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  1. Article: Detection of Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1 with neuro-viscerotropic tropism in some backyard pigeons (Columbidae) in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

    Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Sheikh, Abdullah / Abdelaziz, Adel M / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2024  Volume 11, Page(s) 1352636

    Abstract: Introduction: Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV1) has a wide host range, including domestic and wild birds. The present study aimed to identify the currently circulating AOAV1 strains from some outbreaks in some backyard pigeons in the eastern region of ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV1) has a wide host range, including domestic and wild birds. The present study aimed to identify the currently circulating AOAV1 strains from some outbreaks in some backyard pigeons in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia (ERSA).
    Methods: Tracheal/cloacal swabs and tissue specimens were collected from eight backyards in Al-Ahsa, ERSA, between January 2021 and March 2023. Samples were tested for the presence of AOAV1 using commercial real-time RT-PCR. Part of the fusion gene was also amplified by gel-based RT-PCR, and the obtained amplicons were sequenced.
    Results and discussion: AOAV1 was detected in samples from the eight flocks. The retrieved sequences from samples of 6/8 pigeon backyards are reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained sequences from these backyard pigeons showed the segregation of the obtained sequences in AOAV1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1. Clinically, nervous manifestations were dominant in pigeons infected with both genotypes. Respiratory manifestations and significantly higher overall mortality rate were induced by genotype VI.2.1. The deduced amino acid sequences of the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) showed that all the detected isolates belong to velogenic strains. Differences in clinical profiles induced by the natural infection of pigeons with AOAV1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1 were reported. The present findings highlight the potential roles of some backyard pigeons in the long-distance spread and cross-species transmission of the reported AOAVI genotypes. Further research is required to perform biotyping and pathotyping of the reported strains.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2024.1352636
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Evidence of the circulation of avian metapneumovirus in domestic backyard chickens in Eastern Saudi Arabia in 2019.

    Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Veterinary world

    2023  Volume 16, Issue 6, Page(s) 1246–1251

    Abstract: Background and aim: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory virus in chickens. Avian metapneumovirus has been linked to respiratory syndromes, reproductive failure in affected chickens and turkeys, swollen head syndrome in ... ...

    Abstract Background and aim: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory virus in chickens. Avian metapneumovirus has been linked to respiratory syndromes, reproductive failure in affected chickens and turkeys, swollen head syndrome in chickens, and rhinotracheitis in turkeys. Wild birds are considered potential reservoirs of aMPV, particularly aMPV-C. However, little is known about the prevalence of aMPV in Saudi Arabia. Considering the relevance of backyard chickens in the transmission and sustainability of certain avian viral diseases, this study aimed to assess aMPV exposure in backyard chickens and wild birds circulating near selected locations.
    Materials and methods: We collected 368 serum samples from unvaccinated backyard chickens in ten locations in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, we collected 78 serum samples from species of free-ranging birds belonging to the Columbidae family, such as pigeons and doves, captured from the same areas. Using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, we tested the sera of domestic backyard chickens and wild birds for antibodies against aMPV.
    Results: Our results showed that 74/368 birds were positive for aMPV-related antibodies. Conversely, none of the tested wild birds seroconverted to aMPV.
    Conclusion: The antibody titers detected in the backyard chickens suggested recent exposure to aMPV. Considering these results, further large-scale serological and molecular studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence of aMPV in these birds and characterize the circulating strains of aMPV in this region.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-08
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2456277-4
    ISSN 2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
    ISSN (online) 2231-0916
    ISSN 0972-8988
    DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1246-1251
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Avian encephalomyelitis virus in backyard chickens.

    Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Veterinary world

    2023  Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) 1866–1870

    Abstract: Background and aim: Avian viral diseases usually cause high economic losses because of high morbidity and mortality and poor growth. The rearing of chickens in backyards could have an important role in the spread of certain diseases, particularly those ... ...

    Abstract Background and aim: Avian viral diseases usually cause high economic losses because of high morbidity and mortality and poor growth. The rearing of chickens in backyards could have an important role in the spread of certain diseases, particularly those of viral origin. Infected birds might be prone to many viral infections for several reasons, including a lack of vaccination programs, the mixing of different bird species in the same location, and the close interactions of these birds with wild and migratory birds carrying various pathogens. This study aimed to conduct serological surveillance of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) in some backyard chickens in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia.
    Materials and methods: Serum samples (n = 368) were collected from domestic chickens reared in 10 backyards in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. None of the domestic birds in these 10 backyards were vaccinated against the virus. In addition, 78 serum samples were collected from free-ranging birds belonging to Columbidae, such as pigeons and doves, in common areas near the domestic backyards. We tested these sera for specific antibodies against AEV.
    Results: Our results revealed seroconversion to AEV among the examined chickens (14.6%). None of the tested pigeons and doves displayed seroconversion to AEV.
    Conclusion: Seroconversion of these non-vaccinated birds against AEV was suggestive of a recent natural infection by this virus. Further studies with a large number of birds are required to molecularly characterize the circulating strains of this virus in this area.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-17
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2456277-4
    ISSN 2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
    ISSN (online) 2231-0916
    ISSN 0972-8988
    DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1866-1870
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020-2022.

    Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Skeikh, Abdullah / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Flemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1221883

    Abstract: Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence rate and associated risk factors, a dairy cattle herd in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia was monitored between 2020 and 2022.
    Methods: Nasal swabs (
    Results and discussion: Our data show BVDV seroprevalence (18.8%, 15%, and 8.2%) in the tested animals in 2020-2022, respectively. None of the collected nasal swabs, rectal swabs, or sera tested positive for the BVDV antigen, whereas 10.1%, 10%, and 18.1% of the tested sera were positive for BVDV nucleic acid in 2020-2022, respectively. The incidence rate was estimated at 0.02446 new cases/year despite the detection of BVDV in seronegative animals on single or two occasions at ≥6-month intervals. Young calves and bulls remained apparently unexposed to BVDV despite their presence with BVDV-infected females, with no significant physical separation. Both seropositivity and nucleic acid detectability showed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, with reproductive performance. Collectively, the present study provides useful clues about the transmissibility of BVDV in the presence of possibly persistently infected animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of BVDV in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Further detailed characterization of the circulating BVDVs is encouraged.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2023.1221883
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development.

    Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Hussen, Jamal / Hemida, Maged Gomaa / Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2023  Volume 10, Page(s) 1130147

    Abstract: Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes.
    Methods: To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively.
    Results and discussion: The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the N
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Risk-associated factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels, sheep, and goats in abattoir surveillance and semi-closed herd system.

    Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Skeikh, Abdullah / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Veterinary world

    2022  Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) 1924–1931

    Abstract: Background and aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing high economic losses in cattle of all ages. Despite the active vaccination campaigns against BVDV, many outbreaks are still detected in various ... ...

    Abstract Background and aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing high economic losses in cattle of all ages. Despite the active vaccination campaigns against BVDV, many outbreaks are still detected in various populations of cattle worldwide. Other species of animals such as dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may harbor BVDV infection and cause variable clinical syndromes. Thus, they may act as a source of infection to the cattle population around them. However, little is still known about the roles of these animals in the viral transmission and sustainability of BVDV in the environment. This study aimed to explore if the dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may seroconvert against BVDV and to study some associated risk factors for BVDV in these species of animals.
    Materials and methods: We tested 1012 serum samples from dromedary camels, 84 from goats, and 21 from sheep for BVDV antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Meanwhile, we selected 211 serum samples from dromedary camels to be tested for the BVDV antigen using the commercial ELISA kits.
    Results: Our results show that 49/1117 serum samples were positive for the BVDV antibodies in dromedary camels (46/1012), goats (3/84), and none of the tested sheep samples were positive. However, none of the collected serum samples tested positive for the BVDV antigen.
    Conclusion: Seroconversion of some dromedary camels, sheep, and goats to the BVDV with no history of vaccination against BVDV strongly suggests the potential roles of these species of animals in the virus transmission cycle. The main limitations of the current study are (1) the lack of samples from other species of animals that lived close by these animals, particularly cattle. (2) lack of follow-up samples from the same animal over a long period. We believe the long-term longitudinal study of BVDV in various species of animals, particularly dromedary camels, goats, and sheep, is one of our future research directions. This will provide more information about the dynamics of BVDV antibodies in these species of animals.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-16
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2456277-4
    ISSN 2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
    ISSN (online) 2231-0916
    ISSN 0972-8988
    DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1924-1931
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Molecular and serological surveillance of African horse sickness virus in eastern and central Saudi Arabia.

    Hemida, M G / Alhammadi, M / Daleb, A / Alnaeem, A

    Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)

    2018  Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 889–898

    Abstract: African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is one of the most devastating viral diseases of the family Equidae. Infection with AHSV threatens not only the Saudi equine industry but also the equine industry worldwide. This is due to the high morbidity and ... ...

