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  1. Article: Early evidence of the impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment.

    Couch, Kenneth A / Fairlie, Robert W / Xu, Huanan

    Journal of public economics

    2020  Volume 192, Page(s) 104287

    Abstract: This paper provides early evidence of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority unemployment in the United States. In the first month following March adoptions of social distancing measures by states, unemployment rose to 14.5% but a much higher ... ...

    Abstract This paper provides early evidence of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority unemployment in the United States. In the first month following March adoptions of social distancing measures by states, unemployment rose to 14.5% but a much higher 24.4% when we correct for potential data misclassification noted by the BLS. Using the official definition, unemployment in April 2020 among African-Americans rose by less than what would have been anticipated (to 16.6%) based on previous recessions, and the long-term ordering of unemployment across racial/ethnic groups was altered with Latinx unemployment (18.2%) rising for the first time to the highest among major groups. Difference-in-difference estimates confirm that the initial gap in unemployment between whites and blacks in April was not different than in periods prior to the pandemic; however, the racial gap expanded as unemployment for whites declined in the next two months but was largely stagnant for blacks. The initially large gap in unemployment between whites and Latinx in April was sustained in May and June as unemployment declined similarly for both groups. Non-linear decompositions show a favorable industry distribution partly protected black employment during the early stages of the pandemic, but that an unfavorable occupational distribution and lower average skills levels placed them at higher risk of job losses. An unfavorable occupational distribution and lower skills contributed to a sharply widened Latinx-white unemployment gap that moderated over time as rehiring occurred. These findings of disproportionate impacts on minority unemployment raise important concerns regarding lost earnings and wealth, and longer-term consequences of the pandemic on racial inequality in the United States.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-14
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1460611-2
    ISSN 1879-2316 ; 0047-2727
    ISSN (online) 1879-2316
    ISSN 0047-2727
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104287
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  2. Article ; Online: The Growing Socioeconomic Gap in Lifetime Social Security Retirement Benefits: Current and Future Retirees.

    Tamborini, Christopher R / Reznik, Gayle L / Iams, Howard M / Couch, Kenneth A

    The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

    2021  Volume 77, Issue 4, Page(s) 803–814

    Abstract: Objectives: Increasing socioeconomic disparities, including in life expectancy, have important implications for the U.S. Social Security program. This study examined inter- and intracohort trends in Social Security retirement benefits, paying special ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Increasing socioeconomic disparities, including in life expectancy, have important implications for the U.S. Social Security program. This study examined inter- and intracohort trends in Social Security retirement benefits, paying special attention to how lifetime benefit trajectories by socioeconomic circumstance shift across cohorts encompassing current and future retirees.
    Methods: Using a dynamic microsimulation model based on representative survey data linked to administrative records, we developed a set of cohort-specific projections that estimate monthly and lifetime Social Security retirement benefits for retirees spanning the early baby boom (1945-1954) to Generation X (1965-1974) cohorts.
    Results: We found a widening socioeconomic gap in projected monthly and lifetime benefits for men and women, especially on a lifetime basis. This divergence is associated with stagnation of benefit levels among lower socioeconomic status groups coupled with upward shifts among higher strata groups. Distributional changes are linked with increasing differential mortality, but other factors also likely play a role such as rising education premiums, growing earnings inequality, and changes in women's work and relationship histories.
    Discussion: Widening mortality differentials can lead to distributional changes in the U.S. Social Security program. Microsimulation methodology lends insights into how the socioeconomic gap in monthly and lifetime benefit distributions may change among future older Americans in the context of differential mortality and other demographic changes. Moving forward in time, these complex patterns could offset some of the progressivity built into the system.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Retirement ; Social Class ; Social Security ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1223664-0
    ISSN 1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
    ISSN (online) 1758-5368
    ISSN 1079-5014
    DOI 10.1093/geronb/gbab201
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  3. Article ; Online: Persistence of headache and its relation to other major sequelae following traumatic brain injury at 2-8 years after deployment-related traumatic brain injury in veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

    Couch, James R / Stewart, Kenneth E

    Headache

    2022  Volume 62, Issue 6, Page(s) 700–717

    Abstract: Objective: This study deals with headache in relation to other major sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan wars over 8 years after experiencing a deployment-related TBI (DTBI).: Background: TBI occurred in 14%- ... ...

