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Article ; Online: Increasing Disparities in Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths Reflect Societal Failures.

Carlin, Rebecca F / Hauck, Fern R / Moon, Rachel Y

2023 Volume 151, Issue 4

MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Humans ; Sudden Infant Death/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-060798
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Article ; Online: Evidence Base for 2022 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment to Reduce the Risk of Sleep-Related Infant Deaths.

Moon, Rachel Y / Carlin, Rebecca F / Hand, Ivan

Pediatrics

2022 Volume 150, Issue 1

Abstract: Every year in the United States, approximately 3500 infants die of sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision [ICD-10] R95), ... ...

Abstract	Every year in the United States, approximately 3500 infants die of sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision [ICD-10] R95), ill-defined deaths (ICD-10 R99), and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (ICD-10 W75). After a substantial decline in sleep-related deaths in the 1990s, the overall death rate attributable to sleep-related infant deaths have remained stagnant since 2000, and disparities persist. The triple risk model proposes that SIDS occurs when an infant with intrinsic vulnerability (often manifested by impaired arousal, cardiorespiratory, and/or autonomic responses) undergoes an exogenous trigger event (eg, exposure to an unsafe sleeping environment) during a critical developmental period. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a safe sleep environment to reduce the risk of all sleep-related deaths. This includes supine positioning; use of a firm, noninclined sleep surface; room sharing without bed sharing; and avoidance of soft bedding and overheating. Additional recommendations for SIDS risk reduction include human milk feeding; avoidance of exposure to nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and illicit drugs; routine immunization; and use of a pacifier. New recommendations are presented regarding noninclined sleep surfaces, short-term emergency sleep locations, use of cardboard boxes as a sleep location, bed sharing, substance use, home cardiorespiratory monitors, and tummy time. In addition, additional information to assist parents, physicians, and nonphysician clinicians in assessing the risk of specific bed-sharing situations is included. The recommendations and strength of evidence for each recommendation are published in the accompanying policy statement, which is included in this issue.
MeSH term(s)	Asphyxia ; Bedding and Linens ; Beds ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Pacifiers ; Risk Factors ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sudden Infant Death/etiology ; Sudden Infant Death/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-057991
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Article ; Online: Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment.

Moon, Rachel Y / Carlin, Rebecca F / Hand, Ivan

Pediatrics

2022 Volume 150, Issue 1

Abstract: Each year in the United States, ∼3500 infants die of sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10] R95), ill-defined deaths (ICD-10 R99), and accidental ... ...

Abstract	Each year in the United States, ∼3500 infants die of sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10] R95), ill-defined deaths (ICD-10 R99), and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (ICD-10 W75). After a substantial decline in sleep-related deaths in the 1990s, the overall death rate attributable to sleep-related infant deaths has remained stagnant since 2000, and disparities persist. The triple risk model proposes that SIDS occurs when an infant with intrinsic vulnerability (often manifested by impaired arousal, cardiorespiratory, and/or autonomic responses) undergoes an exogenous trigger event (eg, exposure to an unsafe sleeping environment) during a critical developmental period. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a safe sleep environment to reduce the risk of all sleep-related deaths. This includes supine positioning; use of a firm, noninclined sleep surface; room sharing without bed sharing; and avoidance of soft bedding and overheating. Additional recommendations for SIDS risk reduction include human milk feeding; avoidance of exposure to nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and illicit drugs; routine immunization; and use of a pacifier. New recommendations are presented regarding noninclined sleep surfaces, short-term emergency sleep locations, use of cardboard boxes as a sleep location, bed sharing, substance use, home cardiorespiratory monitors, and tummy time. Additional information to assist parents, physicians, and nonphysician clinicians in assessing the risk of specific bed-sharing situations is also included. The recommendations and strength of evidence for each recommendation are included in this policy statement. The rationale for these recommendations is discussed in detail in the accompanying technical report.
MeSH term(s)	Asphyxia ; Bedding and Linens ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Pacifiers ; Risk Factors ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sudden Infant Death/epidemiology ; Sudden Infant Death/etiology ; Sudden Infant Death/prevention & control ; Supine Position ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-057990
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Article ; Online: Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Current Recommendations to Reduce Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review.

Carlin, Rebecca F / Moon, Rachel Y

JAMA pediatrics

2016 Volume 171, Issue 2, Page(s) 175–180

Abstract: Importance: Sudden infant death syndrome remains the leading cause of death in infants aged 1 month to 1 year in the United States.: Observations: While its exact cause is unknown, sudden infant death syndrome is believed to be multifactorial, ie, ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Sudden infant death syndrome remains the leading cause of death in infants aged 1 month to 1 year in the United States. Observations: While its exact cause is unknown, sudden infant death syndrome is believed to be multifactorial, ie, occurs in infants with underlying biological vulnerability who experience an exogenous stressor, such as prone/side sleeping or soft bedding, during a critical developmental period. Much genetic and physiologic evidence points to impaired arousal responses to hypercarbia and hypoxia, which ultimately leads to asphyxia. Known risk factors for infants include prone and side sleeping, soft bedding, bed sharing, inappropriate sleep surfaces (including sofas), exposure to tobacco smoke, and prematurity; protective factors include breastfeeding, pacifier use, room sharing, and immunizations. Conclusions and relevance: Despite our improved understanding of the physiologic mechanisms that cause sudden infant death, the mainstay of risk reduction continues to be a safe sleep environment, as most infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly do so in unsafe sleep environments.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Risk Factors ; Sudden Infant Death/epidemiology ; Sudden Infant Death/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2701223-2
ISSN	2168-6211 ; 2168-6203
ISSN (online)	2168-6211
ISSN	2168-6203
DOI	10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3345
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Article ; Online: The Influence of Social Networks and Norms on Breastfeeding in African American and Caucasian Mothers: A Qualitative Study.

