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Article ; Online: Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Lai, Christopher K C / Lam, Wilson

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

2020 Volume 538, Page(s) 226–230

Abstract: Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection is one of the cornerstones of pandemic control. With the myriad of tests available in the market, the use of correct specimen type and laboratory-testing technique in the right clinical ...

Abstract	Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection is one of the cornerstones of pandemic control. With the myriad of tests available in the market, the use of correct specimen type and laboratory-testing technique in the right clinical scenario could be challenging for non-specialists. In this mini-review, we will discuss the difference in diagnostic performance for different upper and lower respiratory tract specimens, and the role of blood and fecal specimens. We will analyze the performance characteristics of laboratory testing techniques of nucleic acid amplification tests, antigen detection tests, antibody detection tests, and point-of-care tests. Finally, the dynamics of viral replication and antibody production, and laboratory results interpretation in conjunction with clinical scenarios will be discussed.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	205723-2
ISSN	1090-2104 ; 0006-291X ; 0006-291X
ISSN (online)	1090-2104 ; 0006-291X
ISSN	0006-291X
DOI	10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.069
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of oral human papillomavirus infection among the general adult population in Hong Kong.

Ho, Wendy C S / Boon, Siaw S / Chong, Ka Chun / Lai, Christopher K C / Sze, Ryan K H / Khan, Aaron T K / Xing, Rachel L / Sukarom, Isaya / Wu, Ying-Hui / Chau, Rene W Y / Chan, Paul K S

Journal of medical virology

2024 Volume 96, Issue 2, Page(s) e29460

Abstract: A cross-sectional study in 2021-23 collected oral rinse gargle samples from an human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccine-naïve general adult population in Hong Kong. HPV was detected by a PCR using SPF10 primers, and genotyped by a linear array covering 25 ... ...

Abstract	A cross-sectional study in 2021-23 collected oral rinse gargle samples from an human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccine-naïve general adult population in Hong Kong. HPV was detected by a PCR using SPF10 primers, and genotyped by a linear array covering 25 genotypes. Epidemiologic information including sociodemographics, medical history, oral health, and sexual behavior were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Altogether, 2323 subjects aged 18-75 (median 47) years with 50.1% male were recruited. The prevalence for oral HPV infection with all genotypes combined, high-risk, and low-risk genotypes was 1.5%, 0.7%, and 0.7%, respectively; and with no statistically significant difference between participant gender. The prevalence increased with age and was highest in women at 45-54 years (2.7% for all genotypes combined), and highest in men aged >64 years (4.1% for all genotypes combined). HPV52 was the most common genotype among all participants. Univariate analysis suggested more lifetime sexual or oral sexual partners as risk factors, but they did not reach statistical significance upon multivariate analysis; whereas higher educational level had an independent protective effect. To conclude, oral HPV prevalence increased with age in Hong Kong. Strategies to prevent oral HPV infection and the associated cancers are urgently needed.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Sexual Behavior ; Risk Factors ; Papillomaviridae/genetics ; Genotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.29460
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Article ; Online: Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of COVID-19

Lai, Christopher K C / Lam, Wilson

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ; ISSN 0006-291X

2020

Keywords	Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Biochemistry ; Molecular Biology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.069
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Highly host-linked viromes in the built environment possess habitat-dependent diversity and functions for potential virus-host coevolution.

Du, Shicong / Tong, Xinzhao / Lai, Alvin C K / Chan, Chak K / Mason, Christopher E / Lee, Patrick K H

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2676

Abstract: Viruses in built environments (BEs) raise public health concerns, yet they are generally less studied than bacteria. To better understand viral dynamics in BEs, this study assesses viromes from 11 habitats across four types of BEs with low to high ... ...

