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Article ; Online: Spotlight on avian coronaviruses.

de Wit, J J Sjaak / Cook, Jane K A

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2020 Volume 49, Issue 4, Page(s) 313–316

Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) mainly cause enteric and/or respiratory signs. Mammalian CoVs including COVID-19 (now officially named SARS-CoV-2) belong to either the Alphacoronavirus or Betacoronavirus genera. In birds, the majority of the known CoVs belong to ... ...

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) mainly cause enteric and/or respiratory signs. Mammalian CoVs including COVID-19 (now officially named SARS-CoV-2) belong to either the Alphacoronavirus or Betacoronavirus genera. In birds, the majority of the known CoVs belong to the Gammacoronavirus genus, whilst a small number are classified as Deltacoronaviruses. Gammacoronaviruses continue to be reported in an increasing number of avian species, generally by detection of viral RNA. Apart from infectious bronchitis virus in chickens, the only avian species in which CoV has been definitively associated with disease are the turkey, pheasant and guinea fowl. Whilst there is strong evidence for recombination between gammacoronaviruses of different avian species, and between betacoronaviruses in different mammals, evidence of recombination between coronaviruses of different genera is lacking. Furthermore, the recombination of an alpha or betacoronavirus with a gammacoronavirus is extremely unlikely. For recombination to happen, the two viruses would need to be present in the same cell of the same animal at the same time, a highly unlikely scenario as they cannot replicate in the same host!
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bird Diseases/virology ; Birds ; Chickens ; Coronavirus/classification ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Galliformes ; Gammacoronavirus/classification ; Humans ; Turkeys
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2020.1761010
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Genetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in vaccinated poultry populations over a period of 10 years.

Vermeulen, Cornelis J / Dijkman, Remco / de Wit, J J Sjaak / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Heesterbeek, J A P Hans / van Schaik, Gerdien

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2023 Volume 52, Issue 3, Page(s) 157–167

Abstract: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian pathogen from the Coronavirus family causing major health issues in poultry flocks worldwide. Because of its negative impact on health, performance, and bird welfare, commercial poultry are routinely ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian pathogen from the Coronavirus family causing major health issues in poultry flocks worldwide. Because of its negative impact on health, performance, and bird welfare, commercial poultry are routinely vaccinated by administering live attenuated virus. However, field strains are capable of rapid adaptation and may evade vaccine-induced immunity. We set out to describe dynamics within and between lineages and assess potential escape from vaccine-induced immunity. We investigated a large nucleotide sequence database of over 1700 partial sequences of the S1 spike protein gene collected from clinical samples of Dutch chickens submitted to the laboratory of Royal GD between 2011 and 2020. Relative frequencies of the two major lineages GI-13 (793B) and GI-19 (QX) did not change in the investigated period, but we found a succession of distinct GI-19 sublineages. Analysis of dN/dS ratio over all sequences demonstrated episodic diversifying selection acting on multiple sites, some of which overlap predicted N-glycosylation motifs. We assessed several measures that would indicate divergence from vaccine strains, both in the overall database and in the two major lineages. However, the frequency of vaccine-homologous lineages did not decrease, no increase in genetic variation with time was detected, and the sequences did not grow more divergent from vaccine sequences in the examined time window. Concluding, our results show sublineage turnover within the GI-19 lineage and we demonstrate episodic diversifying selection acting on the partial sequence, but we cannot confirm nor rule out escape from vaccine-induced immunity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Poultry ; Chickens ; Infectious bronchitis virus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Viral Vaccines ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2023.2177140
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Spotlight on avian pathology: infectious bronchitis virus.

de Wit, J J Sjaak / Cook, Jane K A

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2019 Volume 48, Issue 5, Page(s) 393–395

Abstract: Infectious bronchitis is a highly infectious disease of the domestic chicken of all ages and type, affecting the respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Secondary bacterial infections are common and have a serious economic and welfare impact. Many ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bronchitis is a highly infectious disease of the domestic chicken of all ages and type, affecting the respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Secondary bacterial infections are common and have a serious economic and welfare impact. Many genotypic and serotypic variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) exist worldwide, making diagnosis difficult, and challenging control strategies. Vaccination, requiring the use of both live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, is needed to control IBV infections; to date, attempts to develop vectored vaccines as effective as the traditional vaccines have been unsuccessful.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens/immunology ; Chickens/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Infectious bronchitis virus/immunology ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Research ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2019.1617400
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Effect of IBV D1466 on egg production and egg quality and the effect of heterologous priming to increase the efficacy of an inactivated IBV vaccine

