 % female; 21.24 ± 3.84 years) provided 1223 assessments (24.7 % reactive, 75.3 % random). Data were analysed in R using multilevel multivariable linear regression models. Participants reported feeling hungrier (X
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Craving ; Hunger ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Internet ; Food ; Marketing ; Snacks ; Television
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1461347-5
ISSN	1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
ISSN	0195-6663
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2024.107241
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Article ; Online: Lifestyle Factors Counteract the Neurodevelopmental Impact of Genetic Risk for Accelerated Brain Aging in Adolescence.

Petrican, Raluca / Fornito, Alex / Boyland, Emma

Biological psychiatry

2023 Volume 95, Issue 5, Page(s) 453–464

Abstract: Background: The transition from childhood to adolescence is characterized by enhanced neural plasticity and a consequent susceptibility to both beneficial and adverse aspects of one's milieu.: Methods: To understand the implications of the interplay ... ...

Abstract	Background: The transition from childhood to adolescence is characterized by enhanced neural plasticity and a consequent susceptibility to both beneficial and adverse aspects of one's milieu. Methods: To understand the implications of the interplay between protective and risk-enhancing factors, we analyzed longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 834; 394 female). We probed the maturational correlates of positive lifestyle variables (friendships, parental warmth, school engagement, physical exercise, healthy nutrition) and genetic vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and sought to further elucidate their implications for psychological well-being. Results: Genetic risk factors and lifestyle buffers showed divergent relationships with later attentional and interpersonal problems. These effects were mediated by distinguishable functional neurodevelopmental deviations spanning the limbic, default mode, visual, and control systems. More specifically, greater genetic vulnerability was associated with alterations in the normative maturation of areas rich in dopamine (D Conclusions: Our results underscore the importance of educational involvement and healthy nutrition in attenuating the neurodevelopmental sequelae of genetic risk factors. They also underscore the importance of characterizing early-life biomarkers associated with adult-onset pathologies.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Female ; Child ; Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics ; Brain ; Risk Factors ; Aging ; Life Style
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209434-4
ISSN	1873-2402 ; 0006-3223
ISSN (online)	1873-2402
ISSN	0006-3223
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.023
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Article ; Online: Ultra-processed food and non-communicable diseases in the United Kingdom: A narrative review and thematic synthesis of literature.

Henney, Alex E / Gillespie, Conor S / Alam, Uazman / Hydes, Theresa J / Boyland, Emma / Cuthbertson, Daniel J

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity

2024 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) e13682

Abstract: The social and economic constructs of the United Kingdom (UK) provide a fertile food environment for the dramatic expansion in the ultra-processed food (UPF) market, driving increased UPF consumption. This has coincided with the significant increase in ... ...

Abstract	The social and economic constructs of the United Kingdom (UK) provide a fertile food environment for the dramatic expansion in the ultra-processed food (UPF) market, driving increased UPF consumption. This has coincided with the significant increase in the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, with an inherent impact on morbidity and mortality. Our review aims to assess the current epidemiological and public health trends in the United Kingdom, specifically examining consumption of UPFs and subsequent development of NCDs, summarizing existing meta-analytical and experimental approaches. First, we address important socioeconomic and psychosocial domains that may contribute to increased availability and consumption of UPF. Additionally, we explore the putative mechanistic basis for the association between UPFs and NCDs: partly attributable to their energy density, the macro- and micronutrient composition (including high refined carbohydrate, saturated, and trans fats composition, in addition to low fiber and protein content), and artificially engineered additives and other compounds that adversely affect health in inadequately researched pathophysiological pathways. This review highlights the importance of promoting minimally processed diets to both clinical and political decision makers.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Food, Processed ; Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology ; Food Handling ; Fast Foods ; Diet ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2147980-X
ISSN	1467-789X ; 1467-7881
ISSN (online)	1467-789X
ISSN	1467-7881
DOI	10.1111/obr.13682
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Zs.A 5908: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Towards effective restriction of unhealthy food marketing to children

Dana Lee Olstad / Emma Boyland

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

unlocking the potential of artificial intelligence

2023 Volume 4

Abstract: ... in’ products (i.e., those that exceeded thresholds for energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or sodium) during ...

Abstract	Abstract The World Health Organization recommends that member states enact policies to limit unhealthy food marketing to children. Chile enacted relatively stringent laws that restrict unhealthy food marketing to children in two phases, beginning in 2016. Dillman-Carpentier and colleagues examined the incremental effectiveness of the first and second phases of Chile’s policy in limiting children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing on television relative to pre-policy. Banning advertisements for all ‘high-in’ products (i.e., those that exceeded thresholds for energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or sodium) during the daytime (phase 2) was more effective in reducing children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing on television than only banning ‘high-in’ marketing during programs with large child audiences (phase 1). These findings underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive policies that reduce children’s exposure to all marketing for unhealthy foods—not simply that which targets them directly—to better protect them from its negative impacts. However, although policies in Chile and other nations have reduced children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing in broadcast media, it is not clear whether such policies have meaningfully reduced children’s overall food marketing exposures. This is partly due to the challenges of studying children’s digital food marketing exposures, which are an increasingly important source of unhealthy food marketing. To address these methodologic gaps, several research teams are developing artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems to assess food marketing to children on digital media and support efforts to monitor compliance with policies that restrict this marketing. These and other AI systems will be essential to comprehensively and systematically study and monitor food marketing to children on digital media internationally and at scale.
Keywords	Unhealthy food marketing ; Children ; Policy ; Chile ; Artificial intelligence ; Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The impact of calorie labelling and proportional pricing on out of home food orders: a randomised controlled trial study using a virtual food and drink delivery app.

