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  1. Article ; Online: Hookah smoking and COVID-19: call for action.

    Shekhar, Skand / Hannah-Shmouni, Fady

    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne

    2020  Volume 192, Issue 17, Page(s) E462

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smoking ; Water Pipe Smoking
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-08
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 215506-0
    ISSN 1488-2329 ; 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    ISSN (online) 1488-2329
    ISSN 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    DOI 10.1503/cmaj.75332
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  3. Article ; Online: The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction.

    Brown, Ethan D L / Obeng-Gyasi, Barnabas / Hall, Janet E / Shekhar, Skand

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 12

    Abstract: Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor ... ...

    Abstract Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Reproduction/physiology ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyroid Diseases ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications
    Chemical Substances Thyroid Hormones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms24129815
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  4. Article ; Online: The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction

    Ethan D. L. Brown / Barnabas Obeng-Gyasi / Janet E. Hall / Skand Shekhar

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 24, Iss 9815, p

    2023  Volume 9815

    Abstract: Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor ... ...

    Abstract Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.
    Keywords thyroid ; female reproduction ; PCOS ; pregnancy ; hypothyroidism ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Doege-Potter syndrome presenting as 'end-stage renal disease-associated hypoglycaemia': a primary presentation of retroperitoneal sarcoma.

    Shekhar, Skand / Chen, Julie / Desai, Kaniksha

    BMJ case reports

    2020  Volume 13, Issue 8

    Abstract: A middle-aged woman with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to obstructive nephropathy presented to the hospital for an episode of unresponsiveness and hypoglycaemia. Initially, she was diagnosed with hypoglycaemia associated with ESRD and was discharged. ...

    Abstract A middle-aged woman with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to obstructive nephropathy presented to the hospital for an episode of unresponsiveness and hypoglycaemia. Initially, she was diagnosed with hypoglycaemia associated with ESRD and was discharged. However, she returned to the hospital after experiencing tonic-clonic seizures and recurrent hypoglycaemia. Her hypoglycaemia workup revealed an elevated insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) to IGF1 ratio consistent with paraneoplastic IGF2 secretion. Subsequently, a CT abdomen revealed a retroperitoneal mass, found to be a retroperitoneal sarcoma. Her hypoglycaemia was treated with glucocorticoids and growth hormone. Surgical debulking of her tumour was attempted, but she expired due to postoperative haemorrhagic shock. Doege-Potter syndrome is a rare cause of hypoglycaemia which should be suspected in any new-onset, worsening, inexplicable or refractory hypoglycaemia, particularly in non-diabetic ESRD. Here we present a report of retroperitoneal sarcoma presenting with hypoglycaemia in a patient with ESRD without diabetes.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/etiology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Paraneoplastic Syndromes/complications ; Paraneoplastic Syndromes/diagnosis ; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/complications ; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Sarcoma/complications ; Sarcoma/diagnosis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1757-790X
    ISSN (online) 1757-790X
    DOI 10.1136/bcr-2020-235549
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  6. Article ; Online: The Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis and Sleep.

    Shekhar, Skand / Hall, Janet E / Klubo-Gwiezdzinska, Joanna

    Current opinion in endocrine and metabolic research

    2020  Volume 17, Page(s) 8–14

    Abstract: Sleep has a bidirectional relationship with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and both these homeostatic processes are inter-dependent for robust physiological functioning. The quality and quantity of sleep influence the circadian pattern of ...

    Abstract Sleep has a bidirectional relationship with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and both these homeostatic processes are inter-dependent for robust physiological functioning. The quality and quantity of sleep influence the circadian pattern of TSH and thyroid hormone secretion. Short term sleep restriction significantly reduces the amplitude of nocturnal TSH secretion and may modulate active thyroid hormone secretion, likely through an increased sympathetic tone. Conversely, TSH and active thyroid hormone affect the quantity and architecture of sleep. For instance, low TSH values are permissive for slow wave sleep and maintenance of normal sleep architecture, while the hypo- or hyper-secretion of active thyroid hormones adversely affects the quality and quantity of sleep. Structural thyroid disorders may also be associated with an altered circadian clock - a phenomenon warranting further investigation. In this review, we aim to provide readers a comprehensive review on the associations between the HPT axis and sleep patterns.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2451-9650
    ISSN (online) 2451-9650
    DOI 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.10.002
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  7. Article ; Online: A Novel Antigonadotropic Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Leydig Cell-Derived Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells-1 Line

    Bodhana Dhole / Surabhi Gupta / Skand Shekhar / Anand Kumar

    Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), Vol 56, Iss 01, Pp 30-

    2020  Volume 37

    Abstract: Subclinical hypothyroid men characterized by a rise in only thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and normal thyroid hormone levels showed a fall in their serum progesterone and testosterone levels. This suggested a role of TSH in regulating Leydig ... ...

