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Article ; Online: Veterinarians and zoonotic pathogens, infections and diseases - questionnaire study and case series, Finland.

Jokelainen, Pikka / Virtala, Anna-Maija K / Raulo, Saara / Kantele, Anu / Vapalahti, Olli / Kinnunen, Paula M

2024 Volume 56, Issue 5, Page(s) 384–392

Abstract: Background: Veterinarians are at risk for numerous zoonotic infections. In this paper, we summarise descriptions of zoonotic infections from a questionnaire study and a series of work-related zoonotic cases, aiming to add to the knowledge on ... ...

Abstract	Background: Veterinarians are at risk for numerous zoonotic infections. In this paper, we summarise descriptions of zoonotic infections from a questionnaire study and a series of work-related zoonotic cases, aiming to add to the knowledge on occupational zoonotic risks of veterinarians. Methods: We collected data on zoonotic infections contracted by veterinarians in Finland in two studies:1) using a questionnaire in 2009, and 2) inviting veterinarians who had encountered an occupational zoonosis to report it in structured interviews in 2019. Results and conclusions: In the questionnaire study in 2009, of 306 veterinarians several reported zoonotic bacterial skin infections (12%), dermatophytosis (ringworm; 4.2%), virus infections (3.9%), bacterial gastroenteritis (3.3%), other bacterial zoonoses (2.3%), and parasitic infections/infestations (2.3%). In the 2019 interviews, 16 occupational zoonosis cases were reported. Of them, seven were selected to the case series. The selected cases included
MeSH term(s)	Dogs ; Animals ; Humans ; Horses ; Cattle ; Veterinarians ; Finland/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Bites and Stings ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Tinea
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2839775-7
ISSN	2374-4243 ; 2374-4235
ISSN (online)	2374-4243
ISSN	2374-4235
DOI	10.1080/23744235.2024.2313662
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Article ; Online: Post-vaccinal distemper-like disease in two dog litters with confirmed infection of vaccine virus strain.

Pekkarinen, Henna M / Karkamo, Veera K / Vainio-Siukola, Katri J / Hautaniemi, Maria K / Kinnunen, Paula M / Gadd, Tuija K / Holopainen, Riikka H

Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

2023 Volume 105, Page(s) 102114

Abstract: Modified live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccines are widely used and considered both safe and effective. Although there are occasional literature reports of suspected vaccine-induced disease, there are none where the vaccine strain has been identified ...

Abstract	Modified live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccines are widely used and considered both safe and effective. Although there are occasional literature reports of suspected vaccine-induced disease, there are none where the vaccine strain has been identified in affected tissues. Here we describe two such cases in different litters. In litter A, five of ten puppies presented with fever, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea a few days post-vaccination. Four puppies died or were euthanized, and autopsy revealed atypical necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In litter B, two of five puppies developed typical neurological signs some months post-vaccination and autopsy revealed encephalitis. In all cases, affected organs tested positive for CDV on immunohistochemistry, and CDV RNA extracted from the lesions confirmed the presence of vaccine strain. Since multiple puppies from each litter were affected, it cannot be excluded without further studies that some undiagnosed inherited immunodeficiency disorder may have been involved.
MeSH term(s)	Dogs ; Animals ; Viral Vaccines/adverse effects ; Distemper/diagnosis ; Distemper/prevention & control ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects ; Distemper Virus, Canine/genetics ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis
Chemical Substances	Viral Vaccines ; Vaccines, Attenuated
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	436522-7
ISSN	1878-1667 ; 0147-9571
ISSN (online)	1878-1667
ISSN	0147-9571
DOI	10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102114
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Article ; Online: Partial Genome Characterization of Novel Parapoxvirus in Horse, Finland.

Virtanen, Jenni / Hautaniemi, Maria / Dutra, Lara / Plyusnin, Ilya / Hautala, Katja / Smura, Teemu / Vapalahti, Olli / Sironen, Tarja / Kant, Ravi / Kinnunen, Paula M

Emerging infectious diseases

2023 Volume 29, Issue 9, Page(s) 1941–1944

Abstract: We report a sequencing protocol and 121-kb poxvirus sequence from a clinical sample from a horse in Finland with dermatitis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the virus is a novel parapoxvirus associated with a recent epidemic; previous data suggest ... ...

Abstract	We report a sequencing protocol and 121-kb poxvirus sequence from a clinical sample from a horse in Finland with dermatitis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the virus is a novel parapoxvirus associated with a recent epidemic; previous data suggest zoonotic potential. Increased awareness of this virus and specific diagnostic protocols are needed.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Parapoxvirus/genetics ; Finland/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Poxviridae ; Communicable Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid2909.230049
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Article ; Online: Equine dermatitis outbreak associated with parapoxvirus.

