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  1. Article ; Online: Promises and challenges of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines.

    Rathore, Abhay P S / St John, Ashley L

    Vaccine

    2023  Volume 41, Issue 27, Page(s) 4042–4049

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, COVID-19 vaccines are given intramuscularly and they have been shown to evoke systemic ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, COVID-19 vaccines are given intramuscularly and they have been shown to evoke systemic immune responses that are highly efficacious towards preventing severe disease and death. However, vaccine-induced immunity wanes within a short time, and booster doses are currently recommended. Furthermore, current vaccine formulations do not adequately restrict virus infection at the mucosal sites, such as in the nasopharyngeal tract and, therefore, have limited capacity to block virus transmission. With these challenges in mind, several mucosal vaccines are currently being developed with the aim of inducing long-lasting protective immune responses at the mucosal sites where SARS-COV-2 infection begins. Past successes in mucosal vaccinations underscore the potential of these developmental stage SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to reduce disease burden, if not eliminate it altogether. Here, we discuss immune responses that are triggered at the mucosal sites and recent advances in our understanding of mucosal responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and current COVID-19 vaccines. We also highlight several mucosal SARS-COV-2 vaccine formulations that are currently being developed or tested for human use and discuss potential challenges to mucosal vaccination.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cost of Illness ; Mucous Membrane ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-10
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.013
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Conventional and non-conventional antigen presentation by mast cells.

    Tung, Chi-Ching / Rathore, Abhay P S / St John, Ashley L

    Discovery immunology

    2023  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) kyad016

    Abstract: Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional immune cells that express a diverse repertoire of surface receptors and pre-stored bioactive mediators. They are traditionally recognized for their involvement in allergic and inflammatory responses, yet there is a ... ...

    Abstract Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional immune cells that express a diverse repertoire of surface receptors and pre-stored bioactive mediators. They are traditionally recognized for their involvement in allergic and inflammatory responses, yet there is a growing body of literature highlighting their contributions to mounting adaptive immune responses. In particular, there is growing evidence that MCs can serve as antigen-presenting cells, owing to their often close proximity to T cells in both lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues. Recent studies have provided compelling support for this concept, by demonstrating the presence of antigen processing and presentation machinery in MCs and their ability to engage in classical and non-classical pathways of antigen presentation. However, there remain discrepancies and unresolved questions regarding the extent of the MC's capabilities with respect to antigen presentation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the antigen presentation by MCs and its influence on adaptive immunity.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2754-2483
    ISSN (online) 2754-2483
    DOI 10.1093/discim/kyad016
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  3. Article: Dengue: Update on Clinically Relevant Therapeutic Strategies and Vaccines.

    Palanichamy Kala, Monica / St John, Ashley L / Rathore, Abhay P S

    Current treatment options in infectious diseases

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 27–52

    Abstract: Dengue viruses (DENV) continue to circulate worldwide, resulting in a significant burden on human health. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of DENV, an infection of which could result in a potentially life-threatening disease. Current ... ...

    Abstract Dengue viruses (DENV) continue to circulate worldwide, resulting in a significant burden on human health. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of DENV, an infection of which could result in a potentially life-threatening disease. Current treatment options are limited and rely on supportive care. Although one dengue vaccine is approved for dengue-immune individuals and has modest efficacy, there is still a need for therapeutics and vaccines that can reduce dengue morbidities and lower the infection burden. There have been recent advances in the development of promising drugs for the treatment of dengue. These include direct antivirals that can reduce virus replication as well as host-targeted drugs for reducing inflammation and/or vascular pathologies. There are also new vaccine candidates that are being evaluated for their safety and efficacy in preventing dengue disease. This review highlights nuances in the current standard-of-care treatment of dengue. We also discuss emerging treatment options, therapeutic drugs, and vaccines that are currently being pursued at various stages of preclinical and clinical development.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2016877-9
    ISSN 1523-3820
    ISSN 1523-3820
    DOI 10.1007/s40506-023-00263-w
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  4. Article ; Online: Editorial: Viral Infection at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.

    Rathore, Abhay P S / Costa, Vivian Vasconcelos / St John, Ashley L

    Frontiers in immunology

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 828681

    MeSH term(s) Adaptive Immunity/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Congenital Abnormalities/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/immunology ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology ; Pregnancy ; Zika Virus/immunology ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828681
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Promises and challenges of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines

    Rathore, Abhay P.S. / St. John, Ashley L.