    Abstract Objective: This study deals with headache in relation to other major sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan wars over 8 years after experiencing a deployment-related TBI (DTBI).
    Background: TBI occurred in 14%-23% of veterans deployed to the Iraq or Afghanistan campaigns. This study evaluates sequelae of TBI (STBI) over 1-8 years after a DTBI.
    Methods: This is a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of previously collected data, which was taken from review of medical records of the first 500 veterans with a DTBI seen in the TBI clinic of the Oklahoma City Veterans Health Center. This report deals with five of the most common STBIs and represents the presence and severity of, or absence of, the particular symptom at the time of a patient's initial visit to the clinic. All subjects were evaluated between June 1, 2008, and April 30, 2011. The STBI used here include: headache, dizziness, balance, coordination difficulties, and difficulty with decisions. In the TBI clinic, the burden of these symptoms was evaluated with a Likert Scale of none, mild, moderate, severe, or very severe. For this report, the scale was compressed into three categories: none, mild/moderate, and severe/very severe. Data were complete for age at TBI and mechanism of TBI in 500 subjects, for symptom severity in 497 subjects, for TBI severity in 491 subjects, and for presence of prior TBI in 496 subjects.
    Results: For the 497 subjects with complete symptom severity data, headache was seen in 476 (95.8%) and absent in 21 (4.2%). Regarding headache severity, 236 (47.5%) reported mild/moderate and 240 (48.3%) reported severe/very severe headache burden. For other sequelae, including severity of dizziness, balance, and coordination problems, these symptoms were absent in 85 (17.1%), 85 (17.1%), and 106 (21.3%) patients, respectively; of mild/moderate severity in 356 (71.6%), 355 (71.4%), and 321 (64.6%) patients; and of severe/very severe intensity in 56 (11.3%), 57 (11.5%), and 70 (14.1%) patients. Difficulty with decisions, which was used as an indication of cognitive difficulty, was noted in 429 (86.3%) of the subjects, of which 252 (50.7%) noted mild/moderate and 177 (35.6%) severe/very severe intensity. To evaluate changes over time, the subjects were divided into 2-year cohorts of 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 years since DTBI. Comparing symptom burden within these four 2-year cohorts, there was no statistically significant change in symptom burden analyzing by time interval from DTBI to TBI clinic evaluation. For analysis by severity of the DTBI in 491 subjects with complete data, categories were constructed based on alteration of consciousness (AOC) or duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) as follows: AOC (264/491 [53.8%]); LOC <1 min (95/491 [19.4%]); LOC, 1-30 min (115/491 [23.4%]); and LOC >30 min (17/491 [3.5%]). The proportion of subjects with severe/very severe symptom intensity increased as the severity of the DTBI increased (from p = 0.043 to p = 0.001). Additional evaluations included groupings by age at DTBI (20-29, 30-39, and ≥40 years), by presence or absence of a TBI prior to the DTBI, and by causation of the DTBI (blast or direct head trauma). No significant differences were observed with any of these comparisons.
    Conclusion: For veterans experiencing a DTBI, these TBI-related sequelae persist with little improvement over time up to 8 years. A trend toward symptoms becoming worse as DTBI severity increased was observed. Headache was the most frequent sequela of TBI, occurring in 96% of the patients with almost half of these reporting severe/very severe intensity of headache burden. The basis for the prolonged persistence of these STBI is not known.
    MeSH term(s) Afghan Campaign 2001- ; Afghanistan ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dizziness ; Headache/complications ; Headache/etiology ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Iraq War, 2003-2011 ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Veterans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410130-3
    ISSN 1526-4610 ; 0017-8748
    ISSN (online) 1526-4610
    ISSN 0017-8748
    DOI 10.1111/head.14303
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  4. Article ; Online: The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment

