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  1. Article ; Online: Examining the role of funders in ensuring value and reducing waste in research: An organizational case-study of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.

    Whitlock, Evelyn P / Selby, Joe V / Dunham, Kelly M / Fernandez, Alicia / Forsythe, Laura P / Norquist, Grayson

    F1000Research

    2019  Volume 8, Page(s) 288

    Abstract: International experts have recommended actions that funders can take to improve the value of research investments. They state that self-assessment and public sharing are the basis for accountability and improvement. We examined our policies and practice ... ...

    Abstract International experts have recommended actions that funders can take to improve the value of research investments. They state that self-assessment and public sharing are the basis for accountability and improvement. We examined our policies and practice to determine the extent to which the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute's (PCORI) policies and practices as a research funder align with international best practice recommendations. A self-audit of current policies and practice against 17 recommendations and 35 sub-recommendations representing five major stages of research production, based on adapted methods used for self-assessment by another funder, was performed.  Fit of existing PCORI policies and practices with 35 sub-recommendations, qualitative assessment of adequacy (area of strength; area of partial strength; area of growth; not applicable) for 17 recommendations for five stages of research production was assessed. Of the 17 recommendations, 15 were applicable to PCORI's research mission and focus.  PCORI has policies and practices in place for all elements of six recommendations ("area of strength") and policies that address each element but with some still in active development for three ("area of partial strength"). PCORI is partially addressing six of the 15 relevant recommendations ("area of growth"). Areas for growth include making study protocols publicly available, improving policies on data sharing, and enhancing collaboration with other funders to reduce redundant funding. A voluntary consortium of international funders is underway to encourage further progress, including additional self-assessment and public sharing for accountability. These findings indicate PCORI has undertaken efforts to align its funding practices with international recommendations to ensure the value of public dollars invested in research.  Further efforts will likely require additional coordination and collaboration between funders and stakeholders.
    MeSH term(s) Academies and Institutes ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Patient Outcome Assessment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2699932-8
    ISSN 2046-1402 ; 2046-1402
    ISSN (online) 2046-1402
    ISSN 2046-1402
    DOI 10.12688/f1000research.18471.2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Global environmental changes more frequently offset than intensify detrimental effects of biological invasions.

    Lopez, Bianca E / Allen, Jenica M / Dukes, Jeffrey S / Lenoir, Jonathan / Vilà, Montserrat / Blumenthal, Dana M / Beaury, Evelyn M / Fusco, Emily J / Laginhas, Brittany B / Morelli, Toni Lyn / O'Neill, Mitchell W / Sorte, Cascade J B / Maceda-Veiga, Alberto / Whitlock, Raj / Bradley, Bethany A

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2022  Volume 119, Issue 22, Page(s) e2117389119

    Abstract: Human-induced abiotic global environmental changes (GECs) and the spread of nonnative invasive species are rapidly altering ecosystems. Understanding the relative and interactive effects of invasion and GECs is critical for informing ecosystem adaptation ...

    Abstract Human-induced abiotic global environmental changes (GECs) and the spread of nonnative invasive species are rapidly altering ecosystems. Understanding the relative and interactive effects of invasion and GECs is critical for informing ecosystem adaptation and management, but this information has not been synthesized. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate effects of invasions, GECs, and their combined influences on native ecosystems. We found 458 cases from 95 published studies that reported individual and combined effects of invasions and a GEC stressor, which was most commonly warming, drought, or nitrogen addition. We calculated standardized effect sizes (Hedges’ d) for individual and combined treatments and classified interactions as additive (sum of individual treatment effects), antagonistic (smaller than expected), or synergistic (outside the expected range). The ecological effects of GECs varied, with detrimental effects more likely with drought than the other GECs. Invasions were more strongly detrimental, on average, than GECs. Invasion and GEC interactions were mostly antagonistic, but synergistic interactions occurred in >25% of cases and mostly led to more detrimental outcomes for ecosystems. While interactive effects were most often smaller than expected from individual invasion and GEC effects, synergisms were not rare and occurred across ecological responses from the individual to the ecosystem scale. Overall, interactions between invasions and GECs were typically no worse than the effects of invasions alone, highlighting the importance of managing invasions locally as a crucial step toward reducing harm from multiple global changes.
    MeSH term(s) Anthropogenic Effects ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Temperature
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2117389119
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Are We There Yet? Another Milepost in the Journey to Identify Appropriate Candidates for Aspirin Primary Prevention.