Abstract	Viruses in built environments (BEs) raise public health concerns, yet they are generally less studied than bacteria. To better understand viral dynamics in BEs, this study assesses viromes from 11 habitats across four types of BEs with low to high occupancy. The diversity, composition, metabolic functions, and lifestyles of the viromes are found to be habitat dependent. Caudoviricetes species are ubiquitous on surface habitats in the BEs, and some of them are distinct from those present in other environments. Antimicrobial resistance genes are identified in viruses inhabiting surfaces frequently touched by occupants and in viruses inhabiting occupants' skin. Diverse CRISPR/Cas immunity systems and anti-CRISPR proteins are found in bacterial hosts and viruses, respectively, consistent with the strongly coupled virus-host links. Evidence of viruses potentially aiding host adaptation in a specific-habitat manner is identified through a unique gene insertion. This work illustrates that virus-host interactions occur frequently in BEs and that viruses are integral members of BE microbiomes.
MeSH term(s)	Virome ; Built Environment ; Microbiota/genetics ; Alkanesulfonic Acids
Chemical Substances	BES (10191-18-1) ; Alkanesulfonic Acids
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-38400-0
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Article: Changes in the Incidence and Human Papillomavirus-Positive Portion of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Hong Kong.

Chen, Zigui / Chan, Amy B W / Kam, Lok-Sang / Chan, Man-Hin / Chan, Jason Y K / Lee, Wai-Tung / Chow, Chit / Boon, Siaw S / Xia, Chichao / Lam, Brian / Lam, Suki / Ng, Rita W Y / Ho, Wendy C S / Lam, Eddy W H / Lai, Christopher K C / Chan, Paul K S

Cancers

2024 Volume 16, Issue 1

Abstract: The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is rising in the West, but little is known in Asia. This study elucidated changes in the incidence and HPV-positive portion of OPSCC in Hong Kong. Data ... ...

Abstract	The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is rising in the West, but little is known in Asia. This study elucidated changes in the incidence and HPV-positive portion of OPSCC in Hong Kong. Data from population-based cancer registry were used to analyze the incidence of OPSCC in association with other head and neck cancers. Archived tumor tissues were tested for HPV. From 1986 to 2020, there was a marked decrease in the incidence of nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, but a persistent increase in OPSCC from 36 cases in 1986 to 116 cases in 2020. The average positive rate for high-risk HPV was 36.1% (112/310) among OPSCC diagnosed in 2010-2020. The HPV-positive rate in recent years was significantly higher than earlier cases (tonsil SCC: 64.7% (55/85) in 2016-2020 vs. 40.4% (19/47) in 2010-2015,
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527080-1
ISSN	2072-6694
ISSN	2072-6694
DOI	10.3390/cancers16010226
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Article: Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of COVID-19

Lai, Christopher K C / Lam, Wilson

Biochem. biophys. res. commun

Abstract	Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection is one of the cornerstones of pandemic control. With the myriad of tests available in the market, the use of correct specimen type and laboratory-testing technique in the right clinical scenario could be challenging for non-specialists. In this mini-review, we will discuss the difference in diagnostic performance for different upper and lower respiratory tract specimens, and the role of blood and fecal specimens. We will analyze the performance characteristics of laboratory testing techniques of nucleic acid amplification tests, antigen detection tests, antibody detection tests, and point-of-care tests. Finally, the dynamics of viral replication and antibody production, and laboratory results interpretation in conjunction with clinical scenarios will be discussed.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #893614
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Serum Placental Growth Factor as a Marker of Cerebrovascular Disease Burden in Alzheimer's Disease.

Wu, Liu-Yun / Chong, Joyce R / Chong, Jenny P C / Hilal, Saima / Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy / Tan, Boon Yeow / Richards, Arthur Mark / Chen, Christopher P / Lai, Mitchell K P