(Sjaak) de Wit, J. J. / ter Veen, Christiaan / Koopman, H. C. (Rik)

Avian pathology. 2020 Mar. 3, v. 49, no. 2

2020

Abstract: To protect layers, breeders and grandparents against damage by infectious bronchitis virus infections during the laying period, vaccination using live priming followed by a boost with inactivated IB vaccine is commonly used. For many IB variants, ... ...

Abstract	To protect layers, breeders and grandparents against damage by infectious bronchitis virus infections during the laying period, vaccination using live priming followed by a boost with inactivated IB vaccine is commonly used. For many IB variants, homologous live vaccines are not available for priming. Very little is known about the efficacy of priming with heterologous live IB vaccines (or combination of live IB vaccines) to induce broad IB protection in long-living chickens. In this study, the protection levels induced by vaccination programmes with only heterologous live priming by a Massachusetts vaccine and a 4/91 vaccine, only a multivalent inactivated vaccine that contained D1466 antigen and a combination of both, against a D1466 challenge were compared. The infection with infectious bronchitis virus D1466, a genotype II, lineage 1 virus, was able to cause serious damage to the unvaccinated laying hens resulting in respiratory signs, a long-lasting drop in egg production and loss of egg quality. All three vaccination programmes induced significant levels of protection against challenge with a pathogenic D1466 strain. Overall, the vaccination programme using the broad heterologous live priming and the inactivated vaccine provided high protection against the combination of egg drop and loss of egg quality. The results showed that this combination of heterologous live vaccines was able to increase the efficacy of the inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccine despite the very low antigenic relationship of both live vaccines with the challenge strain.
Keywords	Infectious bronchitis virus ; antigens ; egg production ; egg quality ; eggs ; genotype ; inactivated vaccines ; vaccination ; viruses ; Massachusetts
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0303
Size	p. 185-192.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2019.1710462
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The inactivated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine used as booster in layer hens influences the breadth of protection against challenge with IBV variants.

de Wit, J J Sjaak / De Herdt, Peter / Cook, Jane K A / Andreopoulou, Marianna / Jorna, Irene / Koopman, H C Rik

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2022 Volume 51, Issue 3, Page(s) 244–256

Abstract: To achieve long term protection of laying and breeding hens against aberrant egg production caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a vaccination programme incorporating both live-attenuated and inactivated IBV vaccines is required. High quality IBV ...

Abstract	To achieve long term protection of laying and breeding hens against aberrant egg production caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a vaccination programme incorporating both live-attenuated and inactivated IBV vaccines is required. High quality IBV vaccines of both types are widely available, but the number of IBV variants of global importance continues to increase and it is not possible to develop vaccines against each one of them. Therefore, it is desirable to perform studies under controlled conditions to determine which IBV vaccine(s) provide the best protection for laying hens against different IBV challenges. Previous vaccination and challenge studies have shown that it is possible to obtain relevant data in a small number of laying hens housed under conditions of strict isolation. The present work extends this finding by investigating the efficacy, against challenge with five IBV strains of global importance, of an IBV vaccination programme including two live-attenuated IBV vaccines (Massachusetts and 793B types) and three different commercially available inactivated vaccines each containing antigen against at least one IBV strain. The results reported here confirm the importance of IBV vaccination for laying hens, show that efficient live priming makes a beneficial contribution to this protection and confirm that inactivated IBV vaccines contribute significantly to effective protection against at least the five IBV challenge strains used here. Furthermore, we provide data to support the "protectotype concept", long-established using different live-attenuated IBV vaccines in young chickens, is valid in broadening protection against IBV challenges in laying birds.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSIBV vaccination is essential as an aid in protecting laying hens against IBV infection.Live priming is a beneficial part of the IBV vaccination programme.IBV inactivated vaccine improves IBV protection.Heterologous IBV protection is confirmed in laying hens.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Female ; Infectious bronchitis virus ; Poultry Diseases ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2040731
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effect of IBV D1466 on egg production and egg quality and the effect of heterologous priming to increase the efficacy of an inactivated IBV vaccine.

