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Article: [Rezension von: Gregory, Paul R., Before command]

Hunter, Holland / Gregory, Paul R

Journal of comparative economics : the journal of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies 1995,October = Vol. 21, Nr. 2, S. 254-256

1995 Volume 21

Author's details	Holland Hunter
Keywords	40;49
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing place	Amsterdam
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	715350-8
ISSN	0147-5967
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article ; Online: Thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination.

Hunter, Paul R

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

2021 Volume 373, Page(s) n958

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Thrombosis/etiology ; Vaccination/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj.n958
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Article ; Online: Yes, We Can, But Should We? Ethical Considerations in Reporting Germline Findings From Paired Tumor-Normal Genomic Testing in Patients With Advanced Cancer.

Hunter, Cynthia L / Helft, Paul R

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

2022 Volume 41, Issue 11, Page(s) 1982–1985

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Germ Cells ; Genetic Testing ; Germ-Line Mutation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604914-x
ISSN	1527-7755 ; 0732-183X
ISSN (online)	1527-7755
ISSN	0732-183X
DOI	10.1200/JCO.22.00796
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Zs.A 1847: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Black patients with COVID-19 had increased risk for 30-d mortality, PE, and other adverse outcomes vs. White patients.

Musey, Paul I / Hunter, Benton R

Annals of internal medicine

2021 Volume 174, Issue 11, Page(s) JC131

Abstract: Source citation: Metra B, Summer R, Brooks SE, et al. ...

Abstract	Source citation: Metra B, Summer R, Brooks SE, et al.
MeSH term(s)	African Americans ; COVID-19 ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Pulmonary Embolism ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	336-0
ISSN	1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
ISSN (online)	1539-3704
ISSN	0003-4819
DOI	10.7326/ACPJ202111160-131
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Article: Misinformation making a disease outbreak worse: outcomes compared for influenza, monkeypox, and norovirus.

Brainard, Julii / Hunter, Paul R

Simulation

2021 Volume 96, Issue 4, Page(s) 365–374

Abstract: Health misinformation can exacerbate infectious disease outbreaks. Especially pernicious advice could be classified as "fake news": manufactured with no respect for accuracy and often integrated with emotive or conspiracy-framed narratives. We built an ... ...

Abstract	Health misinformation can exacerbate infectious disease outbreaks. Especially pernicious advice could be classified as "fake news": manufactured with no respect for accuracy and often integrated with emotive or conspiracy-framed narratives. We built an agent-based model that simulated separate but linked circulating contagious disease and sharing of health advice (classified as useful or harmful). Such advice has potential to influence human risk-taking behavior and therefore the risk of acquiring infection, especially as people are more likely in observed social networks to share bad advice. We test strategies proposed in the recent literature for countering misinformation. Reducing harmful advice from 50% to 40% of circulating information, or making at least 20% of the population unable to share or believe harmful advice, mitigated the influence of bad advice in the disease outbreak outcomes. How feasible it is to try to make people "immune" to misinformation or control spread of harmful advice should be explored.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2072208-4
ISSN	1741-3133 ; 0037-5497
ISSN (online)	1741-3133
ISSN	0037-5497
DOI	10.1177/0037549719885021
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Article: Risk perception from the consumption of untreated drinking water in a small island community.

Nik Hassan, Nik Muhammad Nizam / Hunter, Paul R / Lake, Iain R

Journal of water and health

2022 Volume 20, Issue 10, Page(s) 1506–1516

Abstract: A small island community in Malaysia uses gravity-fed drinking water, and rejected water treatment by the authorities. This study was conducted to evaluate the community's risk perception towards their untreated water supply by interviewing one adult per ...

Abstract	A small island community in Malaysia uses gravity-fed drinking water, and rejected water treatment by the authorities. This study was conducted to evaluate the community's risk perception towards their untreated water supply by interviewing one adult per household in four out of eight villages on the island. The survey asked questions on risk perception, socioeconomic characteristics, and perception of water supply quality. Water samples were collected from a total of 24 sampling locations across the four villages, and 91.7% of them were positive for E.coli. The study surveyed 218 households and found that 61.5% of respondents agreed to some degree that the water is safe to drink without treatment, while 67.9% of respondents disagreed to some degree that drinking tap water is associated with health risks, and 73.3% of respondents agreed to some degree that it is safe to drink directly from taps that are fitted with water filters. Using factor analysis to group the risk perception questions and multivariable GLM to explore relationships with underlying factors, the study found that older respondents, lower income level, positive water odour perception and positive water supply reliability perception lowers risk perception. The village of residence also significantly affects the risk perception level in the model.
MeSH term(s)	Drinking Water ; Reproducibility of Results ; Water Quality ; Water Supply ; Perception ; Drinking
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2123845-5
ISSN	1996-7829 ; 1477-8920
ISSN (online)	1996-7829
ISSN	1477-8920
DOI	10.2166/wh.2022.100
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Article ; Online: Development and temporal validation of clinical prediction models for 1-year disability and pain after lumbar decompressive surgery. The Norwich Lumbar Surgery Predictor (development version).