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD

2024 Volume 97, Issue 3, Page(s) 1289–1298

Abstract: Background: Concomitant cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD) have been identified as an important determinant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Development of robust blood-based biomarkers will provide critical tools to evaluate prognosis and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Concomitant cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD) have been identified as an important determinant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Development of robust blood-based biomarkers will provide critical tools to evaluate prognosis and potential interventional strategies for AD with CeVD. Objective: This study investigated circulating placental growth factor (PlGF), a potent pro-angiogenic factor related to endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, in an Asian memory clinic cohort of non-demented individuals as well as AD, including its associations with neuroimaging markers of CeVD. Methods: 109 patients with AD, 76 cognitively impaired with no dementia (CIND), and 56 non-cognitively impaired (NCI) were included in this cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging to assess white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, cortical infarcts, and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Serum PlGF concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Results: Serum PlGF was elevated in AD, but not CIND, compared to the NCI controls. Adjusted concentrations of PlGF were associated with AD only in the presence of significant CeVD. Elevated PlGF was significantly associated with higher burden of WMH and with CMBs in AD patients. Conclusions: Serum PlGF has potential utility as a biomarker for the presence of CeVD, specifically WMH and CMBs, in AD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking PlGF to CeVD, as well as to further assess PlGF's clinical utility.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Placenta Growth Factor ; White Matter/pathology
Chemical Substances	Placenta Growth Factor (144589-93-5) ; PGF protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1440127-7
ISSN	1875-8908 ; 1387-2877
ISSN (online)	1875-8908
ISSN	1387-2877
DOI	10.3233/JAD-230811
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Article ; Online: Alterations in faecal microbiome and resistome in Chinese international travellers: a metagenomic analysis.

Cheung, Man Kit / Ng, Rita W Y / Lai, Christopher K C / Zhu, Chendi / Au, Eva T K / Yau, Jennifer W K / Li, Carmen / Wong, Ho Cheong / Wong, Bonnie C K / Kwok, Kin On / Chen, Zigui / Chan, Paul K S / Lui, Grace C Y / Ip, Margaret

Journal of travel medicine

2023 Volume 30, Issue 6

Abstract: Background: International travel increases the risk of acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Previous studies have characterized the changes in the gut microbiome and resistome of Western travellers; ... ...

Abstract	Background: International travel increases the risk of acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Previous studies have characterized the changes in the gut microbiome and resistome of Western travellers; however, information on non-Western populations and the effects of travel-related risk factors on the gut microbiome and resistome remains limited. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study on a cohort of 90 healthy Chinese adult residents of Hong Kong. We characterized the microbiome and resistome in stools collected from the subjects before and after travelling to diverse international locations using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and examined their associations with travel-related variables. Results: Our results showed that travel neither significantly changed the taxonomic composition of the faecal microbiota nor altered the alpha (Shannon) or beta diversity of the faecal microbiome or resistome. However, travel significantly increased the number of ARGs. Ten ARGs, including aadA, TEM, mgrB, mphA, qnrS9 and tetR, were significantly enriched in relative abundance after travel, eight of which were detected in metagenomic bins belonging to Escherichia/Shigella flexneri in the post-trip samples. In sum, 30 ARGs significantly increased in prevalence after travel, with the largest changes observed in tetD and a few qnrS variants (qnrS9, qnrS and qnrS8). We found that travel to low- or middle-income countries, or Africa or Southeast Asia, increased the number of ARG subtypes, whereas travel to low- or middle-income countries and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) or doxycycline as antimalarial prophylaxis during travel resulted in increased changes in the beta diversity of the faecal resistome. Conclusions: Our study highlights travel to low- or middle-income countries, Africa or Southeast Asia, a long travel duration, or the use of ABHS or doxycycline as antimalarial prophylaxis as important risk factors for the acquisition/enrichment of ARGs during international travel.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Antimalarials/pharmacology ; Doxycycline ; East Asian People ; Microbiota/genetics ; Microbiota/physiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antimalarials ; Doxycycline (N12000U13O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1212504-0
ISSN	1708-8305 ; 1195-1982
ISSN (online)	1708-8305
ISSN	1195-1982
DOI	10.1093/jtm/taad027
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Article: Risk Factors Associated with Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Among Women with Breast Cancer Receiving Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy: Individual Patient-Based Analysis of Three Prospective Antiemetic Trials.