Sjaak de Wit, J J / Ter Veen, Christiaan / Koopman, H C Rik

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2020 Volume 49, Issue 2, Page(s) 185–192

Abstract	To protect layers, breeders and grandparents against damage by infectious bronchitis virus infections during the laying period, vaccination using live priming followed by a boost with inactivated IB vaccine is commonly used. For many IB variants, homologous live vaccines are not available for priming. Very little is known about the efficacy of priming with heterologous live IB vaccines (or combination of live IB vaccines) to induce broad IB protection in long-living chickens. In this study, the protection levels induced by vaccination programmes with only heterologous live priming by a Massachusetts vaccine and a 4/91 vaccine, only a multivalent inactivated vaccine that contained D1466 antigen and a combination of both, against a D1466 challenge were compared. The infection with infectious bronchitis virus D1466, a genotype II, lineage 1 virus, was able to cause serious damage to the unvaccinated laying hens resulting in respiratory signs, a long-lasting drop in egg production and loss of egg quality. All three vaccination programmes induced significant levels of protection against challenge with a pathogenic D1466 strain. Overall, the vaccination programme using the broad heterologous live priming and the inactivated vaccine provided high protection against the combination of egg drop and loss of egg quality. The results showed that this combination of heterologous live vaccines was able to increase the efficacy of the inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccine despite the very low antigenic relationship of both live vaccines with the challenge strain.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Eggs/standards ; Female ; Infectious bronchitis virus/immunology ; Oviposition ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; Trachea ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial, Veterinary ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2019.1710462
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Spotlight on avian coronaviruses

de Wit, J J Sjaak / Cook, Jane K A

Avian Pathol

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) mainly cause enteric and/or respiratory signs. Mammalian CoVs including COVID-19 (now officially named SARS-CoV-2) belong to either the Alphacoronavirus or Betacoronavirus genera. In birds, the majority of the known CoVs belong to the Gammacoronavirus genus, whilst a small number are classified as Deltacoronaviruses. Gammacoronaviruses continue to be reported in an increasing number of avian species, generally by detection of viral RNA. Apart from infectious bronchitis virus in chickens, the only avian species in which CoV has been definitively associated with disease are the turkey, pheasant and guinea fowl. Whilst there is strong evidence for recombination between gammacoronaviruses of different avian species, and between betacoronaviruses in different mammals, evidence of recombination between coronaviruses of different genera is lacking. Furthermore, the recombination of an alpha or betacoronavirus with a gammacoronavirus is extremely unlikely. For recombination to happen, the two viruses would need to be present in the same cell of the same animal at the same time, a highly unlikely scenario as they cannot replicate in the same host!
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #186701
Database	COVID19

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Article: Spotlight on avian coronaviruses

de Wit, J. J. (Sjaak) / Cook, Jane K. A

Avian pathology. 2020 July 3, v. 49, no. 4

2020

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) mainly cause enteric and/or respiratory signs. Mammalian CoVs including COVID-19 (now officially named SARS-CoV-2) belong to either the Alphacoronavirus or Betacoronavirus genera. In birds, the majority of the known CoVs belong to the Gammacoronavirus genus, whilst a small number are classified as Deltacoronaviruses. Gammacoronaviruses continue to be reported in an increasing number of avian species, generally by detection of viral RNA. Apart from infectious bronchitis virus in chickens, the only avian species in which CoV has been definitively associated with disease are the turkey, pheasant and guinea fowl. Whilst there is strong evidence for recombination between gammacoronaviruses of different avian species, and between betacoronaviruses in different mammals, evidence of recombination between coronaviruses of different genera is lacking. Furthermore, the recombination of an alpha or betacoronavirus with a gammacoronavirus is extremely unlikely. For recombination to happen, the two viruses would need to be present in the same cell of the same animal at the same time, a highly unlikely scenario as they cannot replicate in the same host!
Keywords	Alphacoronavirus ; COVID-19 infection ; Infectious bronchitis virus ; RNA ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; guineafowl ; mammals ; pheasants
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0703
Size	p. 313-316.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2020.1761010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The inactivated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine used as booster in layer hens influences the breadth of protection against challenge with IBV variants

de Wit, J. J. (Sjaak) / De Herdt, Peter / Cook, Jane K. A. / Andreopoulou, Marianna / Jorna, Irene / Koopman, H. C. (Rik)