Virtanen, Jenni / Hautala, Katja / Utriainen, Mira / Dutra, Lara / Eskola, Katarina / Airas, Niina / Uusitalo, Ruut / Ahvenainen, Ella / Smura, Teemu / Sironen, Tarja / Vapalahti, Olli / Kant, Ravi / Virtala, Anna-Maija K / Kinnunen, Paula M

The Journal of general virology

2023 Volume 104, Issue 12

Abstract: Parapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane lesions in several animal species, and of the five recognized PPVs, at least three are zoonotic. Equine PPV (EqPPV) is the sixth one initially described in humans in the United States and later in a ... ...

Abstract	Parapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane lesions in several animal species, and of the five recognized PPVs, at least three are zoonotic. Equine PPV (EqPPV) is the sixth one initially described in humans in the United States and later in a severely sick horse in Finland in 2013-2015. In 2021-2022, a large-scale pustulo-vesicular pastern dermatitis outbreak occurred in horses all over Finland. This study aimed at analysing the outbreak, identifying and describing the causative agent, describing clinical signs, and searching for risk factors. EqPPV was identified as a probable causative agent and co-infections with several potentially pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria were observed. Histopathologically, suppurative and ulcerative dermatitis was diagnosed. Due to the lack of specific tests for this virus, we developed a novel diagnostic EqPPV-PCR with sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. Based on a large proportion of the genome sequenced directly from clinical samples, very little variation was detected between the sequences of the case from 2013 and the cases from 2021 to 2022. Based on an epidemiological survey, the main risk factor for pastern dermatitis was having racehorses. Approximately one third of the horses at each affected stable got clinical dermatitis, manifesting as severe skin lesions. Skin lesions were also occasionally reported in humans, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Case stables commonly reported attendance at race events before acquiring the disease. Survey also identified differences in practises between case and control stables. Taken together, these results enable a better preparedness, diagnostics, and guidelines for future outbreaks.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Horses ; Disease Outbreaks ; Skin ; Coinfection/epidemiology ; Coinfection/veterinary ; Dermatitis/epidemiology ; Dermatitis/veterinary ; Parapoxvirus/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219316-4
ISSN	1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
ISSN (online)	1465-2099
ISSN	0022-1317
DOI	10.1099/jgv.0.001940
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Article ; Online: Molecular detection of pathogens from ticks collected from dogs and cats at veterinary clinics in Finland.

Zakham, Fathiah / Korhonen, Essi M / Puonti, Petteri T / Castrén, Robert S / Uusitalo, Ruut / Smura, Teemu / Kant, Ravi / Vapalahti, Olli / Sironen, Tarja / Kinnunen, Paula M

Parasites & vectors

2023 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 327

Abstract: Background: Ticks carry microbes, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. To assess this One Health challenge, 342 ticks were collected from pet dogs and cats at 10 veterinary clinics in Finland as part of the European project "Protect Our ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ticks carry microbes, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. To assess this One Health challenge, 342 ticks were collected from pet dogs and cats at 10 veterinary clinics in Finland as part of the European project "Protect Our Future Too". Methods: The tick species were identified, and ticks were screened with quantitative PCR (qPCR) for tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Babesia spp. For comparison, a subset of tick DNA (20 qPCR-positive samples) was analysed with 16S next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results: Most ticks were Ixodes ricinus (289, 84.5%), followed by Ixodes persulcatus (51, 14.9%). One hybrid tick (I. ricinus/I. persulcatus, 0.3%) and one Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick (0.3%) were identified. We found one or more of the analysed pathogens in 17% (59/342) of the ticks. The most prevalent pathogen was B. burgdorferi s.l. (36, 10.5%), followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (12, 3.5%), B. miyamotoi (5, 1.5%), Babesia venatorum (4, 1.2%), and TBEV (1, 0.3%). Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis DNA was amplified from three (0.9%) ticks. Ehrlichia canis was not detected. In the 16S NGS, six samples produced enough reads for the analysis. In these six samples, we confirmed all the positive qPCR findings of Borrelia spp. and Ca. N. mikurensis. Conclusions: The high prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in the ticks of this study emphasizes the importance of awareness of ticks and tick-borne diseases and prevention. Furthermore, the results show that veterinary surveillance can facilitate early detection of tick-borne pathogens and new tick species and draw attention to possible co-infections that should be considered both in symptomatic humans and animals after tick bites.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cats ; Dogs ; Animals ; Finland/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Hospitals, Animal ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Ixodes ; Anaplasmataceae ; Babesia/genetics ; Ehrlichia canis ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-023-05864-4
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Article ; Online: Veterinarians as a Risk Group for Zoonoses

Paula M. Kinnunen / Alisa Matomäki / Marie Verkola / Annamari Heikinheimo / Olli Vapalahti / Hannimari Kallio-kokko / Anna-Maija Virtala / Pikka Jokelainen

Safety and Health at Work, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 78-

Exposure, Knowledge and Protective Practices in Finland

2022 Volume 85

Abstract: Background: Veterinarians may encounter a variety of zoonotic pathogens in their work. Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional questionnaire studies among veterinarians in Finland. Participants were recruited during two Annual Veterinary Congresses. In ...