    Vaccine. 2023 Apr. 10,

    2023  

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, COVID-19 vaccines are given intramuscularly and they have been shown to evoke systemic ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, COVID-19 vaccines are given intramuscularly and they have been shown to evoke systemic immune responses that are highly efficacious towards preventing severe disease and death. However, vaccine-induced immunity wanes within a short time, and booster doses are currently recommended. Furthermore, current vaccine formulations do not adequately restrict virus infection at the mucosal sites, such as in the nasopharyngeal tract and, therefore, have limited capacity to block virus transmission. With these challenges in mind, several mucosal vaccines are currently being developed with the aim of inducing long-lasting protective immune responses at the mucosal sites where SARS-COV-2 infection begins. Past successes in mucosal vaccinations underscore the potential of these developmental stage SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to reduce disease burden, if not eliminate it altogether. Here, we discuss immune responses that are triggered at the mucosal sites and recent advances in our understanding of mucosal responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and current COVID-19 vaccines. We also highlight several mucosal SARS-COV-2 vaccine formulations that are currently being developed or tested for human use and discuss potential challenges to mucosal vaccination.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; burden of disease ; death ; disease severity ; humans ; immunity ; pandemic ; vaccination ; vaccines ; virus transmission ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-0410
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.013
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article ; Online: Editorial overview: At the interface: host-pathogen interactions that dictate protection and pathology.

    St John, Ashley L / Morrison, Thomas E

    Current opinion in immunology

    2020  Volume 66, Page(s) iii–v

    MeSH term(s) Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1035767-1
    ISSN 1879-0372 ; 0952-7915
    ISSN (online) 1879-0372
    ISSN 0952-7915
    DOI 10.1016/j.coi.2020.11.004
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  7. Article ; Online: New perspectives on the origins and heterogeneity of mast cells.

    St John, Ashley L / Rathore, Abhay P S / Ginhoux, Florent

    Nature reviews. Immunology

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–68

    Abstract: Mast cells are immune cells of the haematopoietic lineage that are now thought to have multifaceted functions during homeostasis and in various disease states. Furthermore, while mast cells have been known for a long time to contribute to allergic ... ...

    Abstract Mast cells are immune cells of the haematopoietic lineage that are now thought to have multifaceted functions during homeostasis and in various disease states. Furthermore, while mast cells have been known for a long time to contribute to allergic disease in adults, recent studies, mainly in mice, have highlighted their early origins during fetal development and potential for immune functions, including allergic responses, in early life. Our understanding of the imprinting of mast cells by particular tissues of residence and their potential for regulatory interactions with organ systems such as the peripheral immune, nervous and vascular systems is also rapidly evolving. Here, we discuss the origins of mast cells and their diverse and plastic phenotypes that are influenced by tissue residence. We explore how divergent phenotypes and functions might result from both their hard-wired 'nature' defined by their ontogeny and the 'nurture' they receive within specialized tissue microenvironments.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; Mast Cells ; Hypersensitivity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2062776-2
    ISSN 1474-1741 ; 1474-1733
    ISSN (online) 1474-1741
    ISSN 1474-1733
    DOI 10.1038/s41577-022-00731-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.MG 34: Show issues

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  8. Article ; Online: Japanese encephalitis virus and its mechanisms of neuroinvasion.

    Hsieh, Justin T / St John, Ashley L

    PLoS pathogens

    2020  Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e1008260

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/virology ; Central Nervous System Infections/pathology ; Central Nervous System Infections/virology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2205412-1
    ISSN 1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
    ISSN (online) 1553-7374
    ISSN 1553-7366
    DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008260
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  9. Article ; Online: Japanese encephalitis virus and its mechanisms of neuroinvasion.

    Justin T Hsieh / Ashley L St John

    PLoS Pathogens, Vol 16, Iss 4, p e

    2020  Volume 1008260

    Keywords Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Cross-Reactive Immunity Among Flaviviruses.

    Rathore, Abhay P S / St John, Ashley L

    Frontiers in immunology

    2020  Volume 11, Page(s) 334

    Abstract: Flaviviruses consist of significant human pathogens responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year. Their antigenic relationships generate immune responses that are cross-reactive to multiple flaviviruses and their widespread and ... ...

    Abstract Flaviviruses consist of significant human pathogens responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year. Their antigenic relationships generate immune responses that are cross-reactive to multiple flaviviruses and their widespread and overlapping geographical distributions, coupled with increases in vaccination coverage, increase the likelihood of exposure to multiple flaviviruses. Depending on the antigenic properties of the viruses to which a person is exposed, flavivirus cross-reactivity can be beneficial or could promote immune pathologies. In this review we describe our knowledge of the functional immune outcomes that arise from varied flaviviral immune statuses. The cross-reactive antibody and T cell immune responses that are protective versus pathological are also addressed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Cross Reactions ; Drug Design ; Epitopes/immunology ; Flavivirus/classification ; Flavivirus/immunology ; Flavivirus Infections/immunology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Insect Vectors/classification ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Likelihood Functions ; Mice ; Phylogeny ; T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/adverse effects ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral ; Antigens, Viral ; Epitopes ; Viral Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-26
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00334
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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