    Abstract African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is one of the most devastating viral diseases of the family Equidae. Infection with AHSV threatens not only the Saudi equine industry but also the equine industry worldwide. This is due to the high morbidity and mortality rates among the infected population of up to 100%. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) lists AHSV among its notifiable diseases; this requires Member Countries to monitor the situation with regard to AHSV very carefully in order to avoid the spread of the virus. The OIE also suggests the systematic monitoring of AHSV in the equine population at regular intervals. The main aim of the current study is to perform molecular and serological surveillance on different horse populations in eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this aim, the authors collected 361 serum samples, 103 whole blood samples and 323 swabs from Al-Hasa, Dammam, Al-Jubail, Al-Qateef, Riyadh and Al-Qassim. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect AHSV antibodies and commercial real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kits were used to detect AHSV nucleic acids in blood and swabs. The results of this study demonstrate the absence of anti-AHSV antibodies in the sera of tested animals. Furthermore, no viral nucleic acids were detected in the collected blood and swab samples, as evaluated by real-time AHSV-RT-PCR. Moreover, all tested samples collected during 2014-2016 were negative for AHSV. This confirms that the horse populations studied in the eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016 were AHSV free.
    MeSH term(s) African Horse Sickness/blood ; African Horse Sickness/epidemiology ; African Horse Sickness/virology ; African Horse Sickness Virus/genetics ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Horses ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-30
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 792125-1
    ISSN 1608-0637 ; 0253-1933
    ISSN (online) 1608-0637
    ISSN 0253-1933
    DOI 10.20506/rst.36.3.2722
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: miRNAs: novel noninvasive biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tools in neonatal sepsis.

    El-Khazragy, Nashwa / Mohamed, Noura Mostafa / Mostafa, Mohamed Fathalla / Elnakib, Mostafa / Hemida, Eman H A / Salah, Amira / Fawzy, Nesma Mohamed / Safwat, Gehan / Emam, Mennatallah M / Mahran, Nievin Ahmed / Rabie, Dina

    Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease

    2023  Volume 107, Issue 3, Page(s) 116053

    Abstract: The study aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of 3 specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in early-onset neonatal sepsis (NS). We examined miR-1, miR-124, and miR-34a in 70 NS patients upon admission and compared them to 70 healthy controls by RT- ... ...

    Abstract The study aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of 3 specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in early-onset neonatal sepsis (NS). We examined miR-1, miR-124, and miR-34a in 70 NS patients upon admission and compared them to 70 healthy controls by RT-PCR. The main finding of the study was the difference in miRNA expression levels between NS patients and controls. Higher expression levels of miR-1 and miR-124 were significantly associated with NS, while miR-34a expression was reduced. Among the studied miRNAs, miR-34a exhibited the highest specificity (97%) as a confirmatory test for NS. In the multivariate model, miR-1 and miR-124 were found to be significant predictors of disease progression or mortality. Overall, the study suggests that miR-1, miR-124, and miR-34a could serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in early-onset NS.
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Neonatal Sepsis/diagnosis ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Biomarkers
    Chemical Substances MicroRNAs ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604920-5
    ISSN 1879-0070 ; 0732-8893
    ISSN (online) 1879-0070
    ISSN 0732-8893
    DOI 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Molecular characterisation of an avian influenza (H5N8) outbreak in backyard flocks in Al Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2017-2018.

    Hemida, Maged G / Chu, Daniel / Abdelaziz, Adel / Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen / Chan, Samuel Mo Sheung / Peiris, M

    Veterinary record open

    2019  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e000362

    Abstract: Background: Avian influenza viruses are still causing major concern not only to the poultry industry but also to human health across the globe. The live poultry markets and the small-scale local breeding of various species of birds in backyards are ... ...

    Abstract Background: Avian influenza viruses are still causing major concern not only to the poultry industry but also to human health across the globe. The live poultry markets and the small-scale local breeding of various species of birds in backyards are still playing important roles in the sustainability of most virulent influenza viruses, especially H5N8.
    Methods: The authors investigated an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in backyard flocks in Al Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia that occurred in 2017-2018.
    Results: A range of poultry including chickens, ostriches, ducks, pigeons and turkeys were clinically affected. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this was a common source outbreak caused by a virus closely related to H5N8 viruses causing outbreaks elsewhere in Saudi Arabia in early 2018.
    Conclusions: Small backyard flocks are still contributing to the epidemiology and transmission of H5N8.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2782580-2
    ISSN 2052-6113
    ISSN 2052-6113
    DOI 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000362
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development.

    Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

    Frontiers in veterinary science

    2021  Volume 8, Page(s) 665128

    Abstract: The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV ... ...

    Abstract The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2834243-4
    ISSN 2297-1769
    ISSN 2297-1769
    DOI 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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