Abstract	Background: Veterinarians may encounter a variety of zoonotic pathogens in their work. Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional questionnaire studies among veterinarians in Finland. Participants were recruited during two Annual Veterinary Congresses. In 2009, 306 veterinarians participated in an extensive questionnaire study, and in 2016, 262 veterinarians participated in a more focused study that included two same questions. Results: In 2009, the majority (90.9%) of the participating veterinarians reported having been occupationally exposed to zoonotic pathogens. Zoonotic infections (15.0%), needle stick incidents (78.8%), bites (85.0%), as well as infected skin lesions (24.2%) were reported. In 2009, 8.2% of the participants fully agreed with the statement “I have good knowledge of zoonoses and their prevention”; in 2016, the proportion was 10.3%. The reported use of protective practices and personal protective equipment in connection with specific veterinary procedures indicated that there was room for improvement, particularly in protection from pathogens that are transmissible via inhalation and mucous membranes. Conclusion: The results confirm that veterinarians are commonly occupationally exposed to zoonotic pathogens. Education should aim to improve and maintain the knowledge of zoonoses and their prevention. Use of protective practices should be advocated.
Keywords	Occupational health ; Personal protective equipment ; Zoonotic infections ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Veterinarians as a Risk Group for Zoonoses: Exposure, Knowledge and Protective Practices in Finland.

Kinnunen, Paula M / Matomäki, Alisa / Verkola, Marie / Heikinheimo, Annamari / Vapalahti, Olli / Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari / Virtala, Anna-Maija / Jokelainen, Pikka

Safety and health at work

2021 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 78–85

Abstract: Background: Veterinarians may encounter a variety of zoonotic pathogens in their work.: Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional questionnaire studies among veterinarians in Finland. Participants were recruited during two Annual Veterinary ... ...

Abstract	Background: Veterinarians may encounter a variety of zoonotic pathogens in their work. Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional questionnaire studies among veterinarians in Finland. Participants were recruited during two Annual Veterinary Congresses. In 2009, 306 veterinarians participated in an extensive questionnaire study, and in 2016, 262 veterinarians participated in a more focused study that included two same questions. Results: In 2009, the majority (90.9%) of the participating veterinarians reported having been occupationally exposed to zoonotic pathogens. Zoonotic infections (15.0%), needle stick incidents (78.8%), bites (85.0%), as well as infected skin lesions (24.2%) were reported. In 2009, 8.2% of the participants fully agreed with the statement "I have good knowledge of zoonoses and their prevention"; in 2016, the proportion was 10.3%. The reported use of protective practices and personal protective equipment in connection with specific veterinary procedures indicated that there was room for improvement, particularly in protection from pathogens that are transmissible via inhalation and mucous membranes. Conclusion: The results confirm that veterinarians are commonly occupationally exposed to zoonotic pathogens. Education should aim to improve and maintain the knowledge of zoonoses and their prevention. Use of protective practices should be advocated.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-09
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2592798-X
ISSN	2093-7997 ; 2093-7911
ISSN (online)	2093-7997
ISSN	2093-7911
DOI	10.1016/j.shaw.2021.10.008
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Article ; Online: Infection prevention and control practices of ambulatory veterinarians: A questionnaire study in Finland.

Verkola, Marie / Järvelä, Terhi / Järvinen, Asko / Jokelainen, Pikka / Virtala, Anna-Maija / Kinnunen, Paula M / Heikinheimo, Annamari

Veterinary medicine and science

2021 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) 1059–1070

Abstract: Background: Veterinarians face the risk of contracting zoonotic pathogens. Infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines stress the importance of proper hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent transmission of these pathogens.! ...