    Abstract Subclinical hypothyroid men characterized by a rise in only thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and normal thyroid hormone levels showed a fall in their serum progesterone and testosterone levels. This suggested a role of TSH in regulating Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the direct role of TSH on steroid production and secretion using a mouse Leydig tumor cell line-1 (MLTC-1). MLTC-1 cells were treated with different doses of TSH isolated from porcine pituitary as well as recombinant TSH. Steroid secretion was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzymes were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas the corresponding protein levels were determined by western blot. In MLTC-1 cells, pituitary TSH as well as recombinant TSH inhibited progesterone and testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory action of TSH on steroid secretion was unique and not mimicked by other anterior pituitary hormones including follicle stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Recombinant TSH showed no effect on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and CYP11A1, the enzymes catalyzing the nonsteroidogenic and steroidogenic rate-limiting steps of steroid synthesis, respectively. Recombinant TSH was shown to inhibit steroidogenesis in MLTC-1 cells by inhibiting the 3-β hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. This inhibitory effect of TSH is probably direct as both mRNA and protein of the TSH receptor were shown to be present in the MLTC-1 cells.
    Keywords leydig cells ; steroidogenesisthyroid stimulating hormone receptor ; thyroid stimulating hormone ; General works ; R5-130.5 ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: A Novel Antigonadotropic Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Leydig Cell-Derived Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells-1 Line.

    Dhole, Bodhana / Gupta, Surabhi / Shekhar, Skand / Kumar, Anand

    Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)

    2020  Volume 56, Issue 1, Page(s) 30–37

    Abstract: Subclinical hypothyroid men characterized by a rise in only thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and normal thyroid hormone levels showed a fall in their serum progesterone and testosterone levels. This suggested a role of TSH in regulating Leydig ... ...

    Abstract Subclinical hypothyroid men characterized by a rise in only thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and normal thyroid hormone levels showed a fall in their serum progesterone and testosterone levels. This suggested a role of TSH in regulating Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the direct role of TSH on steroid production and secretion using a mouse Leydig tumour cell line, MLTC-1. MLTC-1 cells were treated with different doses of TSH isolated from porcine pituitary as well as recombinant TSH. Steroid secretion was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzymes were quantitated by real time PCR whereas the corresponding protein levels were determined by Western blot. In MLTC-1 cells, pituitary TSH as well as recombinant TSH inhibited progesterone and testosterone secretion in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory action of TSH on steroid secretion was unique and not mimicked by other anterior pituitary hormones including FSH and ACTH. Recombinant TSH showed no effect on StAR and CYP11A1, the enzymes catalysing the non-steroidogenic and steroidogenic rate-limiting steps of steroid synthesis respectively. Recombinant TSH was shown to inhibit steroidogenesis in MLTC-1 cells by inhibiting the 3β hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. This inhibitory effect of TSH is probably direct as both mRNA and protein of the TSH receptor were shown to be present in the MLTC-1 cells.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-12
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632986-x
    ISSN 0379-038X
    ISSN 0379-038X
    DOI 10.1055/s-0040-1709091
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  9. Article ; Online: On the Palms of His Hands: ACTH-Induced Hyperpigmentation.

    Shekhar, Skand / Dharmshaktu, Pramila

    The American journal of medicine

    2017  Volume 131, Issue 2, Page(s) 144–145

    MeSH term(s) ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/complications ; ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/surgery ; Adrenalectomy ; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use ; Hand Dermatoses/etiology ; Hand Dermatoses/pathology ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation/etiology ; Hyperpigmentation/pathology ; Hypertension/complications ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Hypokalemia/drug therapy ; Hypokalemia/etiology ; Male ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/complications ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/metabolism ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/surgery ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/complications ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/metabolism ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/surgery ; Potassium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Prognosis
    Chemical Substances Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Potassium Chloride (660YQ98I10)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80015-6
    ISSN 1555-7162 ; 1873-2178 ; 0002-9343 ; 1548-2766
    ISSN (online) 1555-7162 ; 1873-2178
    ISSN 0002-9343 ; 1548-2766
    DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.10.037
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    Ua VI Zs.289: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article: Insights into the Immunopathophysiology of Severe COVID-19 in Metabolic Disorders.

    Shekhar, Skand / Copacino, Caroline E / Barrera, Francisco J / Hall, Janet E / Hannah-Shmouni, Fady

    Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)

    2020  Volume 56, Issue 2, Page(s) 112–115

    Abstract: COVID-19 has affected millions of people across the world but disproportionately and severely affects persons with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In this brief review, we discuss the pathways of immune ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 has affected millions of people across the world but disproportionately and severely affects persons with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In this brief review, we discuss the pathways of immune dysregulation that may lead to severe COVID-19 in persons with metabolic conditions.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-15
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632986-x
    ISSN 0379-038X
    ISSN 0379-038X
    DOI 10.1055/s-0040-1713346
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