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  1. Article ; Online: Conformational Dynamics and Mechanisms of Client Protein Integration into the Hsp90 Chaperone Controlled by Allosteric Interactions of Regulatory Switches: Perturbation-Based Network Approach for Mutational Profiling of the Hsp90 Binding and Allostery.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    The journal of physical chemistry. B

    2022  

    Abstract: Understanding the allosteric mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone interactions with cochaperones and client protein clientele is fundamental to dissect activation and regulation of many proteins. In this work, atomistic simulations are combined with ... ...

    Abstract Understanding the allosteric mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone interactions with cochaperones and client protein clientele is fundamental to dissect activation and regulation of many proteins. In this work, atomistic simulations are combined with perturbation-based approaches and dynamic network modeling for a comparative mutational profiling of the Hsp90 binding and allosteric interaction networks in the three Hsp90 maturation complexes with FKBP51 and P23 cochaperones and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) client. The conformational dynamics signatures of the Hsp90 complexes and dynamics fluctuation analysis revealed how the intrinsic plasticity of the Hsp90 dimer can be modulated by cochaperones and client proteins to stabilize the closed dimer state required at the maturation stage of the ATPase cycle. In silico deep mutational scanning of the protein residues characterized the hot spots of protein stability and binding affinity in the Hsp90 complexes, showing that binding hot spots may often coincide with the regulatory centers that modulate dynamic allostery in the Hsp90 dimer. We introduce a perturbation-based network approach for mutational scanning of allosteric residue potentials and characterize allosteric switch clusters that control mechanism of cochaperone-dependent client recognition and remodeling by the Hsp90 chaperone. The results revealed a conserved network of allosteric switches in the Hsp90 complexes that allow cochaperones and GR protein to become integrated into the Hsp90 system by anchoring to the conformational switch points in the functional Hsp90 regions. This study suggests that the Hsp90 binding and allostery may operate under a regulatory mechanism in which activation or repression of the Hsp90 activity can be pre-encoded in the allosterically regulated Hsp90 dimer motions. By binding directly to the conformational switch centers on the Hsp90, cochaperones and interacting proteins can efficiently modulate the allosteric interactions and long-range communications required for client remodeling and activation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1520-5207
    ISSN (online) 1520-5207
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03464
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  2. Article ; Online: Exploring Mechanisms of Allosteric Regulation and Communication Switching in the Multiprotein Regulatory Complexes of the Hsp90 Chaperone with Cochaperones and Client Proteins: Atomistic Insights from Integrative Biophysical Modeling and Network Analysis of Conformational Landscapes.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    Journal of molecular biology

    2022  Volume 434, Issue 17, Page(s) 167506

    Abstract: Understanding molecular principles underlying Hsp90 chaperone functions and modulation of client activity is fundamental to dissect activation mechanisms of many proteins. In this work, we performed a computational investigation of the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-CR ...

    Abstract Understanding molecular principles underlying Hsp90 chaperone functions and modulation of client activity is fundamental to dissect activation mechanisms of many proteins. In this work, we performed a computational investigation of the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-CR client complex to examine allosteric regulatory mechanisms underlying dynamic chaperone interactions and principles of chaperone-dependent client recognition and remodeling. Conformational dynamics analysis using high-resolution coarse-grained simulations and ensemble-based local frustration analysis suggest that the Hsp90 chaperone could recognize and recruit the GR client by invoking reciprocal dynamic exchanges near the intermolecular interfaces with the client. Using mutational scanning of the intermolecular residues in the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-GR complex, we identified binding energy hotspots in the regulatory complex. Perturbation-based network analysis and dynamic fluctuations-based modeling of allosteric residue potentials are employed for a detailed analysis of allosteric interaction networks and identification of conformational communication switches. We found that allosteric interactions between the Hsp90, the client-bound Hsp70 and Hop cochaperone can define two allosteric residue clusters that control client recruitment in which the intrinsic Hsp70 allostery is exploited to mediate integration of the Hsp70-bound client into the Hsp90 chaperone system. The results suggest a model of dynamics-driven allostery that enables efficient client recruitment and loading through allosteric couplings between intermolecular interfaces and communication switch centers. This study showed that the Hsp90 interactions with client proteins may operate under dynamic-based allostery in which ensembles of preexisting conformational states and intrinsic allosteric pathways present in the Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperones can be exploited for recognition and integration of substrate proteins.
    MeSH term(s) Allosteric Regulation ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation
    Chemical Substances HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Molecular Chaperones ; Multiprotein Complexes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167506
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  3. Article ; Online: Making the invisible visible: Toward structural characterization of allosteric states, interaction networks, and allosteric regulatory mechanisms in protein kinases.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    Current opinion in structural biology

    2021  Volume 71, Page(s) 71–78

    Abstract: Despite the established view of protein kinases as dynamic and versatile allosteric regulatory machines, our knowledge of allosteric functional states, allosteric interaction networks, and the intrinsic folding energy landscapes is surprisingly limited. ... ...

