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Article ; Online: Examining the relationship between metacognitive trust in thinking styles and supernatural beliefs.

van Mulukom, Valerie / Baimel, Adam / Maraldi, Everton / Farias, Miguel

2023 Volume 65, Issue 2, Page(s) 206–222

Abstract: Conflicting findings have emerged from research on the relationship between thinking styles and supernatural beliefs. In two studies, we examined this relationship through meta-cognitive trust and developed a new: (1) experimental manipulation, a short ... ...

Abstract	Conflicting findings have emerged from research on the relationship between thinking styles and supernatural beliefs. In two studies, we examined this relationship through meta-cognitive trust and developed a new: (1) experimental manipulation, a short scientific article describing the benefits of thinking styles: (2) trust in thinking styles measure, the Ambiguous Decisions task; and (3) supernatural belief measure, the Belief in Psychic Ability scale. In Study 1 (N = 415) we found differences in metacognitive trust in thinking styles between the analytical and intuitive condition, and overall greater trust in analytical thinking. We also found stronger correlations between thinking style measures (in particular intuitive thinking) and psychic ability and paranormal beliefs than with religious beliefs, but a mixed-effect linear regression showed little to no variation in how measures of thinking style related to types of supernatural beliefs. In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 with participants from the United States, Canada, and Brazil (N = 802), and found similar results, with the Brazilian participants showing a reduced emphasis on analytical thinking. We conclude that our new design, task, and scale may be particularly useful for dual-processing research on supernatural belief.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Thinking ; Trust ; Parapsychology ; Intuition ; Metacognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219197-0
ISSN	1467-9450 ; 0036-5564
ISSN (online)	1467-9450
ISSN	0036-5564
DOI	10.1111/sjop.12961
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Article ; Online: Towards a psychology of religion and the environment.

Preston, Jesse L / Baimel, Adam

Current opinion in psychology

2020 Volume 40, Page(s) 145–149

Abstract: What is the relationship between religion and care for the natural world? Although this question has motivated research for decades, the evidence is inconsistent. Here, we highlight the psychological mechanisms by which specific features of religious ... ...

Abstract	What is the relationship between religion and care for the natural world? Although this question has motivated research for decades, the evidence is inconsistent. Here, we highlight the psychological mechanisms by which specific features of religious systems may differentially impact environmental beliefs and commitments-positively and negatively-to help generate more targeted questions for future research. Religious traditions that emphasize human dominance over the natural world, promote just-world and end-world beliefs, and are tied to more fundamentalist/conservative attitudes can diminish levels of environmental concern in its adherents. Alternatively, religious and spiritual traditions that moralize the protection of the natural world, sanctify nature, and emphasize belief in human stewardship of the natural world can promote pro-environmental concern and commitments.
MeSH term(s)	Attitude ; Humans ; Religion
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2831565-0
ISSN	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X ; 2352-250X
ISSN (online)	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X
ISSN	2352-250X
DOI	10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.013
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Machiavellian strategist or cultural learner? Mentalizing and learning over development in a resource-sharing game.

Baimel, Adam / Juda, Myriam / Birch, Susan / Henrich, Joseph

Evolutionary human sciences

2021 Volume 3, Page(s) e14

Abstract: Theorists have sought to identify the key selection pressures that drove the evolution of our species' cognitive abilities, life histories and cooperative inclinations. Focusing on two leading theories, each capable of accounting for many of the rapid ... ...

