| Abstract |
More than 300 million years ago, vertebrates emerged from the vast oceans to conquer gravity and the dry land. With this transition, new adaptations occurred that included ingenious changes in reproduction, waste secretion, and bone physiology. One new innovation, the egg shell, contained an ancestral protein (ovocleidin-116) that likely first appeared with the dinosaurs and was preserved through the theropod lineage in modern birds and reptiles. Ovocleidin-116 is an avian homolog of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and belongs to a group of proteins called short integrin-binding ligand-interacting glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). These proteins are all localized to a defined region on chromosome 5q in mice and chromosome 4q in humans. A unifying feature of SIBLING proteins is an acidic serine aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif (ASARM). Recent research has shown that the ASARM motif and the released ASARM peptide have regulatory roles in mineralization (bone and teeth), phosphate regulation, vascularization, soft-tissue calcification, osteoclastogenesis, mechanotransduction, and fat energy metabolism. The MEPE ASARM motif and peptide are physiological substrates for PHEX, a zinc metalloendopeptidase. Defects in PHEX are responsible for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HYP). There is evidence that PHEX interacts with another ASARM motif containing SIBLING protein, dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1). DMP1 mutations cause bone and renal defects that are identical with the defects caused by a loss of PHEX function. This results in autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR). In both HYP and ARHR, increased FGF23 expression plays a major role in the disease and in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), FGF23 half-life is increased by activating mutations. ASARM peptide administration in vitro and in vivo also induces increased FGF23 expression. FGF23 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of cytokines, which surfaced 500 million years ago with the boney fish (i.e., teleosts) that do not contain SIBLING proteins. In terrestrial vertebrates, FGF23, like SIBLING proteins, is expressed in the osteocyte. The boney fish, however, are an-osteocytic, so a physiological bone-renal link with FGF23 and the SIBLINGs was cemented when life ventured from the oceans to the land during the Triassic period, approximately 300 million years ago. This link has been revealed by recent research that indicates a competitive displacement of a PHEX-DMP1 interaction by an ASARM peptide that leads to increased FGF23 expression. This review discusses the new discoveries that reveal a novel PHEX, DMP1, MEPE, ASARM peptide, and FGF23 bone-renal pathway. This pathway impacts not only bone formation, bone-renal mineralization, and renal phosphate homeostasis but also energy metabolism. The study of this new pathway is relevant for developing therapies for several diseases: bone-teeth mineral loss disorders, renal osteodystrophy, chronic kidney disease and bone mineralization disorders (CKD-MBD), end-stage renal diseases, ectopic arterial-calcification, cardiovascular disease renal calcification, diabetes, and obesity.
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| MeSH term(s) |
Animals ; Bone Demineralization, Pathologic/metabolism ; Bone Demineralization, Pathologic/therapy ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/therapy ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Calcification, Physiologic/physiology ; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/metabolism ; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/therapy ; Egg Proteins/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypophosphatemia/metabolism ; Hypophosphatemia/therapy ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Male ; Mechanotransduction, Cellular/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Obesity/metabolism ; Obesity/therapy ; Osteocytes/metabolism ; Osteomalacia/metabolism ; Osteomalacia/therapy ; PHEX Phosphate Regulating Neutral Endopeptidase/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Rickets/metabolism ; Rickets/therapy |
| Chemical Substances |
DMP1 protein, human ; Dmp1 protein, mouse ; Egg Proteins ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; FGF23 protein, human ; Fgf23 protein, mouse ; Glycoproteins ; MEPE protein, human ; Mepe protein, mouse ; Phosphoproteins ; ovocleidin-116 ; Fibroblast Growth Factors (62031-54-3) ; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (7Q7P4S7RRE) ; PHEX Phosphate Regulating Neutral Endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.-) |
