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Article ; Online: Living on the margins: Climate change impacts and adaptation by remote communities living in the Pacific Islands, the Himalaya and desert Australia

Race, Digby / Gentle, Popular / Mathew, Supriya

Climate Risk Management. 2023, v. 40 p.100503-

2023

Abstract: The latest IPCC assessment reports (2021, 2022 and 2023) confirm the devastating impacts of climate change are being felt with increasing frequency and intensity, with these impacts causing profound changes in the livelihoods of remote communities. ... ...

Abstract	The latest IPCC assessment reports (2021, 2022 and 2023) confirm the devastating impacts of climate change are being felt with increasing frequency and intensity, with these impacts causing profound changes in the livelihoods of remote communities. People who are heavily dependent on agriculture, fisheries and forestry are particularly impacted, with risks and vulnerabilities increasing. These communities are already adapting their livelihoods, yet they often face constrained access to critical information, social safety nets, knowledge and skills, and technology, for effective adaptation to climate change. More importantly, they are typically outside the mainstream decision making and socio-economic structures that provide vital support during times of crisis. This article synthesizes analysis of the climate change impacts on, and adaptation by, remote communities living in very different environments - the tropical islands of the South Pacific, the mountains of the Himalaya in Nepal, and the deserts of central Australia. The authors' analysis informs discussion about the limitations and strengths of local adaptation by remote communities and what strategies can support them build resilience.
Keywords	climate ; climate change ; forestry ; people ; risk management ; socioeconomics ; Australia ; Himalayan region ; Nepal ; Remote communities ; Climate change impacts ; Community adaptation ; Resilient communities
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2751138-8
ISSN	2212-0963
ISSN	2212-0963
DOI	10.1016/j.crm.2023.100503
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Contribution of Community-Managed Sal-Based Forest in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Sushila Rijal / Sutinee Sinutok / Kuaanan Techato / Popular Gentle / Uttam Khanal / Saroj Gyawali

Forests, Vol 13, Iss 262, p

A Case from Nepal

2022 Volume 262

Abstract: Forests are viable tools in combating the impacts of climate change, as they are capable of sequestering atmospheric carbon and storing it in different pools. This study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration potential of community-managed Shorea ... ...

Abstract	Forests are viable tools in combating the impacts of climate change, as they are capable of sequestering atmospheric carbon and storing it in different pools. This study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration potential of community-managed Shorea robusta (Sal) forest and assess the practices that have the potential to reduce adverse climate change impacts, thereby improving the livelihoods of forest-based communities. For this, we obtained forest inventory-derived carbon data from 11 sample plots of Shorea robusta (Sal) forest, analyzed them using allometric equations, and estimated the carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential of these forests, while focus group discussions and desk review of secondary information were employed to investigate the adaptation potential. The results show that the estimated biomass density of the selected forest is 352.46 ± 63.79 t/ha, whereas the carbon stock density is 165.66 ± 29.98 t/ha and the CO 2 equivalent is 598.07 ± 110.48 t/ha. The study further revealed that community forest management, as a successful model of participatory forest management and community forest user group (CFUG) as a resourceful local institution, has been playing an important role in the diversification of livelihoods and income opportunities, social cohesion and thus climate change adaptation through collective actions. The adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts have been prioritized in the operational plans of the CFUGs. Through the promotion and prioritization of alternative energy, agroforestry and enhanced livelihood options, the CFUGs are committed to the sustainable management of forest resources and to enhancing the livelihoods of local communities. This study indicates the relevance of community forests as a priority institution for the implementation of Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) and support National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) to combat climatic impacts, providing important information for planners and policy makers in Nepal and elsewhere.
Keywords	climate change adaptation and mitigation ; community forest ; carbon stock ; livelihoods ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Contribution of Community-Managed Sal-Based Forest in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: A Case from Nepal

Rijal, Sushila / Sinutok, Sutinee / Techato, Kuaanan / Gentle, Popular / Khanal, Uttam / Gyawali, Saroj

