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  1. Article ; Online: Prenatal Evaluations: A Prologue to Postnatal Pathology Interpretations.

    Elmore, Susan A

    Toxicologic pathology

    2021  Volume 49, Issue 8, Page(s) 1425–1436

    Abstract: Animal models are commonly used to investigate the developmental basis of human birth defects. Such models may be used for safety assessment studies designed to reveal xenobiotic-related alterations in juvenile animals, or to investigate gene function or ...

    Abstract Animal models are commonly used to investigate the developmental basis of human birth defects. Such models may be used for safety assessment studies designed to reveal xenobiotic-related alterations in juvenile animals, or to investigate gene function or generate models of human disease, as with transgenics. Therefore, the evaluation of rodent embryos and placentas can be used to provide insight into various postnatal abnormalities such as structural or cellular abnormalities and early death. Depending on the defect, pups may be born dead, survive for only a short period of time, survive but with poor growth, or survive and be clinically normal. Mice are generally used to generate genetic alterations that can help in identifying genes involved in embryogenesis. Rats are more commonly used for toxicology studies. This article aims to share information on the importance of, and strategies for, mouse embryo, placenta, and metrial gland evaluations. Information on early postnatal development is also provided as well as select examples of developmental information on organ systems needed for postnatal evaluations. A list of additional studies that can aid in the evaluation of prenatal and postnatal phenotypes is also provided.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Metrial Gland ; Mice ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Rats
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 841009-4
    ISSN 1533-1601 ; 0192-6233
    ISSN (online) 1533-1601
    ISSN 0192-6233
    DOI 10.1177/01926233211046540
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Preprints: What Role Do These Have in Communicating Scientific Results?

    Elmore, Susan A

    Toxicologic pathology

    2018  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 364–365

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Preprints as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 841009-4
    ISSN 1533-1601 ; 0192-6233
    ISSN (online) 1533-1601
    ISSN 0192-6233
    DOI 10.1177/0192623318767322
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The Altmetric Attention Score: What Does It Mean and Why Should I Care?

    Elmore, Susan A

    Toxicologic pathology

    2018  Volume 46, Issue 3, Page(s) 252–255

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Journal Impact Factor ; Periodicals as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 841009-4
    ISSN 1533-1601 ; 0192-6233
    ISSN (online) 1533-1601
    ISSN 0192-6233
    DOI 10.1177/0192623318758294
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  4. Article ; Online: Enhanced Histopathology Evaluation of Lymphoid Organs.

    Elmore, Susan A

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2018  Volume 1803, Page(s) 147–168

    Abstract: Enhanced histopathology is a tool that the pathologist can use as a screening test to identify immunomodulatory compounds. This assessment is based on the assumption that chemically induced alterations may result in qualitative or quantitative changes in ...

    Abstract Enhanced histopathology is a tool that the pathologist can use as a screening test to identify immunomodulatory compounds. This assessment is based on the assumption that chemically induced alterations may result in qualitative or quantitative changes in the histology of the lymphoid organs. It involves the histological evaluation of various lymphoid organs and their respective tissue compartments to identify specific cellular and architectural changes. Although this methodology cannot directly measure immune function, it does have the potential to determine whether or not a specific chemical causes suppression or enhancement of the immune system. As with all screening tests, evaluation of and comparison with control tissues are crucial in order to establish the range of normal tissue changes for a particular group of animals. Laboratory animals include species other than rat and mouse; therefore, recognition of species differences in the structure and function of the immune system should be noted as well as identification of which differences are biologically relevant for the endpoint being considered. Consideration should also be given to the nutritional status, antigen load, age, spontaneous lesions, steroid hormone status, and stress for each strain and group of animals. General guidelines for the examination of each of the lymphoid organs are provided in this chapter.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bone Marrow/pathology ; Histological Techniques/methods ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes/pathology ; Lymphoid Tissue/pathology ; Spleen/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_10
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in a lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay of sucralose.

    Elmore, Susan A / Rehg, Jerold E / Schoeb, Trenton R / Everitt, Jeffrey I / Bolon, Brad

    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

    2024  Volume 188, Page(s) 114524

    Abstract: Sucralose, a sugar substitute first approved for use in 1991, is a non-caloric sweetener regulated globally as a food additive. Based on numerous experimental animal studies (dating to the 1980s) and human epidemiology studies, international health ... ...

    Abstract Sucralose, a sugar substitute first approved for use in 1991, is a non-caloric sweetener regulated globally as a food additive. Based on numerous experimental animal studies (dating to the 1980s) and human epidemiology studies, international health agencies have determined that sucralose is safe when consumed as intended. A single lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay conducted by the Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported that mice fed diets containing sucralose develop hematopoietic neoplasia, but controversy continues regarding the validity and relevance of these data for predicting health effects in humans. The present paper addresses the controversy by providing the perspective of experienced pathologists on sucralose-related animal toxicity and carcinogenicity data generally, and the RI carcinogenicity bioassay findings specifically, using results from publicly available papers and international regulatory authority decisions. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology, data evaluation, and reporting of the RI carcinogenicity bioassay for sucralose diminish the value of the data as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard to humans. This limitation will remain until the RI bioassay is repeated under Good Laboratory Practices and the design, data, and accuracy of the pathology diagnoses and interpretations are reviewed by qualified pathologists with experience in evaluating potential chemically-induced carcinogenic hazards.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 782617-5
    ISSN 1873-6351 ; 0278-6915
    ISSN (online) 1873-6351
    ISSN 0278-6915
    DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114524
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Update on the Manuscript Peer Review Process.