Abstract	Theorists have sought to identify the key selection pressures that drove the evolution of our species' cognitive abilities, life histories and cooperative inclinations. Focusing on two leading theories, each capable of accounting for many of the rapid changes in our lineage, we present a simple experiment designed to assess the explanatory power of both the Machiavellian Intelligence and the Cultural Brain/Intelligence Hypotheses. Children (aged 3-7 years) observed a novel social interaction that provided them with behavioural information that could either be used to outmanoeuvre a partner in subsequent interactions or for cultural learning. The results show that, even after four rounds of repeated interaction and sometimes lower pay-offs, children continued to rely on copying the observed behaviour instead of harnessing the available social information to strategically extract pay-offs (stickers) from their partners. Analyses further reveal that superior mentalizing abilities are associated with more targeted cultural learning - the selective copying of fewer irrelevant actions - while superior generalized cognitive abilities are associated with greater imitation of irrelevant actions. Neither mentalizing capacities nor more general measures of cognition explain children's ability to strategically use social information to maximize pay-offs. These results provide developmental evidence favouring the Cultural Brain/Intelligence Hypothesis over the Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2513-843X
ISSN (online)	2513-843X
DOI	10.1017/ehs.2021.11
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: How cultural learning and cognitive biases shape religious beliefs.

White, Cindel Jm / Baimel, Adam / Norenzayan, Ara

Current opinion in psychology

2020 Volume 40, Page(s) 34–39

Abstract: What explains the ubiquity and diversity of religions around the world? Widespread cognitive tendencies, including mentalizing and intuitive thinking, offer part of the explanation for recurrent features of religion, and individual differences in ... ...

Abstract	What explains the ubiquity and diversity of religions around the world? Widespread cognitive tendencies, including mentalizing and intuitive thinking, offer part of the explanation for recurrent features of religion, and individual differences in religious commitments. However, vast diversity in religious beliefs points to the importance of the cultural context in which religious beliefs are transmitted. Cultural evolutionary theory provides the basis of a unified explanation for how cognition and culture interact to shape religious beliefs, in ways that are uniquely adapted to local ecological pressures. These insights lay the groundwork for future research regarding how cultural learning interacts with other evolved aspects of human psychology to generate the recurrent and the diverse forms of religious commitments observed around the world.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Cognition ; Cultural Evolution ; Humans ; Religion ; Religion and Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2831565-0
ISSN	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X ; 2352-250X
ISSN (online)	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X
ISSN	2352-250X
DOI	10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.033
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Children's understanding of when a person's confidence and hesitancy is a cue to their credibility.

Birch, Susan A J / Severson, Rachel L / Baimel, Adam

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) e0227026

Abstract: The most readily-observable and influential cue to one's credibility is their confidence. Although one's confidence correlates with knowledge, one should not always trust confident sources or disregard hesitant ones. Three experiments (N = 662; 3- to 12- ... ...

Abstract	The most readily-observable and influential cue to one's credibility is their confidence. Although one's confidence correlates with knowledge, one should not always trust confident sources or disregard hesitant ones. Three experiments (N = 662; 3- to 12-year-olds) examined the developmental trajectory of children's understanding of 'calibration': whether a person's confidence or hesitancy correlates with their knowledge. Experiments 1 and 2 provide evidence that children use a person's history of calibration to guide their learning. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed a developmental progression in calibration understanding: Children preferred a well-calibrated over a miscalibrated confident person by around 4 years, whereas even 7- to 8-year-olds were insensitive to calibration in hesitant people. The widespread implications for social learning, impression formation, and social cognition are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Comprehension ; Cues ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Self Concept ; Social Behavior ; Trust/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0227026
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Are the classic false belief tasks cursed? Young children are just as likely as older children to pass a false belief task when they are not required to overcome the curse of knowledge.

Ghrear, Siba / Baimel, Adam / Haddock, Taeh / Birch, Susan A J

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) e0244141

Abstract: The question of when children understand that others have minds that can represent or misrepresent reality (i.e., possess a 'Theory of Mind') is hotly debated. This understanding plays a fundamental role in social interaction (e.g., interpreting human ... ...