Forests. 2022 Feb. 07, v. 13, no. 2

2022

Abstract	Forests are viable tools in combating the impacts of climate change, as they are capable of sequestering atmospheric carbon and storing it in different pools. This study aimed to examine the carbon sequestration potential of community-managed Shorea robusta (Sal) forest and assess the practices that have the potential to reduce adverse climate change impacts, thereby improving the livelihoods of forest-based communities. For this, we obtained forest inventory-derived carbon data from 11 sample plots of Shorea robusta (Sal) forest, analyzed them using allometric equations, and estimated the carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential of these forests, while focus group discussions and desk review of secondary information were employed to investigate the adaptation potential. The results show that the estimated biomass density of the selected forest is 352.46 ± 63.79 t/ha, whereas the carbon stock density is 165.66 ± 29.98 t/ha and the CO₂ equivalent is 598.07 ± 110.48 t/ha. The study further revealed that community forest management, as a successful model of participatory forest management and community forest user group (CFUG) as a resourceful local institution, has been playing an important role in the diversification of livelihoods and income opportunities, social cohesion and thus climate change adaptation through collective actions. The adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts have been prioritized in the operational plans of the CFUGs. Through the promotion and prioritization of alternative energy, agroforestry and enhanced livelihood options, the CFUGs are committed to the sustainable management of forest resources and to enhancing the livelihoods of local communities. This study indicates the relevance of community forests as a priority institution for the implementation of Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) and support National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) to combat climatic impacts, providing important information for planners and policy makers in Nepal and elsewhere.
Keywords	Shorea robusta ; agroforestry ; allometry ; biomass ; carbon ; carbon dioxide ; carbon sequestration ; carbon sinks ; climate change ; community forestry ; focus groups ; forest management ; forests ; income ; issues and policy ; livelihood ; models ; prioritization ; renewable energy sources ; social cohesion ; stocking rate ; Nepal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0207
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f13020262
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A systematic review of Nepalese farmers’ climate change adaptation strategies

Rijal, Sushila / Gentle, Popular / Khanal, Uttam / Wilson, Clevo / Rimal, Bhagawat

Climate policy. 2022 Jan. 14, v. 22, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Given the increasing vulnerabilities and adverse effects of climate change, the development and implementation of adaptation strategies is essential. This is particularly so for Nepal where the agriculture sector – the mainstay of the country’s economy – ...

Abstract	Given the increasing vulnerabilities and adverse effects of climate change, the development and implementation of adaptation strategies is essential. This is particularly so for Nepal where the agriculture sector – the mainstay of the country’s economy – is highly vulnerable to climate change. As a country that loses much from climate change, local communities here have been adapting to climate change impacts using localized knowledge and practices. However, few studies have systematically reviewed the adaptation strategies of Nepalese farmers. We conduct such a review using the RepOrting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) guidelines. The relevant literature is retrieved using Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. The adaptation strategies of the Nepalese farmers are broadly categorized under seven themes and twenty-nine sub-themes: (a) access to financial resources and risk transfer; (b) diversification of livelihoods, income sources and agricultural practices; (c) spatial adaptation; (d) climate smart agriculture; (e) common pooling of resources and social action; (f) traditional and local knowledge; and (g) food and water storage and security. Diversification of livelihoods, income sources and agricultural practices are the most common adaptation strategies employed. All the strategies practiced are autonomous, have a short term orientation and reactive in nature rather than being sustainable and proactive. The outputs of this study explore the significance of the local adaptation strategies and to what extent they should be integrated into the mainstream of national and local level development plans. These findings of Nepal – are relevant to neighbouring countries such as Bhutan, Bangladesh and India. Key policy insights This study finds that locally practiced adaptation strategies have a short term and reactive focus rather than being sustainable and proactive solutions. Farmers are confronting weak institutions and financial and managerial difficulties in coping with climate change and adapting to its impacts; hence, local-level adaptation strategies alone cannot cope with the harsh impacts of climate change. The research findings indicate the urgency and need to integrate or mainstream local adaptation strategies into national and local level development planning to strengthen adaptation practice and make it sustainable.
Keywords	agricultural industry ; climate change ; climate-smart agriculture ; environmental policy ; income ; risk ; systematic review ; water storage ; Bangladesh ; Bhutan ; India ; Nepal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0114
Size	p. 132-146.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2051510-8
ISSN	1752-7457 ; 1469-3062
ISSN (online)	1752-7457
ISSN	1469-3062
DOI	10.1080/14693062.2021.1977600
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Transhumant Pastoralism in the Context of Socioeconomic and Climate Change in the Mountains of Nepal

Popular Gentle / Rik Thwaites

Mountain Research and Development, Vol 36, Iss 2, Pp 173-

2016 Volume 182

Abstract: This research explored how transhumant pastoralism has been sustained and promoted in the context of socioeconomic and climate change in the mountain regions of Nepal. Based on case study research conducted in Nepal’s western mountains, the status, ... ...