Finlay, Amy / Boyland, Emma / Jones, Andrew / Witkam, Rozemarijn / Robinson, Eric

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity

2023 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 112

Abstract: Background: Mandatory calorie labelling in the out-of-home food sector was introduced in England in 2022, and menu pricing strategies that ensure cost is equivalent to portion size (proportional pricing) have been proposed as a policy to reduce obesity. ...

Abstract	Background: Mandatory calorie labelling in the out-of-home food sector was introduced in England in 2022, and menu pricing strategies that ensure cost is equivalent to portion size (proportional pricing) have been proposed as a policy to reduce obesity. Food delivery app-based platforms now contribute significantly to diet, and evidence suggests that those at a socioeconomic disadvantage may have greater exposure to unhealthy options on these platforms. However, public health policies to improve nutritional quality of food ordered from food delivery apps has received limited examination. Objective: This experimental study assessed the impact of calorie labelling and proportional pricing on item and meal size selection, calories ordered, and money spent when selecting food and drinks from three outlet types on a virtual delivery app. Methods: UK adult participants (N = 1126, 49% female), stratified by gender and education level completed an online study where they ordered items from three branded food and beverage outlets (coffee shop, sandwich outlet, fast food outlet) using a virtual delivery app. Participants were presented food and beverage options with vs. without calorie labels and with value (larger portions are proportionally cheaper) vs. proportional pricing. Results: Calorie labelling did not influence portion size selection for any outlets, but significantly reduced calories ordered from the coffee shop (-18.95kcals, 95% CI -33.07 to -4.84) and fast food outlet (-54.19kcals, 95% CI -86.04 to -22.33). Proportional pricing reduced the likelihood of choosing a larger beverage from the coffee shop (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.75), but was associated with increased calories ordered from the fast food outlet (51.25kcals, 95% CI 19.59 to 82.90). No consistent interactions were observed with participant characteristics, suggesting that effects of calorie labelling and pricing on outcomes were similar across sociodemographic groups. Conclusions: Calorie labelling on food delivery platforms may effectively reduce calories ordered. Proportional pricing may be useful in prompting consumers to select smaller portion sizes, although further research in real-world settings will now be valuable.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Mobile Applications ; Beverages ; Energy Intake ; Fast Foods ; Food, Processed
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868 ; 1479-5868
ISSN (online)	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01513-2
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Article ; Online: Testing a conceptual Hierarchy of Effects model of food marketing exposure and associations with children and adolescents' diet-related outcomes.

Kelly, Bridget / Boyland, Emma / Tatlow-Golden, Mimi / Christiansen, Paul

Public health nutrition

2023 Volume 27, Issue 1, Page(s) e10

Abstract: Objective: Children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing contributes to poor diets by influencing the foods that children like, request, buy and consume. This study aimed to use confirmatory mediational analyses to test a hypothetical model of ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing contributes to poor diets by influencing the foods that children like, request, buy and consume. This study aimed to use confirmatory mediational analyses to test a hypothetical model of marketing effects, to better understand the mechanisms behind food marketing's impacts on children. Design: Children responded to a cross-sectional online survey about their attitudes towards, and purchase and consumption behaviours of, ten frequently promoted food/beverage brands and their media use. Structural equation modelling tested Participants: 10-16-year-old children ( Setting: Australia. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between children's commercial screen media use and their attitudes towards brands (related to perceived social norms) and their brand purchasing behaviours, including their own purchases and requests to parents. The use of strategies to avoid advertising in commercial screen media reduced but did not remove the association between media use and brand purchases. Other brand exposures (on clothing, outdoor advertising, sponsorships) had a positive association with children's perceived social norms about brands and their brand purchases and requests. Non-commercial screen media use was not associated with any brand-related outcomes. Conclusions: Commercial screen media use and other brand exposures were strongly positively associated with children's perceptions and purchasing behaviours of frequently marketed food/beverages. Regulations to restrict children's exposures to food marketing on-screen and through other media are required to reduce the effect of marketing exposure on children's food purchasing behaviours.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Food Preferences ; Food ; Marketing ; Diet
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1436024-x
ISSN	1475-2727 ; 1368-9800
ISSN (online)	1475-2727
ISSN	1368-9800
DOI	10.1017/S1368980023002616
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Article: Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019.

Mood, Alison / Lara, Elena / Boyland, Natasha K / Brooke, Phil

Animal welfare (South Mimms, England)

2023 Volume 32, Page(s) e12

Abstract: Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast ... ...

Abstract	Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate the global number of farmed finfishes slaughtered using FAO aquaculture production tonnages (1990-2019 data) and estimates of individual weight at killing (determined from internet searches at species and country level where possible). We relate these numbers to knowledge on humane slaughter, animal welfare law, and certification schemes. Since 1990, farmed finfish numbers killed annually for food have increased nine-fold, to 124 billion (1.24 × 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0962-7286
ISSN	0962-7286
DOI	10.1017/awf.2023.4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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