Geere, Jonathan H / Hunter, Paul R / Swamy, Girish N / Cook, Andrew J / Rai, Amarjit S

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society

2023 Volume 32, Issue 12, Page(s) 4210–4219

Abstract: ... with each predictor was tested. Temporal validation was conducted at the same centre on cases through 2021. R ... associated with stenosis. Temporal validation (n = 188) found the ODI model R: Conclusion: Important PROM ...

Abstract	Purpose: To identify clinical predictors and build prediction models for 1-year patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) after lumbar decompressive surgery for disc herniation or spinal stenosis. Methods: The study included 1835 cases, with or without additional single-level fusion, from a single centre from 2008 through 2020. General linear models imputed with 37 clinical variables identified 18 significant 1-year PROM predictors for retention in development models. Interaction of surgical indication with each predictor was tested. Temporal validation was conducted at the same centre on cases through 2021. R Results: A total 1228 (67%) had complete data for inclusion in model development. Predictors of ODI were baseline PROMs (ODI, back pain, leg pain), work status, condition duration, previous lumbar operation, multiple-joint osteoarthritis, female, diabetes, current smoker, rheumatic disorder, lower limb arthroplasty, mobility aided, provider status, facet cyst, scoliosis, and age, with BMI significantly associated with stenosis. Temporal validation (n = 188) found the ODI model R Conclusion: Important PROM predictors are baseline PROMs, specific co-morbidities, work status, condition duration, previous lumbar operation, female, and smoking status. The ODI model predicted the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory state of both disability and pain.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Treatment Outcome ; Prognosis ; Models, Statistical ; Back Pain/surgery ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-22
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1115375-1
ISSN	1432-0932 ; 0940-6719
ISSN (online)	1432-0932
ISSN	0940-6719
DOI	10.1007/s00586-023-07931-x
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Article ; Online: Assessing the Impact of Secondary Fluorescence on X-Ray Microanalysis Results from Semiconductor Thin Films.

Hunter, Daniel A / Lavery, Samuel P / Edwards, Paul R / Martin, Robert W

Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada

2022 , Page(s) 1–12

Abstract: The impact of secondary fluorescence on the material compositions measured by X-ray analysis for layered semiconductor thin films is assessed using simulations performed by the DTSA-II and CalcZAF software tools. Three technologically important examples ... ...

Abstract	The impact of secondary fluorescence on the material compositions measured by X-ray analysis for layered semiconductor thin films is assessed using simulations performed by the DTSA-II and CalcZAF software tools. Three technologically important examples are investigated: AlxGa1−xN layers on either GaN or AlN substrates, InxAl1−xN on GaN, and Si-doped (SnxGa1−x)2O3 on Si. Trends in the differences caused by secondary fluorescence are explained in terms of the propensity of different elements to reabsorb either characteristic or bremsstrahlung X-rays and then to re-emit the characteristic X-rays used to determine composition of the layer under investigation. Under typical beam conditions (7–12 keV), the quantification of dopants/trace elements is found to be susceptible to secondary fluorescence and care must be taken to prevent erroneous results. The overall impact on major constituents is shown to be very small with a change of approximately 0.07 molar cation percent for Al0.3Ga0.7N/AlN layers and a maximum change of 0.08 at% in the Si content of (SnxGa1−x)2O3/Si layers. This provides confidence that previously reported wavelength-dispersive X-ray compositions are not compromised by secondary fluorescence.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1385710-1
ISSN	1435-8115 ; 1431-9276
ISSN (online)	1435-8115
ISSN	1431-9276
DOI	10.1017/S1431927622000770
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Article ; Online: Immunisation, asymptomatic infection, herd immunity and the new variants of COVID-19

Grant, Alastair / Hunter, Paul R

medRxiv

Abstract: ... to reduce R, the reproduction number of the infection, to below one in the absence of any non-pharmaceutical ... the simplest analysis implies that reducing the value of R below 1 would require 69% and 93% of the population ... of Concern VOC-202012/01) is reported to have an R-value 1.56 (0.92 to 2.28) times higher than the original ...