    Abstract Despite the established view of protein kinases as dynamic and versatile allosteric regulatory machines, our knowledge of allosteric functional states, allosteric interaction networks, and the intrinsic folding energy landscapes is surprisingly limited. We discuss the latest developments in structural characterization of allosteric molecular events underlying protein kinase dynamics and functions using structural, biophysical, and computational biology approaches. The recent studies highlighted progress in making the invisible aspects of protein kinase 'life' visible, including the determination of hidden allosteric states and mapping of allosteric energy landscapes, discovery of new mechanisms underlying ligand-induced modulation of allosteric activity, evolutionary adaptation of kinase allostery, and characterization of allosteric interaction networks as the intrinsic driver of kinase adaptability and signal transmission in the regulatory assemblies.
    MeSH term(s) Allosteric Regulation ; Computational Biology ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1068353-7
    ISSN 1879-033X ; 0959-440X
    ISSN (online) 1879-033X
    ISSN 0959-440X
    DOI 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.002
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  4. Article ; Online: Exploring Mechanisms of Allosteric Regulation and Communication Switching in the Multiprotein Regulatory Complexes of the Hsp90 Chaperone with Cochaperones and Client Proteins: Atomistic Insights from Integrative Biophysical Modeling and Network Analysis of Conformational Landscapes

    Verkhivker Gennady M.

    Journal of Molecular Biology. 2022 Sept., v. 434, no. 17 p.167506-

    2022  

    Abstract: Understanding molecular principles underlying Hsp90 chaperone functions and modulation of client activity is fundamental to dissect activation mechanisms of many proteins. In this work, we performed a computational investigation of the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-CR ...

    Abstract Understanding molecular principles underlying Hsp90 chaperone functions and modulation of client activity is fundamental to dissect activation mechanisms of many proteins. In this work, we performed a computational investigation of the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-CR client complex to examine allosteric regulatory mechanisms underlying dynamic chaperone interactions and principles of chaperone-dependent client recognition and remodeling. Conformational dynamics analysis using high-resolution coarse-grained simulations and ensemble-based local frustration analysis suggest that the Hsp90 chaperone could recognize and recruit the GR client by invoking reciprocal dynamic exchanges near the intermolecular interfaces with the client. Using mutational scanning of the intermolecular residues in the Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop-GR complex, we identified binding energy hotspots in the regulatory complex. Perturbation-based network analysis and dynamic fluctuations-based modeling of allosteric residue potentials are employed for a detailed analysis of allosteric interaction networks and identification of conformational communication switches. We found that allosteric interactions between the Hsp90, the client-bound Hsp70 and Hop cochaperone can define two allosteric residue clusters that control client recruitment in which the intrinsic Hsp70 allostery is exploited to mediate integration of the Hsp70-bound client into the Hsp90 chaperone system. The results suggest a model of dynamics-driven allostery that enables efficient client recruitment and loading through allosteric couplings between intermolecular interfaces and communication switch centers. This study showed that the Hsp90 interactions with client proteins may operate under dynamic-based allostery in which ensembles of preexisting conformational states and intrinsic allosteric pathways present in the Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperones can be exploited for recognition and integration of substrate proteins.
    Keywords energy ; models ; molecular biology ; molecular chaperones ; conformational dynamics ; protein frustration ; dynamic interaction networks ; allosteric mechanisms
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-09
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167506
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  5. Article: Conformational Dynamics and Mechanisms of Client Protein Integration into the Hsp90 Chaperone Controlled by Allosteric Interactions of Regulatory Switches: Perturbation-Based Network Approach for Mutational Profiling of the Hsp90 Binding and Allostery

    Verkhivker, Gennady M.

    Journal of physical chemistry. 2022 July 19, v. 126, no. 29

    2022  

    Abstract: Understanding the allosteric mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone interactions with cochaperones and client protein clientele is fundamental to dissect activation and regulation of many proteins. In this work, atomistic simulations are combined with ... ...