Abstract	The question of when children understand that others have minds that can represent or misrepresent reality (i.e., possess a 'Theory of Mind') is hotly debated. This understanding plays a fundamental role in social interaction (e.g., interpreting human behavior, communicating, empathizing). Most research on this topic has relied on false belief tasks such as the 'Sally-Anne Task', because researchers have argued that it is the strongest litmus test examining one's understanding that the mind can misrepresent reality. Unfortunately, in addition to a variety of other cognitive demands this widely used measure also unnecessarily involves overcoming a bias that is especially pronounced in young children-the 'curse of knowledge' (the tendency to be biased by one's knowledge when considering less-informed perspectives). Three- to 6-year-old's (n = 230) false belief reasoning was examined across tasks that either did, or did not, require overcoming the curse of knowledge, revealing that when the curse of knowledge was removed three-year-olds were significantly better at inferring false beliefs, and as accurate as five- and six-year-olds. These findings reveal that the classic task is not specifically measuring false belief understanding. Instead, previously observed developmental changes in children's performance could be attributed to the ability to overcome the curse of knowledge. Similarly, previously observed relationships between individual differences in false belief reasoning and a variety of social outcomes could instead be the result of individual differences in the ability to overcome the curse of knowledge, highlighting the need to re-evaluate how best to interpret large bodies of research on false belief reasoning and social-emotional functioning.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Concept Formation ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Knowledge ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Theory of Mind
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0244141
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Cognitive Pathways to Belief in Karma and Belief in God.

White, Cindel J M / Willard, Aiyana K / Baimel, Adam / Norenzayan, Ara

Cognitive science

2021 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) e12935

Abstract: Supernatural beliefs are ubiquitous around the world, and mounting evidence indicates that these beliefs partly rely on intuitive, cross-culturally recurrent cognitive processes. Specifically, past research has focused on humans' intuitive tendency to ... ...

Abstract	Supernatural beliefs are ubiquitous around the world, and mounting evidence indicates that these beliefs partly rely on intuitive, cross-culturally recurrent cognitive processes. Specifically, past research has focused on humans' intuitive tendency to perceive minds as part of the cognitive foundations of belief in a personified God-an agentic, morally concerned supernatural entity. However, much less is known about belief in karma-another culturally widespread but ostensibly non-agentic supernatural entity reflecting ethical causation across reincarnations. In two studies and four high-powered samples, including mostly Christian Canadians and mostly Hindu Indians (Study 1, N = 2,006) and mostly Christian Americans and Singaporean Buddhists (Study 2, N = 1,752), we provide the first systematic empirical investigation of the cognitive intuitions underlying various forms of belief in karma. We used path analyses to (a) replicate tests of the previously documented cognitive predictors of belief in God, (b) test whether this same network of variables predicts belief in karma, and (c) examine the relative contributions of cognitive and cultural variables to both sets of beliefs. We found that cognitive tendencies toward intuitive thinking, mentalizing, dualism, and teleological thinking predicted a variety of beliefs about karma-including morally laden, non-agentic, and agentic conceptualizations-above and beyond the variability explained by cultural learning about karma across cultures. These results provide further evidence for an independent role for both culture and cognition in supporting diverse types of supernatural beliefs in distinct cultural contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Canada ; Christianity ; Cognition ; Humans ; Religion and Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2002940-8
ISSN	1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
ISSN (online)	1551-6709
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.12935
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Hippocampal-evoked inhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens.

Baimel, Corey / Jang, Emily / Scudder, Samantha L / Manoocheri, Kasra / Carter, Adam G

Cell reports

2022 Volume 40, Issue 1, Page(s) 111042

Abstract: Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a central role in motivated behaviors and associated disorders. However, while the activation of ChIs has been well studied in the dorsal striatum, little is known about how they are ... ...