    Whitlock, Evelyn P / Johnson, Eric S

    Annals of internal medicine

    2019  Volume 170, Issue 6, Page(s) 411–413

    MeSH term(s) Aspirin ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Primary Prevention
    Chemical Substances Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/M19-0416
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Screening for and treatment of suicide risk relevant to primary care--in response.

    O'Connor, Elizabeth A / Whitlock, Evelyn P / Gaynes, Bradley N

    Annals of internal medicine

    2013  Volume 159, Issue 4, Page(s) 307–308

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mass Screening ; Primary Health Care ; Suicide/prevention & control ; Suicide/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-08-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A Patient-Centered Approach to Research on Palliative Care for Patients With Advanced Illnesses and Their Caregivers.

    Arora, Neeraj K / Gayer, Christopher / DiGioia, Kimberly / Mason, Noah / Lawrence, William / Clauser, Steven B / Dunham, Kelly / Sindkar, Anushka / Whitlock, Evelyn

    Journal of pain and symptom management

    2017  Volume 54, Issue 4, Page(s) e1–e9

    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/methods ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Palliative Care ; Patient-Centered Care ; Terminally Ill
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-08-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 639142-4
    ISSN 1873-6513 ; 0885-3924
    ISSN (online) 1873-6513
    ISSN 0885-3924
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.06.012
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Behavioral counseling research and evidence-based practice recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force perspectives.

    Curry, Susan J / Grossman, David C / Whitlock, Evelyn P / Cantu, Adelita

    Annals of internal medicine

    2014  Volume 160, Issue 6, Page(s) 407–413

    Abstract: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes recommendations on which preventive services to routinely incorporate into primary care for specific populations. Behavioral counseling interventions are preventive services designed to help persons ... ...

    Abstract The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes recommendations on which preventive services to routinely incorporate into primary care for specific populations. Behavioral counseling interventions are preventive services designed to help persons engage in healthy behaviors and limit unhealthy ones. The USPSTF's evaluation of behavioral counseling interventions asks 2 primary questions: Do interventions in the clinical setting influence persons to change their behavior, and does changing health behavior improve health outcomes with minimal harms?This article discusses challenges encountered by the USPSTF in aggregating the behavioral counseling intervention literature to develop guidelines. The challenges relate broadly to study populations, intervention protocols, assessment of outcomes, and linking behavior changes to health outcomes. Recommendations to address these challenges include use of the PRECIS (Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary) tool as a guide for the development of feasible, replicable, and generalizable behavioral counseling interventions; improved reporting of study methods and results; consensus measures for key behavioral outcomes; and use of existing data sets to link behavior change and clinical outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Behavior Therapy ; Directive Counseling ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Preventive Health Services ; Primary Health Care ; Research Design ; Risk Factors ; Terminology as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-03-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/M13-2128
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

    Guirguis-Blake, Janelle M / Senger, Caitlyn A / Webber, Elizabeth M / Mularski, Richard A / Whitlock, Evelyn P

    JAMA

    2016  Volume 315, Issue 13, Page(s) 1378–1393

    Abstract: Importance: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States.: Objective: To systematically review literature on the accuracy of screening questionnaires and office-based screening pulmonary ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States.
    Objective: To systematically review literature on the accuracy of screening questionnaires and office-based screening pulmonary function testing and the efficacy and harms of treatment of screen-detected COPD.
    Data sources: MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant English-language studies published through January 2015.
    Study selection: Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and studies. The search yielded 13,141 unique citations; 465 full-text articles were reviewed, and 33 studies met the inclusion criteria.
    Data extraction and synthesis: Two reviewers rated the quality of each study using USPSTF criteria.
    Main outcomes and measures: Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], and negative predictive value [NPV]; treatment efficacy (COPD exacerbations, all-cause mortality, quality of life, and dyspnea); and treatment harms.
    Results: All screening questionnaires were based on symptoms as well as risk factors such as age and smoking history. The COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire was the most extensively studied (5 studies, n = 3048), with moderate overall performance for COPD detection: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 0.65 to 0.72; sensitivity, 80% to 93%; and specificity, 24% to 49%, at a threshold of greater than 16.5. Positive predictive value and NPV ranged from 17% to 45% and 76% to 98%, respectively. For pulmonary function-based screening tools, FEV1/FEV6 was the best studied (3 studies, n = 1587), with AUC ranging from 0.84 to 0.85. Sensitivity ranged from 51% to 80%. Specificity (range, 90%-95%) and PPV (range, 63%-75%) appeared better than questionnaires. There was not strong evidence to support that screening and supplying smokers with spirometry results improves smoking cessation rates. Treatment trials were unavailable for screen-detected patients. Trials that reported outcomes in patients with mild to moderate COPD included 2 trials of long-acting β-agonists (LABAs) (n = 3174), 1 RCT of LABAs and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (n = 1097), 5 RCTs of the long-acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium (n = 4592), and 6 RCTs of ICS (n = 3983). They suggested no benefit in all-cause mortality, but a decrease in annual rates of exacerbations with pharmacologic treatments. Few trials reported harms for any individual drug class. Adverse effects were generally mild (eg, dry mouth and cough).
    Conclusions and relevance: There was no direct evidence available to determine the benefits and harms of screening asymptomatic adults for COPD using questionnaires or office-based screening pulmonary function testing or to determine the benefits of treatment in screen-detected populations. Indirect evidence suggests that the COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire has moderate overall performance for COPD detection. Among patients with mild to moderate COPD, the benefit of pharmacotherapy for reducing exacerbations was modest.
    MeSH term(s) Administration, Inhalation ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use ; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use ; Advisory Committees ; Age Factors ; Area Under Curve ; Asymptomatic Diseases/therapy ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Muscarinic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy ; ROC Curve ; Recurrence ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Secondary Prevention ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking Cessation ; Spirometry ; Surveys and Questionnaires/standards ; Tiotropium Bromide/therapeutic use ; United States
    Chemical Substances Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; Tiotropium Bromide (XX112XZP0J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-04-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2016.2654
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Primary Care Interventions to Support Breastfeeding: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