    Abstract Understanding the allosteric mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone interactions with cochaperones and client protein clientele is fundamental to dissect activation and regulation of many proteins. In this work, atomistic simulations are combined with perturbation-based approaches and dynamic network modeling for a comparative mutational profiling of the Hsp90 binding and allosteric interaction networks in the three Hsp90 maturation complexes with FKBP51 and P23 cochaperones and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) client. The conformational dynamics signatures of the Hsp90 complexes and dynamics fluctuation analysis revealed how the intrinsic plasticity of the Hsp90 dimer can be modulated by cochaperones and client proteins to stabilize the closed dimer state required at the maturation stage of the ATPase cycle. In silico deep mutational scanning of the protein residues characterized the hot spots of protein stability and binding affinity in the Hsp90 complexes, showing that binding hot spots may often coincide with the regulatory centers that modulate dynamic allostery in the Hsp90 dimer. We introduce a perturbation-based network approach for mutational scanning of allosteric residue potentials and characterize allosteric switch clusters that control mechanism of cochaperone-dependent client recognition and remodeling by the Hsp90 chaperone. The results revealed a conserved network of allosteric switches in the Hsp90 complexes that allow cochaperones and GR protein to become integrated into the Hsp90 system by anchoring to the conformational switch points in the functional Hsp90 regions. This study suggests that the Hsp90 binding and allostery may operate under a regulatory mechanism in which activation or repression of the Hsp90 activity can be pre-encoded in the allosterically regulated Hsp90 dimer motions. By binding directly to the conformational switch centers on the Hsp90, cochaperones and interacting proteins can efficiently modulate the allosteric interactions and long-range communications required for client remodeling and activation.
    Keywords adenosinetriphosphatase ; computer simulation ; glucocorticoid receptors ; physical chemistry ; plasticity
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0719
    Size p. 5421-5442.
    Publishing place American Chemical Society
    Document type Article
    ISSN 1520-5207
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03464
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  6. Article ; Online: Molecular Simulations and Network Modeling Reveal an Allosteric Signaling in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    Journal of proteome research

    2020  Volume 19, Issue 11, Page(s) 4587–4608

    Abstract: The development of computational strategies for the quantitative characterization of the functional mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is of paramount importance in efforts to accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and vaccines ... ...

    Abstract The development of computational strategies for the quantitative characterization of the functional mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is of paramount importance in efforts to accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and vaccines combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Structural and biophysical studies have recently characterized the conformational landscapes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins in the prefusion form, revealing a spectrum of stable and more dynamic states. By employing molecular simulations and network modeling approaches, this study systematically examined functional dynamics and identified the regulatory centers of allosteric interactions for distinct functional states of the wild-type and mutant variants of the SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike trimer. This study presents evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can function as an allosteric regulatory engine that fluctuates between dynamically distinct functional states. Perturbation-based modeling of the interaction networks revealed a key role of the cross-talk between the effector hotspots in the receptor binding domain and the fusion peptide proximal region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The results have shown that the allosteric hotspots of the interaction networks in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can control the dynamic switching between functional conformational states that are associated with virus entry to the host receptor. This study offers a useful and novel perspective on the underlying mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through the lens of allosteric signaling as a regulatory apparatus of virus transmission that could open up opportunities for targeted allosteric drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2 proteins and contribute to the rapid response to the current and potential future pandemic scenarios.
    MeSH term(s) Allosteric Regulation/genetics ; Allosteric Regulation/physiology ; Betacoronavirus/chemistry ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/metabolism ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Humans ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Protein Binding ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2078618-9
    ISSN 1535-3907 ; 1535-3893
    ISSN (online) 1535-3907
    ISSN 1535-3893
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00654
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  7. Article ; Online: Accurate Characterization of Binding Kinetics and Allosteric Mechanisms for the HSP90 Chaperone Inhibitors Using AI-Augmented Integrative Biophysical Studies.

    Xu, Chao / Zhang, Xianglei / Zhao, Lianghao / Verkhivker, Gennady M / Bai, Fang

    JACS Au

    2024  Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 1632–1645

    Abstract: The binding kinetics of drugs to their targets are gradually being recognized as a crucial indicator of the efficacy of ... ...

    Abstract The binding kinetics of drugs to their targets are gradually being recognized as a crucial indicator of the efficacy of drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2691-3704
    ISSN (online) 2691-3704
    DOI 10.1021/jacsau.4c00123
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  8. Article ; Online: Molecular Simulations and Network Modeling Reveal an Allosteric Signaling in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins

    Verkhivker, Gennady M.