Abstract	This research explored how transhumant pastoralism has been sustained and promoted in the context of socioeconomic and climate change in the mountain regions of Nepal. Based on case study research conducted in Nepal’s western mountains, the status, opportunities, and constraints of transhumant pastoralism in the changing context were analyzed. We found that indigenous and traditional knowledge, feelings of cultural identity, collective ownership, income, and mutual benefits have acted as motivating factors in sustaining transhumant pastoralism for generations. The continuation of this practice is threatened by the following challenges: the impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems, socioeconomic changes, market influence on livelihood decisions, youth migration and labor shortage, low motivation of local people to engage in livestock rearing, and conflicts between herder and nonherder communities and institutions, as well as inadequate policy support and institutional arrangements. We conclude that unless there are positive policy and institutional arrangements to support transhumant pastoralism, the age-old practice will disappear.
Keywords	transhumant pastoralism ; in-depth interviews ; mountains ; climate change ; livelihoods ; Nepal ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	International Mountain Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Transhumant Pastoralism in the Context of Socioeconomic and Climate Change in the Mountains of Nepal

Gentle, Popular / Thwaites Rik

Mountain research and development. 2016 May, v. 36, no. 2

2016

Abstract	This research explored how transhumant pastoralism has been sustained and promoted in the context of socioeconomic and climate change in the mountain regions of Nepal. Based on case study research conducted in Nepalâs western mountains, the status, opportunities, and constraints of transhumant pastoralism in the changing context were analyzed. We found that indigenous and traditional knowledge, feelings of cultural identity, collective ownership, income, and mutual benefits have acted as motivating factors in sustaining transhumant pastoralism for generations. The continuation of this practice is threatened by the following challenges: the impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems, socioeconomic changes, market influence on livelihood decisions, youth migration and labor shortage, low motivation of local people to engage in livestock rearing, and conflicts between herder and nonherder communities and institutions, as well as inadequate policy support and institutional arrangements. We conclude that unless there are positive policy and institutional arrangements to support transhumant pastoralism, the age-old practice will disappear.
Keywords	case studies ; climate change ; ecosystems ; income ; indigenous knowledge ; issues and policy ; labor ; livelihood ; livestock ; markets ; motivation ; mountains ; ownership ; pastoralism ; rearing ; youth ; Nepal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-05
Size	p. 173-182.
Publishing place	The International Mountain Society
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	625728-8
ISSN	0276-4741
ISSN	0276-4741
DOI	10.1659%2FMRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00011.1
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effectiveness of community forest user groups (CFUGs) in responding to the 2015 earthquakes and COVID-19 in Nepal

Popular Gentle / Tek N. Maraseni / Dinesh Paudel / Ganga R. Dahal / Tara Kanel / Bharati Pathak

Research in Globalization, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 100025- (2020)

2020

Abstract: Natural disasters and pandemics are evolving as major global threats that are posing an enormous challenge to socio-economic and environmental wellbeing. Using a real time analysis of the impressive role played by Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) in ... ...

Abstract	Natural disasters and pandemics are evolving as major global threats that are posing an enormous challenge to socio-economic and environmental wellbeing. Using a real time analysis of the impressive role played by Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) in Nepal in responding to the 2015 earthquakes (Earthquake-15) and COVID-19, this paper explores the scopes, capacities, institutional strengths and attributes required for community-based institutions such as CFUGs to become effective in managing and responding natural or other disasters. Our findings suggest that being an autonomous and well-recognized community based institution with trusted social capital (trust, connectedness, norms and network) for collective action together with its scope and mandate to democratically manage and mobilize its physical, financial, natural and human assets, CFUGs have become the most effective institution to provide immediate support to disaster affected communities. While most of other agencies including non-governmental organizations spend a lot of time exploring avenues for immediate response to the disasters, CFUGs have immediate access and infrastructure to support millions of people in rural areas. We argue that this contribution needs to be recognized, and CFUGs can provide a valuable institutional framework for the preparedness, response and recovery from disasters and to build resilience in the future.
Keywords	Cities. Urban geography ; GF125 ; Urbanization. City and country ; HT361-384
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Internal Migration and Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Middle Mountains of Nepal

Bhawana KC / Tiejun Wang / Popular Gentle

Mountain Research and Development, Vol 37, Iss 4, Pp 446-

2017 Volume 455

Abstract: The movement of rural households from remote uplands to valley floors and to semiurban and urban areas (internal migration) is a common phenomenon in the middle mountain districts of Nepal. Understanding the causes and effects of internal migration is ... ...