Abstract	Objectives Is herd immunity to COVID-19 a realistic outcome of any immunisation programme with the two main vaccines currently licenced in the UK (Pfizer vaccine BNT162b2 and Astra Zeneca/Oxford vaccine ChAdOx1-S)? More formally, can these vaccines achieve a sufficient level of population immunity to reduce R, the reproduction number of the infection, to below one in the absence of any non-pharmaceutical interventions? Design The study uses simple mathematical models of the transmission of COVID-19 infection from primary to secondary cases parameterised using data on virus transmission and vaccine efficacy from the literature and the regulatory approval process for the vaccines. Results In the regulatory approval documents, the efficacy of the Pfizer vaccine is estimated at 0.948 (that for the Moderna vaccine is similar). Efficacy for the Oxford vaccine against primary symptomatic illness is estimated as 0.704, based on pooling of data from two dose regimes. For values of R0 similar to those reported during the first months of the pandemic, the simplest analysis implies that reducing the value of R below 1 would require 69% and 93% of the population to be vaccinated with the Pfizer and Oxford vaccine respectively (or achieve a comparable level of immunity through natural infection). However, the new variant of COVID-19 (Lineage B.1.1.7, named Variant of Concern VOC-202012/01) is reported to have an R-value 1.56 (0.92 to 2.28) times higher than the original strain. Vaccinating the entire population with the Oxford vaccine would only reduce the R value to 1.325 while the Pfizer vaccine would require 82% of the population to be vaccinated to control the spread of the new variant. The Oxford vaccine reduces the incidence of serious illness to a greater extent than it reduces symptomatic illness. But its efficacy against the incidence of asymptomatic infections is lower, reducing its efficacy against all infection from 0.704 to 0.525 for the pooled data. Although asymptomatics are less infectious, including them in our calculations still raises R values by 20% or more, from 1.33 to 1.6 for the new variant with 100% vaccination. Neither vaccine is licenced for use in children, and when this is taken into account, this R value rises by a further 37% to 2.2 if the whole adult population is vaccinated. Even the more effective mRNA vaccines may allow the pandemic to persist via transmission amongst children, as current authorisations only allow their use on adults. In the absence of vaccination, R will reduce to 1 when 89% of the population has acquired immunity as a result of previous infection with COVID-19. Conclusions All currently licensed vaccines provide substantial protection against serious illness to vaccinated individuals themselves. But the Oxford vaccine appears to have relatively low efficacy against asymptomatic infections. Although no comparable data from human trials are available for the mRNA vaccines, non-human primate studies suggest they are better at preventing nasal shedding and so transmission. Herd immunity to COVID-19 will be very difficult to achieve, especially so for the less effective vaccine. The possibility of transmission from vaccinated but infected individuals to vulnerable unvaccinated individuals is of serious concern. There is a strong case for preferring the more effective mRNA vaccines for health and social care workers and those who have contact with large numbers of vulnerable others.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-20
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.01.16.21249946
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Estimating the effectiveness of the Pfizer COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine after a single dose. A reanalysis of a study of 'real-world' vaccination outcomes from Israel.

Hunter, Paul R / Brainard, Julii Suzanne

medRxiv

Abstract: A distinctive feature of the roll out of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 virus in the UK was the decision to delay the timing of the second injection till 12 weeks after the first. The logic behind this is to protect more people sooner and so reduce the ... ...

Abstract	A distinctive feature of the roll out of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 virus in the UK was the decision to delay the timing of the second injection till 12 weeks after the first. The logic behind this is to protect more people sooner and so reduce the total number of severe infections, hospitalisations, and deaths. This decision caused criticism from some quarters due in part to a belief that a single injection may not give adequate immunity. A recent paper based on Israel s experience of vaccination suggested that a single dose may not provide adequate protection. Here we extract the primary data from the Israeli paper and then estimate the incidence per day for each day after the first injection and also estimate vaccine effectiveness for each day from day 13 to day 24. We used a pooled estimate of the daily incidence rate during days 1 to 12 as the counterfactual estimate of incidence without disease and estimated confidence intervals using Monte Carlo modelling. After initial injection case numbers increased to day 8 before declining to low levels by day 21. Estimated vaccine effectiveness was pretty much 0 at day 14 but then rose to about 90% at day 21 before levelling off. The cause of the initial surge in infection risk is unknown but may be related to people being less cautious about maintaining protective behaviours as soon as they have the injection. What our analysis shows is that a single dose of vaccine is highly protective, although it can take up to 21 days to achieve this. The early results coming from Israel support the UK policy of extending the gap between doses by showing that a single dose can give a high level of protection.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-03
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.02.01.21250957
Database	COVID19

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