Avian pathology. 2022 May 04, v. 51, no. 3

2022

Abstract	To achieve long term protection of laying and breeding hens against aberrant egg production caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a vaccination programme incorporating both live-attenuated and inactivated IBV vaccines is required. High quality IBV vaccines of both types are widely available, but the number of IBV variants of global importance continues to increase and it is not possible to develop vaccines against each one of them. Therefore, it is desirable to perform studies under controlled conditions to determine which IBV vaccine(s) provide the best protection for laying hens against different IBV challenges. Previous vaccination and challenge studies have shown that it is possible to obtain relevant data in a small number of laying hens housed under conditions of strict isolation. The present work extends this finding by investigating the efficacy, against challenge with five IBV strains of global importance, of an IBV vaccination programme including two live-attenuated IBV vaccines (Massachusetts and 793B types) and three different commercially available inactivated vaccines each containing antigen against at least one IBV strain. The results reported here confirm the importance of IBV vaccination for laying hens, show that efficient live priming makes a beneficial contribution to this protection and confirm that inactivated IBV vaccines contribute significantly to effective protection against at least the five IBV challenge strains used here. Furthermore, we provide data to support the “protectotype concept”, long-established using different live-attenuated IBV vaccines in young chickens, is valid in broadening protection against IBV challenges in laying birds. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSIBV vaccination is essential as an aid in protecting laying hens against IBV infection. Live priming is a beneficial part of the IBV vaccination programme. IBV inactivated vaccine improves IBV protection. Heterologous IBV protection is confirmed in laying hens.
Keywords	Infectious bronchitis virus ; antigens ; egg production ; live vaccines ; vaccination ; Massachusetts
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0504
Size	p. 244-256.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2040731
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Induction of IBV strain-specific neutralizing antibodies and broad spectrum protection in layer pullets primed with IBV Massachusetts (Mass) and 793B vaccines prior to injection of inactivated vaccine containing Mass antigen.

de Wit, J J Sjaak / Malo, Aris / Cook, Jane K A

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2019 Volume 48, Issue 2, Page(s) 135–147

Abstract: In an initial study in specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens, a heterologous virus neutralizing (VN) antibody response to IBV variants Q1, Variant 2 (Var 2), D388/QX (D388), D274 and Arkansas (DPI) was observed using a vaccination programme ... ...

Abstract	In an initial study in specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens, a heterologous virus neutralizing (VN) antibody response to IBV variants Q1, Variant 2 (Var 2), D388/QX (D388), D274 and Arkansas (DPI) was observed using a vaccination programme incorporating two different live-attenuated IBV vaccines, followed by boosting with an inactivated vaccine containing IBV Massachusetts (Mass) antigen. Therefore, a more detailed study was undertaken in SPF layer-type chickens primed with IBV Mass and 793B vaccines. The efficacy of single or repeated vaccination with a multivalent inactivated vaccine containing IBV antigen was determined against challenge with five virulent IBVs: Mass (M41), 793B (4/91), D388, Q1 and Var 2. The parameters assessed were serological response, respiratory signs, egg production, post mortem abnormalities in the reproductive organs and abdomen, and incidence of IBV antigen in kidneys. Increased VN titres were recorded against the five IBV challenge strains, with a significantly higher level of protection against drops in egg production following challenge. The difference between one or two vaccinations with inactivated vaccine was not significant in terms of egg production. However, a significantly increased level of protection was seen in the lower percentage of hens with free yolk in the abdomen and/or peritonitis post challenge with IBV variants, D388, Q1 and Var 2 not included in the vaccination programme. A lower incidence of acute, degenerated ovaries was found in groups given one injection of inactivated vaccine following live priming, and this was significantly lower than in groups given only live priming.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Chickens ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Female ; Infectious bronchitis virus/immunology ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2018.1556778
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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