    Patnode, Carrie D / Henninger, Michelle L / Senger, Caitlyn A / Perdue, Leslie A / Whitlock, Evelyn P

    JAMA

    2016  Volume 316, Issue 16, Page(s) 1694–1705

    Abstract: Importance: Although 80% of infants in the United States start breastfeeding, only 22% are exclusively breastfed up to around 6 months as recommended by a number of professional organizations.: Objective: To systematically review the evidence on the ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Although 80% of infants in the United States start breastfeeding, only 22% are exclusively breastfed up to around 6 months as recommended by a number of professional organizations.
    Objective: To systematically review the evidence on the benefits and harms of breastfeeding interventions to support the US Preventive Services Task Force in updating its 2008 recommendation.
    Data sources: MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsycINFO for studies published in the English language between January 1, 2008, and September 25, 2015. Studies included in the previous review were re-evaluated for inclusion. Surveillance for new evidence in targeted publications was conducted through January 26, 2016.
    Study selection: Review of randomized clinical trials and before-and-after studies with concurrent controls conducted in a developed country that evaluated a primary care-relevant breastfeeding intervention among mothers of full- or near-term infants. Of 211 full-text articles reviewed, 52 studies met inclusion criteria. Thirty-one studies were newly identified, and 21 studies were carried forward from the previous review.
    Data extraction and synthesis: Independent critical appraisal of all provisionally included studies. Data were independently abstracted by one reviewer and confirmed by another.
    Main outcomes and measures: Child and maternal health outcomes, rates and duration of breastfeeding, and harms related to interventions as prespecified before data collection.
    Results: Fifty-two studies (n = 66 757) in 57 publications were included. Six trials (n = 2219) reported inconsistent effects of the interventions on infant health outcomes; no studies reported maternal health outcomes. Pooled estimates based on random-effects meta-analyses using the DerSimonian and Laird method indicated beneficial associations between individual-level breastfeeding interventions and any breastfeeding for less than 3 months (risk ratio [RR], 1.07 [95% CI, 1.03-1.11]; 26 studies [n = 11 588]), at 3 to less than 6 months (RR, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.04-1.18]; 23 studies [n = 8942]), and for exclusive breastfeeding for less than 3 months (RR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.11-1.33]; 22 studies [n = 8246]), 3 to less than 6 months (RR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.05-1.38]; 18 studies [n = 7027]), and at 6 months (RR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.02-1.32]; 17 studies [n = 7690]). Absolute differences in the rates of any breastfeeding ranged from 14.1% in favor of the control group to 18.4% in favor of the intervention group. There was no significant association between interventions and breastfeeding initiation (RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.99-1.02]; 14 studies [n = 9428]). There was limited mixed evidence of an association between system-level interventions and rates of breastfeeding from well-controlled studies as well as for harms related to breastfeeding interventions, including maternal anxiety scores, decreased confidence, and concerns about confidentiality.
    Conclusions and relevance: The updated evidence confirms that breastfeeding support interventions are associated with an increase in the rates of any and exclusive breastfeeding. There are limited well-controlled studies examining the effectiveness of system-level policies and practices on rates of breastfeeding or child health and none for maternal health.
    MeSH term(s) Advisory Committees ; Breast Feeding/adverse effects ; Breast Feeding/psychology ; Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data ; Controlled Before-After Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Pregnancy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-10-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2016.8882
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Ultrasonography screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

    Guirguis-Blake, Janelle M / Beil, Tracy L / Senger, Caitlyn A / Whitlock, Evelyn P

    Annals of internal medicine

    2014  Volume 160, Issue 5, Page(s) 321–329

    Abstract: Background: Long-term follow-up of population-based randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) has demonstrated that screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) measuring 3 cm or greater decreases AAA-related mortality rates in men aged 65 years or older.! ...