Abstract	The movement of rural households from remote uplands to valley floors and to semiurban and urban areas (internal migration) is a common phenomenon in the middle mountain districts of Nepal. Understanding the causes and effects of internal migration is critical to the development and implementation of policies that promote land use planning and sustainable resource management. Using geospatial information technologies and social research methods, we investigated the causes and effects of internal migration on land use and land cover patterns in a western mountain district of Nepal between 1998 and 2013. The results show a decreasing number of households at high elevations (above 1400 m), where an increase in forest cover has been observed with a consequent decrease in agricultural land and shrub- or grassland. At lower elevations (below 1400 m), forest cover has remained constant over the last 25 years, and the agricultural land area has increased but has become geometrically complex to meet the diverse needs and living requirements of the growing population. Our findings indicate that internal migration plays an important role in shaping land use and land cover change in the middle mountains of Nepal and largely determines the resource management, utilization, and distribution patterns within a small geographic unit. Therefore, land use planning must take an integrated and interdisciplinary approach rather than considering social, environmental, and demographic information in isolation.
Keywords	internal migration ; land use and land cover change ; landscape fragmentation ; community-based natural resource management ; demographic dynamics ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910 ; 710
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	International Mountain Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Against the Tide

Binaya Pasakhala / Rucha Ghate / Karma Phuntsho / Popular Gentle / Janita Gurung / Ashok Shrestha / Kamala Gurung / Sunil Thapa

Mountain Research and Development, Vol 41, Iss 4, Pp R8-R

The Future of Transhumant Herders in the Kailash Sacred Landscape of Nepal

2021 Volume 15

Abstract: Transhumant pastoralism, with its cultural, ecological, and socioeconomic significance, is an important livelihood strategy for mountain communities. Despite its importance, transhumant pastoralism is declining in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. This ... ...

Abstract	Transhumant pastoralism, with its cultural, ecological, and socioeconomic significance, is an important livelihood strategy for mountain communities. Despite its importance, transhumant pastoralism is declining in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. This study examines the drivers of change experienced by transhumant herders in Bajhang, western Nepal, in order to understand future implications for transhumant pastoralism in the region. Here, animals are raised to transport goods to remote villages and to earn supplemental income through the sale of milk, meat, and livestock. The study found that herders are experiencing multiple drivers of changes—including socioeconomic, political, institutional, ecological, and climatic—which have both positive and negative implications for their livelihoods. Herders have responded to these changes by altering their transhumance routes and by reducing the variety and numbers of animals raised. The increasing market demand for meat from freely grazed animals and limited road access are current factors contributing to the perpetuation of transhumant herding in Bajhang. Meanwhile, the institutional mechanisms provisioned in the National Rangeland Policy are neither functional in the study area nor able to resolve issues of the herders. The study recommends developing an incentive-based mechanism involving herders and other stakeholders to address the challenges faced by herders.
Keywords	herder ; livelihood ; mountains ; nepal ; transhumant pastoralism ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	International Mountain Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Against the Tide: The Future of Transhumant Herders in the Kailash Sacred Landscape of Nepal

Pasakhala, Binaya / Ghate, Rucha / Phuntsho, Karma / Gentle, Popular / Gurung, Janita / Shrestha, Ashok / Gurung, Kamala / Thapa, Sunil

Mountain research and development. 2021 Sept. 14, v. 41, no. 4

2021

Abstract	Transhumant pastoralism, with its cultural, ecological, and socioeconomic significance, is an important livelihood strategy for mountain communities. Despite its importance, transhumant pastoralism is declining in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. This study examines the drivers of change experienced by transhumant herders in Bajhang, western Nepal, in order to understand future implications for transhumant pastoralism in the region. Here, animals are raised to transport goods to remote villages and to earn supplemental income through the sale of milk, meat, and livestock. The study found that herders are experiencing multiple drivers of changes—including socioeconomic, political, institutional, ecological, and climatic—which have both positive and negative implications for their livelihoods. Herders have responded to these changes by altering their transhumance routes and by reducing the variety and numbers of animals raised. The increasing market demand for meat from freely grazed animals and limited road access are current factors contributing to the perpetuation of transhumant herding in Bajhang. Meanwhile, the institutional mechanisms provisioned in the National Rangeland Policy are neither functional in the study area nor able to resolve issues of the herders. The study recommends developing an incentive-based mechanism involving herders and other stakeholders to address the challenges faced by herders.
Keywords	income ; issues and policy ; landscapes ; livelihood ; livestock ; meat ; milk ; politics ; rangelands ; research and development ; stakeholders ; supply balance ; transhumance ; Himalayan region ; Nepal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0914
Size	p. R8-R15.
Publishing place	International Mountain Society
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	625728-8
ISSN	0276-4741
ISSN	0276-4741
DOI	10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00073.1
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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