Yeo, Winnie / Ngai, Nicole T Y / Yip, Christopher C H / Mo, Frankie K F / Yeo, Victoria A / Ko, Jonathan W H / Li, Leung V / Lau, Thomas K H / Lai, Kwai Tung / Pang, Elizabeth / Yip, Claudia H W / Yeo, Horatio L / Kwok, Carol Chi Hei / Ko, Stephanie W Y / Molassiotis, Alex

Cancer management and research

2024 Volume 16, Page(s) 283–297

Abstract: Purpose: Although risk factors related to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) have been identified in previous studies, only a few studies have evaluated the risk factors associated with contemporary antiemetic prophylaxis, including ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Although risk factors related to chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) have been identified in previous studies, only a few studies have evaluated the risk factors associated with contemporary antiemetic prophylaxis, including olanzapine/aprepitant- or NEPA-containing regimens. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with CINV development in Chinese breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Methods: Data from 304 patients enrolled in 3 previously reported prospective antiemetic studies were included. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to predict risk factors associated with CINV occurrence. Additionally, the likelihood of treatment failure in relation to the number of risk factors in individual patients was evaluated. Results: Multivariate analysis of the entire study group revealed that obesity status (defined as body mass index/= 25.0 kg/m2) and the use of olanzapine/aprepitant- or NEPA-containing anti-emetic regimens were associated with a high likelihood, while a history of motion sickness was associated with a lower likelihood, complete response (CR), and "no nausea" in the overall phase. A history of vomiting during pregnancy was also associated with a lower likelihood of an overall CR. Patients with an increasing number of risk factors had a higher likelihood of treatment failure and shorter time to first vomiting. Those who did not achieve CR and "no nausea" in the first cycle were less likely to achieve these parameters in the subsequent cycle of chemotherapy. Conclusion: The present study confirmed previously reported risk factors for CINV in Chinese breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Further optimization of CINV control is required for patients with identifiable risk factors; olanzapine/aprepitant- or NEPA- containing prophylaxis are the preferred contemporary anti-emetics regimens for Chinese breast cancer patients undergoing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2508013-1
ISSN	1179-1322
ISSN	1179-1322
DOI	10.2147/CMAR.S447546
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Article ; Online: Extent of Oral-Gut Transmission of Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Adults.

Cheung, Man Kit / Tong, Sylvia L Y / Wong, Martin C S / Chan, Jason Y K / Ip, Margaret / Hui, Mamie / Lai, Christopher K C / Ng, Rita W Y / Ho, Wendy C S / Yeung, Apple C M / Chan, Paul K S / Chen, Zigui

Microbiology spectrum

2023 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e0281422

Abstract: Recent studies have provided evidence on the presence of an oral-gut microbiota axis in gastrointestinal diseases; however, whether a similar axis exists in healthy individuals is still in debate. Here, we characterized the bacterial and fungal ... ...

Abstract	Recent studies have provided evidence on the presence of an oral-gut microbiota axis in gastrointestinal diseases; however, whether a similar axis exists in healthy individuals is still in debate. Here, we characterized the bacterial and fungal microbiomes in paired oral rinse and stool samples collected from 470 healthy Chinese adults by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 and ITS1 regions, respectively. We hypothesized that there is limited oral-gut transmission of both the bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy Chinese adults. Our results showed that the oral and gut microbiota in healthy individuals differed in taxonomic composition, alpha and beta diversity, metabolic potential, and network properties. Bayesian analysis showed that the vast majority of subjects had negligible or low bacterial and fungal oral-to-stool contribution. Detailed examination of the prevalent amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) also revealed limited cases of sharing between the oral and stool samples within the same individuals, except a few bacterial and fungal ASVs. Association analysis showed that sharing of the potentially transmissible fungal ASVs was associated with host factors, including an older age and a higher body mass index. Our findings indicate that oral-gut transmission of both bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy adults is limited. Detection of a large amount of shared bacterial or fungal members between the oral and gut microbiome of an individual may indicate medical conditions that warrant detailed checkup.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adult ; Mycobiome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; East Asian People ; Microbiota ; Feces/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.02814-22
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