    Abstract Background: Long-term follow-up of population-based randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) has demonstrated that screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) measuring 3 cm or greater decreases AAA-related mortality rates in men aged 65 years or older.
    Purpose: To systematically review evidence about the benefits and harms of ultrasonography screening for AAAs in asymptomatic primary care patients.
    Data sources: MEDLINE, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 2004 through January 2013), clinical trial registries, reference lists, experts, and a targeted bridge search for population-based screening RCTs through September 2013.
    Study selection: English-language, population-based, fair- to good-quality RCTs and large cohort studies for AAA screening benefits as well as RCTs and cohort and registry studies for harms in adults with AAA.
    Data extraction: Dual quality assessment and abstraction of study details and results.
    Data synthesis: Reviews of 4 RCTs involving 137,214 participants demonstrated that 1-time invitation for AAA screening in men aged 65 years or older reduced AAA rupture and AAA-related mortality rates for up to 10 and 15 years, respectively, but had no statistically significant effect on all-cause mortality rates up to 15 years. Screening was associated with more overall and elective surgeries but fewer emergency operations and lower 30-day operative mortality rates at up to 10- to 15-year follow-up. One RCT involving 9342 women showed that screening had no benefit on AAA-related or all-cause mortality rates.
    Limitations: Trials included mostly white men outside of the United States. Information for subgroups and about rescreening was limited.
    Conclusion: One-time invitation for AAA screening in men aged 65 years or older was associated with decreased AAA rupture and AAA-related mortality rates but had little or no effect on all-cause mortality rates.
    Primary funding source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/mortality ; Aortic Rupture/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening/methods ; Risk Assessment ; Ultrasonography ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/M13-1844
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

    Guirguis-Blake, Janelle M / Evans, Corinne V / Senger, Caitlyn A / O'Connor, Elizabeth A / Whitlock, Evelyn P

    Annals of internal medicine

    2016  Volume 164, Issue 12, Page(s) 804–813

    Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.: Purpose: To update a systematic review about the benefits of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in adults aged 40 years or older ... ...

    Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.
    Purpose: To update a systematic review about the benefits of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in adults aged 40 years or older and to evaluate effect modification in subpopulations.
    Data sources: MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 2008 to January 2015), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
    Study selection: Two investigators independently reviewed 3396 abstracts and 65 articles according to prespecified criteria. All included trials evaluated aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.
    Data extraction: Two investigators assessed study quality; data were abstracted by 1 reviewer and checked by a second.
    Data synthesis: Two good-quality and 9 fair-quality randomized, controlled trials were identified. In analyses of all doses, aspirin reduced the risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) (relative risk [RR], 0.78 [95% CI, 0.71 to 0.87]) but not nonfatal stroke; aspirin showed little or no benefit for all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. Benefits began within the first 5 years. Older adults achieved greater relative MI reduction, but no other effect modifications were found in analyzed subpopulations. In trials with aspirin doses of 100 mg or less per day, the reduction in nonfatal MI benefit persisted (absolute risk reduction, 0.15 to 1.43 events per 1000 person-years) and a 14% reduction in nonfatal stroke benefit was noted, but no benefit was found for all-cause mortality (RR, 0.95 [CI, 0.89 to 1.01]) or cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.97 [CI, 0.85 to 1.10]).
    Limitation: Evidence for aspirin in primary prevention is heterogeneous and limited by rare events and few credible subgroup analyses.
    Conclusion: The beneficial effect of aspirin for the primary prevention of CVD is modest and occurs at doses of 100 mg or less per day. Older adults seem to achieve a greater relative MI benefit.
    Primary funding source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aspirin/administration & dosage ; Aspirin/therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Cause of Death ; Fibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage ; Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors
    Chemical Substances Fibrinolytic Agents ; Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-06-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 336-0
    ISSN 1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
    ISSN (online) 1539-3704
    ISSN 0003-4819
    DOI 10.7326/M15-2113
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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