Abstract	Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a central role in motivated behaviors and associated disorders. However, while the activation of ChIs has been well studied in the dorsal striatum, little is known about how they are engaged in the NAc. Here, we find that the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) are the main excitatory inputs to ChIs in the NAc medial shell. While the PVT activates ChIs, the vHPC evokes a pronounced pause in firing through prominent feedforward inhibition. In contrast to the dorsal striatum, this inhibition reflects strong connections onto ChIs from local parvalbumin interneurons. Our results reveal the mechanisms by which different long-range inputs engage ChIs, highlighting fundamental differences in local connectivity across the striatum.
MeSH term(s)	Cholinergic Agents ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Parvalbumins
Chemical Substances	Cholinergic Agents ; Parvalbumins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2649101-1
ISSN	2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
ISSN (online)	2211-1247
ISSN	2211-1247
DOI	10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111042
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Article ; Online: CCK+ interneurons contribute to thalamus-evoked feed-forward inhibition in prelimbic prefrontal cortex.

Kamalova, Aichurok / Manoocheri, Kasra / Liu, Xingchen / Casello, Sanne M / Huang, Matthew / Baimel, Corey / Jang, Emily V / Anastasiades, Paul G / Collins, David P / Carter, Adam G

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2024

Abstract: Interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulate local neural activity to influence cognitive, motivated, and emotional behaviors. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are the primary mediators of thalamus-evoked feedforward inhibition ... ...

Abstract	Interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulate local neural activity to influence cognitive, motivated, and emotional behaviors. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are the primary mediators of thalamus-evoked feedforward inhibition across mouse cortex, including anterior cingulate cortex, where they are engaged by inputs from mediodorsal (MD) thalamus. In contrast, in the adjacent prelimbic cortex (PL), we find that PV+ interneurons are scarce in the principal thalamo-recipient layer 3 (L3), suggesting distinct mechanisms of inhibition. To identify the interneurons that mediate MD-evoked inhibition in PL, we combine slice physiology, optogenetics, and intersectional genetic tools in mice of both sexes. We find interneurons expressing cholecystokinin (CCK+) are abundant in L3 of PL, with cells exhibiting fast-spiking (fs) or non-fast-spiking (nfs) properties. MD inputs make stronger connections onto fs-CCK+ interneurons, driving them to fire more readily than nearby L3 pyramidal cells and other interneurons. CCK+ interneurons in turn make inhibitory, peri-somatic connections onto L3 pyramidal cells, where they exhibit cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) mediated modulation. Moreover, MD-evoked feedforward inhibition, but not direct excitation, is also sensitive to CB1R modulation. Our findings indicate that CCK+ interneurons contribute to MD-evoked inhibition in PL, revealing a mechanism by which cannabinoids can modulate MD-PFC communication.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0957-23.2024
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Article ; Online: Ecospirituality: The psychology of moral concern for nature

Billet, Matthew I. / Baimel, Adam / Sahakari, Sakshi S. / Schaller, Mark / Norenzayan, Ara

Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2023 May, v. 87 p.102001-

2023

Abstract: People across time and cultures have often conceived of nature, and humanity's connection to it, as essentially spiritual. Yet the psychological literature about this “ecospiritual” orientation has been meager. In eight samples, recruited from the USA, ... ...

Abstract	People across time and cultures have often conceived of nature, and humanity's connection to it, as essentially spiritual. Yet the psychological literature about this “ecospiritual” orientation has been meager. In eight samples, recruited from the USA, Canada, UK, and Singapore (Total N = 8795), we investigated the relationship between ecospirituality and moral concern for nature. We developed and validated an 8-item measure of ecospirituality for this purpose. Ecospirituality, over and above environmental attitudes, environmentalist identity, and political orientation, uniquely predicted several aspects of moral concern for nature, such as including nature in one's moral circle, treating nature as a sacred value, and endorsing a reasoning style that places importance on principles and duties to nature. This reasoning style was reflected in decisions involving nature-economic trade-offs, as well as in an unconditional voting style for the Green Party. We discuss how a spiritual view of nature is an important component of the moral psychology of the human-nature relationship, and what implications it might have for interventions aimed at increasing sustainability.
Keywords	Singapore ; politics ; psychology ; total nitrogen ; Canada ; Moral cognition ; Sacred values ; Environmental attitudes ; Decision-making ; Sustainability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	0272-4944
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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