    Elmore, Susan A

    Toxicologic pathology

    2017  Volume 45, Issue 8, Page(s) 1028–1031

    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/standards ; Editorial Policies ; Pathology ; Peer Review, Research/standards ; Periodicals as Topic/standards ; Quality Control ; Societies, Scientific ; Toxicology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 841009-4
    ISSN 1533-1601 ; 0192-6233
    ISSN (online) 1533-1601
    ISSN 0192-6233
    DOI 10.1177/0192623317742616
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  7. Article ; Online: Is statistical re-evaluation of hemolymphoreticular neoplasms from aspartame studies valid?

    Elmore, Susan A / Rehg, Jerold E / Schoeb, Trenton R / Everitt, Jeffrey I / Bolon, Brad

    Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

    2023  Volume 195, Issue 2, Page(s) 143–144

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1420885-4
    ISSN 1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
    ISSN (online) 1096-0929
    ISSN 1096-6080
    DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfad070
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  8. Article ; Online: Predatory Journals: What They Are and How to Avoid Them.

    Elmore, Susan A / Weston, Eleanor H

    Toxicologic pathology

    2020  Volume 48, Issue 4, Page(s) 607–610

    Abstract: Predatory journals-also called fraudulent, deceptive, or pseudo-journals-are publications that claim to be legitimate scholarly journals but misrepresent their publishing practices. Some common forms of predatory publishing practices include falsely ... ...

    Abstract Predatory journals-also called fraudulent, deceptive, or pseudo-journals-are publications that claim to be legitimate scholarly journals but misrepresent their publishing practices. Some common forms of predatory publishing practices include falsely claiming to provide peer review, hiding information about article processing charges, misrepresenting members of the journal's editorial board, and other violations of copyright or scholarly ethics. Because of their increasing prevalence, this article aims to provide helpful information for authors on how to identify and avoid predatory journals.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Peer Review, Research ; Periodicals as Topic ; Publishing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 841009-4
    ISSN 1533-1601 ; 0192-6233
    ISSN (online) 1533-1601
    ISSN 0192-6233
    DOI 10.1177/0192623320920209
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  9. Article ; Online: Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in lifetime and prenatal rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame

    Elmore, Susan A. / Rehg, Jerold E. / Schoeb, Trenton R. / Everitt, Jeffrey I. / Bolon, Brad

    Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2023 Jan., v. 171 p.113504-

    2023  

    Abstract: Aspartame, an artificial sweetener commonly used as a sugar substitute, is currently authorized for use in more than 100 countries. Hundreds of studies, conducted in various countries dating back to the 1970s, have shown that aspartame is safe at real- ... ...

    Abstract Aspartame, an artificial sweetener commonly used as a sugar substitute, is currently authorized for use in more than 100 countries. Hundreds of studies, conducted in various countries dating back to the 1970s, have shown that aspartame is safe at real-world exposure levels. Furthermore, multiple human epidemiology studies have provided no indication that consumption of aspartame induces cancer. Given the continued controversy surrounding the Ramazzini Institute's (RI) studies suggesting that aspartame is a carcinogenic hazard in rodents and evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this report aims to provide the perspective of experienced pathologists on publicly available pathology data regarding purported proliferative lesions in liver, lung, lymphoid organs, and mammary gland as well as their implications for human risk assessment as reported for three lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame conducted at the RI. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology and reporting of the RI aspartame studies limit the utility of the data sets as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard. Therefore, all three RI studies, and particularly the accuracy of their pathology diagnoses and interpretations, should be rigorously reviewed by qualified and experienced veterinary toxicologic pathologists in assessing aspartame's carcinogenic risk.
    Keywords aspartame ; carcinogenicity ; epidemiology ; experimental design ; humans ; liver ; lungs ; mammary glands ; risk ; risk assessment ; rodents ; sugars ; toxicology ; Carcinogenicity risk assessment ; Hazard identification ; Hematolymphoid tumors ; Mycoplasma pulmonis ; Ramazzini Institute
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-01
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 782617-5
    ISSN 1873-6351 ; 0278-6915
    ISSN (online) 1873-6351
    ISSN 0278-6915
    DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113504
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  10. Article ; Online: Editorial.

    Elmore, Susan A

    Seminars in cell & developmental biology

    2015  Volume 39, Page(s) 1–2

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Inflammation/pathology ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Signal Transduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1312473-0
    ISSN 1096-3634 ; 1084-9521
    ISSN (online) 1096-3634
    ISSN 1084-9521
    DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.001
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