    Couch, Kenneth A. / Fairlie, Robert W. / Xu, Huanan

    SSRN Electronic Journal ; ISSN 1556-5068

    First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata

    2020  

    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.2139/ssrn.3604814
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Early evidence of the impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment

    Couch, Kenneth A. / Fairlie, Robert W. / Xu, Huanan

    Journal of Public Economics

    2020  Volume 192, Page(s) 104287

    Keywords Economics and Econometrics ; Finance ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1460611-2
    ISSN 1879-2316 ; 0047-2727
    ISSN (online) 1879-2316
    ISSN 0047-2727
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104287
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  6. Article: Early Evidence of the Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment

    Couch, Kenneth A / Fairlie, Robert W / Xu, Huanan

    J Public Econ

    Abstract: This paper provides early evidence of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority unemployment in the United States. In the first month following March adoptions of social distancing measures by states, unemployment rose to 14.5 percent but a much ... ...

    Abstract This paper provides early evidence of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority unemployment in the United States. In the first month following March adoptions of social distancing measures by states, unemployment rose to 14.5 percent but a much higher 24.4 percent when we correct for potential data misclassification noted by the BLS. Using the official definition, unemployment in April 2020 among African-Americans rose by less than what would have been anticipated (to 16.6 percent) based on previous recessions, and the long-term ordering of unemployment across racial/ethnic groups was altered with Latinx unemployment (18.2 percent) rising for the first time to the highest among major groups. Difference-in-difference estimates confirm that the initial gap in unemployment between whites and blacks in April was not different than in periods prior to the pandemic; however, the racial gap expanded as unemployment for whites declined in the next two months but was largely stagnant for blacks. The initially large gap in unemployment between whites and Latinx in April was sustained in May and June as unemployment declined similarly for both groups. Non-linear decompositions show a favorable industry distribution partly protected black employment during the early stages of the pandemic, but that an unfavorable occupational distribution and lower average skills levels placed them at higher risk of job losses. An unfavorable occupational distribution and lower skills contributed to a sharply widened Latinx-white unemployment gap that moderated over time as rehiring occurred. These findings of disproportionate impacts on minority unemployment raise important concerns regarding lost earnings and wealth, and longer-term consequences of the pandemic on racial inequality in the United States.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #756842
    Database COVID19

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  7. Book ; Article ; Online: The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment

    Couch, Kenneth A. / Fairlie, Robert W. / Xu, Huanan

    First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata

    2020  

    Abstract: COVID-19 abruptly impacted the labor market with the unemployment rate jumping to 14.7 percent less than two months after state governments began adopting social distancing measures. Unemployment of this magnitude has not been seen since the Great ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 abruptly impacted the labor market with the unemployment rate jumping to 14.7 percent less than two months after state governments began adopting social distancing measures. Unemployment of this magnitude has not been seen since the Great Depression. This paper provides the first study of how the pandemic impacted minority unemployment using CPS microdata through April 2020. African-Americans experienced an increase in unemployment to 16.6 percent, less than anticipated based on previous recessions. In contrast, Latinx, with an unemployment rate of 18.2 percent, were disproportionately hard hit by COVID-19. Adjusting for concerns of the BLS regarding misclassification of unemployment, we create an upper-bound measure of the national unemployment rate of 26.5 percent, which is higher than the peak observed in the Great Depression. The April 2020 upper-bound unemployment rates are an alarming 31.8 percent for blacks and 31.4 percent for Latinx. Difference-in-difference estimates suggest that blacks were, at most, only slightly disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Non-linear decomposition estimates indicate that a slightly favorable industry distribution partly protected them being hit harder by COVID-19. The most impacted group are Latinx. Difference-in-difference estimates unequivocally indicate that Latinx were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. An unfavorable occupational distribution and lower skills contributed to why Latinx experienced much higher unemployment rates than whites. These findings of early impacts of COVID-19 on unemployment raise important concerns about long-term economic effects for minorities.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; J60 ; J70 ; J15 ; unemployment ; inequality ; labor ; race ; minorities ; COVID-19 ; coronavirus ; shelter-in-place ; social distancing ; covid19
    Subject code 331
    Language English
    Publisher Munich: Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Book ; Article ; Online: The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment

    Couch, Kenneth A. / Fairlie, Robert W. / Xu, Huanan

    First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata

    2020  

    Abstract: COVID-19 abruptly impacted the labor market with the unemployment rate jumping to 14.7 percent less than two months after state governments began adopting social distancing measures. Unemployment of this magnitude has not been seen since the Great ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 abruptly impacted the labor market with the unemployment rate jumping to 14.7 percent less than two months after state governments began adopting social distancing measures. Unemployment of this magnitude has not been seen since the Great Depression. This paper provides the first study of how the pandemic impacted minority unemployment using CPS microdata through April 2020. African-Americans experienced an increase in unemployment to 16.6 percent, less than anticipated based on previous recessions. In contrast, Latinx, with an unemployment rate of 18.2 percent, were disproportionately hard hit by COVID-19. Adjusting for concerns of the BLS regarding misclassification of unemployment, we create an upper-bound measure of the national unemployment rate of 26.5 percent, which is higher than the peak observed in the Great Depression. The April 2020 upper-bound unemployment rates are an alarming 31.8 percent for blacks and 31.4 percent for Latinx. Difference-in-difference estimates suggest that blacks were, at most, only slightly disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Non-linear decomposition estimates indicate that a slightly favorable industry distribution partly protected them being hit harder by COVID-19. The most impacted group are Latinx. Difference-in-difference estimates unequivocally indicate that Latinx were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. An unfavorable occupational distribution and lower skills contributed to why Latinx experienced much higher unemployment rates than whites. These findings of early impacts of COVID-19 on unemployment raise important concerns about long-term economic effects for minorities.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; J6 ; J7 ; J15 ; unemployment ; inequality ; labor ; race ; minorities ; COVID-19 ; coronavirus ; shelter-in-place ; social distancing ; covid19
    Subject code 331
    Language English
    Publisher Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Policy Brief.

    Tamborini, Christopher R / Reznik, Gayle L / Couch, Kenneth A

    Journal of health and social behavior

    2016  Volume 57, Issue 1, Page(s) 97

    MeSH term(s) Disabled Persons ; Divorce ; Female ; Humans ; Policy ; Social Security
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Patient Education Handout
    ZDB-ID 218206-3
    ISSN 2150-6000 ; 0022-1465
    ISSN (online) 2150-6000
    ISSN 0022-1465
    DOI 10.1177/0022146515628015
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    Zs.B 140: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article ; Online: MEPicides: α,β-unsaturated Fosmidomycin

    Wang, Xu / Edwards, Rachel L / Ball, Haley S / Heidel, Kenneth M / Brothers, Robert C / Johnson, Claire / Haymond, Amanda / Girma, Misgina / Dailey, Allyson / Roma, Jose Santinni / Boshoff, Helena I / Osbourn, Damon M / Meyers, Marvin J / Couch, Robin D / Odom John, Audrey R / Dowd, Cynthia S

    ACS infectious diseases

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 7, Page(s) 1387–1395

    Abstract: Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by several parasites of ... ...

    Abstract Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by several parasites of the
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Fosfomycin/pharmacology ; Fosfomycin/chemistry ; Pentosephosphates/metabolism ; Antimalarials/pharmacology ; Antimalarials/chemistry
    Chemical Substances fosmidomycin (5829E3D9I9) ; xylulose-5-phosphate (60802-29-1) ; Fosfomycin (2N81MY12TE) ; Pentosephosphates ; Antimalarials
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2373-8227
    ISSN (online) 2373-8227
    DOI 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00132
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