    Journal of Proteome Research

    2020  Volume 19, Issue 11, Page(s) 4587–4608

    Keywords Biochemistry ; General Chemistry ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2078618-9
    ISSN 1535-3893
    ISSN 1535-3893
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00654
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Biophysical simulations and structure-based modeling of residue interaction networks in the tumor suppressor proteins reveal functional role of cancer mutation hotspots in molecular communication.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects

    2018  Volume 1863, Issue 1, Page(s) 210–225

    Abstract: In the current study, we have combined molecular simulations and energetic analysis with dynamics-based network modeling and perturbation response scanning to determine molecular signatures of mutational hotspot residues in the p53, PTEN, and SMAD4 tumor ...

    Abstract In the current study, we have combined molecular simulations and energetic analysis with dynamics-based network modeling and perturbation response scanning to determine molecular signatures of mutational hotspot residues in the p53, PTEN, and SMAD4 tumor suppressor proteins. By examining structure, energetics and dynamics of these proteins, we have shown that inactivating mutations preferentially target a group of structurally stable residues that play a fundamental role in global propagation of dynamic fluctuations and mediating allosteric interaction networks. Through integration of long-range perturbation dynamics and network-based approaches, we have quantified allosteric potential of residues in the studied proteins. The results have revealed that mutational hotspot sites often correspond to high centrality mediating centers of the residue interaction networks that are responsible for coordination of global dynamic changes and allosteric signaling. Our findings have also suggested that structurally stable mutational hotpots can act as major effectors of allosteric interactions and mutations in these positions are typically associated with severe phenotype. Modeling of shortest inter-residue pathways has shown that mutational hotspot sites can also serve as key mediating bridges of allosteric communication in the p53 and PTEN protein structures. Multiple regression models have indicated that functional significance of mutational hotspots can be strongly associated with the network signatures serving as robust predictors of critical regulatory positions responsible for loss-of-function phenotype. The results of this computational investigation are compared with the experimental studies and reveal molecular signatures of mutational hotspots, providing a plausible rationale for explaining and localizing disease-causing mutations in tumor suppressor genes.
    MeSH term(s) Allosteric Regulation ; Allosteric Site ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/chemistry ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Signal Transduction ; Smad4 Protein/chemistry ; Smad4 Protein/genetics ; Thermodynamics ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances SMAD4 protein, human ; Smad4 Protein ; TP53 protein, human ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.67) ; PTEN protein, human (EC 3.1.3.67)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 60-7
    ISSN 1872-8006 ; 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    ISSN (online) 1872-8006 ; 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
    ISSN 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.009
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Dynamics-based community analysis and perturbation response scanning of allosteric interaction networks in the TRAP1 chaperone structures dissect molecular linkage between conformational asymmetry and sequential ATP hydrolysis.

    Verkhivker, Gennady M

    Biochimica et biophysica acta. Proteins and proteomics

    2018  Volume 1866, Issue 8, Page(s) 899–912

    Abstract: Allosteric interactions of the Hsp90 chaperones with cochaperones and diverse protein clients can often exhibit distinct asymmetric features that determine regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions in many signaling networks. The recent crystal ... ...

    Abstract Allosteric interactions of the Hsp90 chaperones with cochaperones and diverse protein clients can often exhibit distinct asymmetric features that determine regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions in many signaling networks. The recent crystal structures of the mitochondrial Hsp90 isoform TRAP1 in complexes with ATP analogs have provided first evidence of significant asymmetry in the closed dimerized state that triggers independent activity of the chaperone protomers, whereby preferential hydrolysis of the buckled protomer is followed by conformational flipping between protomers and hydrolysis of the second protomer. Despite significant insights in structural characterizations of the TRAP1 chaperone, the atomistic details and mechanics of allosteric interactions that couple sequential ATP hydrolysis with asymmetric conformational switching in the TRAP1 protomers remain largely unknown. In this work, we explored atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of the TRAP1 dimer structures in combination with the ensemble-based network modeling and perturbation response scanning of residue interaction networks to probe salient features underlying allosteric signaling mechanism. This study has revealed that key effector sites that orchestrate allosteric interactions occupy the ATP binding region and N-terminal interface of the buckled protomer, whereas the main sensors of allosteric signals that drive functional conformational changes during ATPase cycle are consolidated near the client binding region of the straight protomer, channeling the energy of ATP hydrolysis for client remodeling. The community decomposition analysis of the interaction networks and reconstruction of allosteric communication pathways in the TRAP1 structures have quantified mechanism of allosteric regulation, revealing control points and interactions that coordinate asymmetric switching during ATP hydrolysis.
    MeSH term(s) Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Molecular Structure ; Protein Conformation ; Zebrafish
    Chemical Substances HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Molecular Chaperones ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE) ; Adenosine Triphosphatases (EC 3.6.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 60-7
    ISSN 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 1570-9639 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    ISSN (online) 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
    ISSN 1570-9639 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.008
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