Abstract	Background: Veterinarians face the risk of contracting zoonotic pathogens. Infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines stress the importance of proper hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent transmission of these pathogens. Objectives: We aimed to assess how ambulatory livestock and equine veterinarians follow IPC guidelines, when working on farms and in stables. Methods: We studied hygiene practices of livestock and equine ambulatory veterinarians (n = 129) in Finland. A web-based questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and information regarding hand-hygiene facilities and practices, use and cleaning of PPE and cleaning of medical equipment. Results: According to 66.9% of the respondents, hand-washing facilities were often adequate on livestock farms, but only 21.4% reported that this was the case in stables (p < .001). While 75.0% reported washing their hands or using hand sanitizer always before moving on to the next farm, only 42.5% reported doing this before moving on to the next stables (p < .001). Universal protective coat or coverall use was more common in livestock practice than in equine practice (91.6% vs. 27.7%, p < .001). Stethoscope cleaning was reported to happen less frequently than once a week by 30.0% of the respondents. Conclusions: Finnish veterinarians' self-reported IPC adherence was far from uniform. IPC was more commonly followed in ambulatory livestock practice perhaps facilitated by better hand-washing facilities on farms than in stables. The study suggests that education of veterinarians is still needed and that hand-washing facilities need to be improved even in a high-income country.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Finland ; Hand Hygiene/statistics & numerical data ; Horses ; Infection Control/statistics & numerical data ; Livestock ; Personal Protective Equipment/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Veterinarians/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2819409-3
ISSN	2053-1095 ; 2053-1095
ISSN (online)	2053-1095
ISSN	2053-1095
DOI	10.1002/vms3.464
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Article ; Online: Studying the virome in psychiatric disease.

Yolken, Robert H / Kinnunen, Paula M / Vapalahti, Olli / Dickerson, Faith / Suvisaari, Jaana / Chen, Ou / Sabunciyan, Sarven

Schizophrenia research

2021 Volume 234, Page(s) 78–86

Abstract: An overlooked aspect of current microbiome studies is the role of viruses in human health. Compared to bacterial studies, laboratory and analytical methods to study the entirety of viral communities in clinical samples are rudimentary and need further ... ...

Abstract	An overlooked aspect of current microbiome studies is the role of viruses in human health. Compared to bacterial studies, laboratory and analytical methods to study the entirety of viral communities in clinical samples are rudimentary and need further refinement. In order to address this need, we developed Virobiome-Seq, a sequence capture method and an accompanying bioinformatics analysis pipeline, that identifies viral reads in human samples. Virobiome-Seq is able to enrich for and detect multiple types of viruses in human samples, including novel subtypes that diverge at the sequence level. In addition, Virobiome-Seq is able to detect RNA transcripts from DNA viruses and may provide a sensitive method for detecting viral activity in vivo. Since Virobiome-Seq also yields the viral sequence, it makes it possible to investigate associations between viral genotype and psychiatric illness. In this proof of concept study, we detected HIV1, Torque Teno, Pegi, Herpes and Papilloma virus sequences in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, plasma and stool samples collected from individuals with psychiatric disorders. We also detected the presence of numerous novel circular RNA viruses but were unable to determine whether these viruses originate from the sample or represent contaminants. Despite this challenge, we demonstrate that our knowledge of viral diversity is incomplete and opportunities for novel virus discovery exist. Virobiome-Seq will enable a more sophisticated analysis of the virome and has the potential of uncovering complex interactions between viral activity and psychiatric disease.
MeSH term(s)	High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Mental Disorders/genetics ; Virome ; Viruses/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.006
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Article ; Online: Low prevalence of zoonotic multidrug-resistant bacteria in veterinarians in a country with prudent use of antimicrobials in animals.

Verkola, Marie / Pietola, Eeva / Järvinen, Asko / Lindqvist, Kristian / Kinnunen, Paula M / Heikinheimo, Annamari

Zoonoses and public health

2019 Volume 66, Issue 6, Page(s) 667–678

Abstract: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria in animals has been increasing worldwide. Working in close contact with livestock increases the risk of carriage of these bacteria. We investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ...

Abstract	The occurrence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria in animals has been increasing worldwide. Working in close contact with livestock increases the risk of carriage of these bacteria. We investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL/pAmpC-PE) and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in Finnish veterinarians (n = 320). In addition to microbiological samples, background information was collected. Bacterial whole genome sequencing was performed to deduce sequence types (STs), spa types and resistance genes of the isolates. In total, 3.0% (9/297) of the veterinarians carried ESBL producing Escherichia coli, with one ESBL producing E. coli isolate producing also AmpC. Seven different STs, sequences of several different plasmid groups as well as several different bla
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Antimicrobial Stewardship ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects ; Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification ; Enterobacteriaceae/pathogenicity ; Female ; Finland ; Humans ; Male ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity ; Veterinarians ; Virulence ; Zoonoses
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2271118-1
ISSN	1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
ISSN (online)	1863-2378
ISSN	1863-1959
DOI	10.1111/zph.12619
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