Carlin, Rebecca F / Mathews, Anita / Oden, Rosalind / Moon, Rachel Y

Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine

2019 Volume 14, Issue 9, Page(s) 640–647

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; African Americans ; Breast Feeding ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Family Relations/psychology ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Mothers/psychology ; Qualitative Research ; Social Networking ; Social Norms/ethnology ; Social Support ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2234680-6
ISSN	1556-8342 ; 1556-8253
ISSN (online)	1556-8342
ISSN	1556-8253
DOI	10.1089/bfm.2019.0044
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Article ; Online: Impact of Personal Social Network Types on Breastfeeding Practices in United States-Born Black and White Women.

Carlin, Rebecca F / Cornwell, Benjamin / Mathews, Anita / Wang, Jichuan / Cheng, Yao I / Yan, Xuewen / Fu, Linda Y / Moon, Rachel Y

Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine

2021 Volume 16, Issue 10, Page(s) 807–813

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Blacks ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Social Networking ; Sociodemographic Factors ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2234680-6
ISSN	1556-8342 ; 1556-8253
ISSN (online)	1556-8342
ISSN	1556-8253
DOI	10.1089/bfm.2021.0037
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Article ; Online: Author Response: Reply to: Re: Technical Report for Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment.

Moon, Rachel Y / Abu Jawdeh, Elie G / Carlin, Rebecca F / Colvin, Jeffrey D / Goodstein, Michael H / Hand, Ivan / Hauck, Fern R / Hwang, Sunah S

Pediatrics

2022 Volume 150, Issue 6

MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Humans ; Infant Death ; Sleep
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-059737B
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Article ; Online: Author Response: Reply to: Wrong Assignment of Strength of Recommendations in AAP Policy Statement.

Moon, Rachel Y / Moon / Abu Jawdeh, Elie G / Carlin, Rebecca F / Colvin, Jeffrey / Goodstein, Michael H / Hand, Ivan / Hauck, Fern R / Hwang, Sunah S

Pediatrics

2022 Volume 150, Issue 5

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Societies, Medical ; Policy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-059507B
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Article ; Online: Social network influences on new mothers' infant sleep adjustments.

Cornwell, Benjamin / Yan, Xuewen / Carlin, Rebecca F / Fu, Linda / Wang, Jichuan / Moon, Rachel Y

Social science & medicine (1982)

2020 Volume 269, Page(s) 113585

Abstract: Despite public awareness campaigns, some parents continue to engage in infant sleep practices that are considered risky by health experts, such as bedsharing or placing their infants on their stomachs. This study examines the role their social networks ... ...

Abstract	Despite public awareness campaigns, some parents continue to engage in infant sleep practices that are considered risky by health experts, such as bedsharing or placing their infants on their stomachs. This study examines the role their social networks play in shaping parents' responsiveness to new information and/or suggestions about how they should place their infants for sleep, paying attention to the respective effects of health professionals and their close interpersonal ties. We collected data from a sample of 323 new mothers in Washington, D.C., who described their infant sleep practices and perceived personal social networks. We find evidence that mothers' social networks play a significant role in the likelihood that they adjust their infant sleep practices within the first few months of their infants' lives. Mothers are more likely to change sleep practices when health professionals and/or (lay) family members advise them to do so. The influence of network members is not always positive. For mothers who initially follow safe practices, their probability of change increases if their network members substantially espouse unsafe practices. Among mothers with initially unsafe practices, network members' level of support for safe sleep practices is not predictive of the likelihood of sleep practice change. Implications for potential interventions are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Care ; Mothers ; Risk Factors ; Sleep ; Social Networking ; Sudden Infant Death ; Washington
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113585
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Article ; Online: Can respondent driven sampling be used to recruit new mothers? A mixed methods study in metropolitan Washington DC.

Carlin, Rebecca F / Cornwell, Benjamin / Wang, Jichuan / Cheng, Yao / Mathews, Anita / Oden, Rosalind P / Fu, Linda Y / Moon, Rachel Y

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) e0246373

Abstract: Background: Respondent driven sampling (RDS) is employed to recruit populations that are hard-to-reach, "hidden," or without a sampling frame. For new mothers (those with infants <6 months) in countries without national health care systems or registries, ...

Abstract	Background: Respondent driven sampling (RDS) is employed to recruit populations that are hard-to-reach, "hidden," or without a sampling frame. For new mothers (those with infants <6 months) in countries without national health care systems or registries, there is no sampling frame, and random samples may only be attained through costly strategies, e.g., random-dial calling. Objective: To assess the feasibility of RDS to recruit new mothers. Methods: In the initial study, we recruited 30 new mothers ("seeds") from a single birth hospital; each was given 3 referral coupons to give to other mothers ("referrals"). When our sample did not self-perpetuate with referrals, additional seeds were recruited. Demographics of seeds and referrals were compared. A subset of mothers participated in focus groups and were asked about their experience with RDS. We also conducted a second survey of new mothers to further assess feasibility of RDS in this population. Results: Of the 402 mothers recruited in the initial study, 305 were seeds and only 97 were referrals. Referrals were more likely to be White, highly educated, older, and privately insured (all p≤0.001). Focus group participants indicated that the time required to meet other mothers was an important barrier. In the second survey we recruited 201 mothers; only 53.7% knew ≥1 mother whom they could invite to the study. Conclusions: New mothers are not easily recruited using RDS because they have a limited number of contacts who are also new mothers. Those recruited through RDS are more likely to be older, Caucasian and of high socioeconomic status, indicating it is not an effective way to recruit a representative sample of new mothers.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Delivery of Health Care ; District of Columbia ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mothers ; Sampling Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0246373
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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