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Article ; Online: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern Finland.

Mäkitaipale, Johanna / Hietanen, Pinja / Grönthal, Thomas

2024 Volume 66, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Background: Diet and endogenous vitamin D synthesis are possible sources of vitamin D in wild rabbits. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been reported in rabbits after artificial UVB light exposure than in rabbits without this ... ...

Abstract	Background: Diet and endogenous vitamin D synthesis are possible sources of vitamin D in wild rabbits. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been reported in rabbits after artificial UVB light exposure than in rabbits without this exposure, suggesting that endogenous vitamin D synthesis occurs in the former group. In Finnish pet rabbits, diet was reported as main source of vitamin D, while outdoor access was not. Finland's northern location only enables endogenous synthesis from mid-March to mid-October in people with light skin type. Living conditions during winter are challenging for Finnish wild rabbits. This study aimed to measure serum 25(OH)D concentrations and possible natural seasonal variation of vitamin D concentrations in Finnish wild rabbits. Results: Post-mortem blood samples (n = 78) were collected between 2013 and 2021 from wild rabbits hunted for reduction of the wild rabbit population. Separated sera were stored at - 80 °C until 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Data regarding sex were available from 50 rabbits, 29 (58%) of which were females. Mean 25(OH)D concentration was 3.3 (range 0.3-7.1) ng/ml. 25(OH)D concentration was statistically similar between season (autumn, winter, summer), month or year of sample collection, and sex. Conclusions: Wild rabbits living in Finland have very low serum 25(OH)D concentrations. This is far below the previously suggested threshold of vitamin D deficiency in rabbits (17 ng/mL) or the mean 25(OH)D concentration reported in Finnish pet rabbits (26.0 ng/mL). Seasonal variation was not observed in 25(OH)D concentrations between winter and summer months. Even though rabbits are crepuscular animals and may spend the mid-day in underground burrows, the very low observed 25(OH)D concentrations raise doubt about whether vitamin D synthesis occurs efficiently in the skin of rabbits and whether the diet of wild rabbits provides adequate amounts of vitamin D. Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, possible long-term consequences of low 25(OH)D concentrations, and the association of low vitamin D status with other health disorders warrant further investigations in rabbits.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Male ; Rabbits ; Diet ; Finland/epidemiology ; Seasons ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency/veterinary ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
Chemical Substances	25-hydroxyvitamin D (A288AR3C9H) ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-024-00726-0
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Article ; Online: A pilot study of antimicrobial effects and ototoxicity of a Norway spruce (Picea abies) resin-based canine otic rinse product.

Aimo-Koivisto, Elina / Punakallio, Laura / Järvinen, Riikka / Junnila, Jouni / Grönthal, Thomas / Rantala, Merja

Veterinary dermatology

2024

Abstract: Background: Norway spruce (Picea abies) resin-based products are used in human medicine. A resin-based otic rinse also could be useful in supportive care of canine otitis externa (COE), yet information on its antimicrobial effect against canine ... ...

Abstract	Background: Norway spruce (Picea abies) resin-based products are used in human medicine. A resin-based otic rinse also could be useful in supportive care of canine otitis externa (COE), yet information on its antimicrobial effect against canine pathogens or ototoxicity is lacking. Objectives: To investigate the antimicrobial properties and ototoxicity of a commercial resin-based otic product. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial effect was evaluated using a standardised challenge test on Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Corynebacterium auriscanis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Malassezia pachydermatis, and Streptococcus halichoeri strains to measure reduction in growth after 24 h exposure to the product. Effect on cell morphology was investigated by exposing S. pseudintermedius, C. auriscanis, P. aeruginosa and M. pachydermatis to the product in 20% and 100% (v/v) concentrations for 6, 24 and 48 h, and evaluating cells by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. An in vitro microbial kill-rate assay also was performed. Auditory brain stem response test, clinical evaluation and postmortem histological evaluation of ear canals were undertaken on experimental guinea pigs treated with the test product or saline controls. Results: The product showed >log 5 growth reduction for all strains in the challenge test. TEM and SEM images showed clear changes in the cells' inner structures and deterioration of cells, and 100% (v/v) test product exposure induced microbial killing in 1-2 h. Ototoxicity was not detected in guinea pigs. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The product may be an option in supportive care of COE because of antimicrobial effects and lack of ototoxic properties in a guinea pig model.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2011122-8
ISSN	1365-3164 ; 0959-4493
ISSN (online)	1365-3164
ISSN	0959-4493
DOI	10.1111/vde.13229
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Article: Enteropathogenic

Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Maria / Grönthal, Thomas / Heljanko, Viivi / Johansson, Venla / Rantala, Merja / Heikinheimo, Annamari / Laukkanen-Ninios, Riikka

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 13, Issue 1

Abstract: Yersiniosis is a common zoonotic enteric disease among humans, which has been linked to pigs and contaminated food, especially pork. The epidemiology of yersiniosis is still obscure, and studies on yersiniosis in pets are very scarce. In this study, we ... ...

Abstract	Yersiniosis is a common zoonotic enteric disease among humans, which has been linked to pigs and contaminated food, especially pork. The epidemiology of yersiniosis is still obscure, and studies on yersiniosis in pets are very scarce. In this study, we performed pheno- and genotypic characterisation of 50
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens13010054
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Book ; Online: Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Finland

Grönthal, Thomas

2016

Author's details	Thomas Grönthal
Language	German
Size	Online-Ressource
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	Special collection on veterinary medicine and general parasitology

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Article ; Online: A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial protocol for postoperative infections associated with canine pyometra.

Ylhäinen, Anna / Mölsä, Sari / Grönthal, Thomas / Junnila, Jouni / Rantala, Merja / Laitinen-Vapaavuori, Outi / Thomson, Katariina

BMC veterinary research

2023 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 77

Abstract: Background: Pyometra is a common infectious condition, especially in elderly bitches. In addition to an infected uterus, dogs may have concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). The preferred treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pyometra is a common infectious condition, especially in elderly bitches. In addition to an infected uterus, dogs may have concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). The preferred treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, whereupon the general prognosis is excellent. In addition, antimicrobial therapy is frequently prescribed for postoperative treatment. However, no research exists on the benefit of postoperative antimicrobial treatment in uncomplicated canine pyometra. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in treatment of bacterial infections. Diminishing overuse of antimicrobial agents is essential for controlling the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. Methods: This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled two-arm clinical trial is designed to compare the incidence of postoperative infections associated with surgical treatment of uncomplicated pyometra followed by two different treatment protocols. For the study, 150 dogs presenting with an uncomplicated pyometra and that are to undergo surgical treatment will be recruited. Dogs with body weight < 3 or > 93 kg, complicated pyometra, primary disease increasing the risk of infection, or immunosuppressive medication will be excluded. All dogs will receive one dose of sulfadoxine-trimethoprim intravenously as an antimicrobial prophylaxis. Postoperatively, dogs will be randomized to receive either a five-day course of placebo or an active drug, sulfadiazine-trimethoprim orally. During the surgery microbiological samples will be taken from urine and uterine content. The follow-up includes a control visit in 12 days and an interview of the owner 30 days after surgery. If bacteriuria is detected at the time of surgery, a urinary sample will be cultured for bacterial growth at the control visit. The primary outcome is the incidence of a postoperative surgical site infection (SSI), and the secondary outcome is the occurrence of clinical UTI with bacteriuria. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be performed to compare outcome incidences between the treatment groups. Discussion: Research-based evidence is necessary to create treatment guidelines for judicious use of antimicrobials. The goals of this study are to provide evidence for reducing the use of antimicrobials and targeting the treatment to patients proven to benefit from it. Publishing the trial protocol will increase transparency and promote open science practices.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Dogs ; Animals ; Bacteriuria/drug therapy ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; Bacteriuria/microbiology ; Pyometra/surgery ; Pyometra/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy ; Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; Trimethoprim/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Clinical Trials, Veterinary as Topic
Chemical Substances	Trimethoprim (AN164J8Y0X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial Protocol ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2191675-5
ISSN	1746-6148 ; 1746-6148
ISSN (online)	1746-6148
ISSN	1746-6148
DOI	10.1186/s12917-023-03629-w
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Article: Ex-Vivo Adhesion of

Hanifeh, Mohsen / Spillmann, Thomas / Huhtinen, Mirja / Sclivagnotis, Yannes S / Grönthal, Thomas / Hynönen, Ulla

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2021 Volume 11, Issue 11

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Some
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani11113283
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Article ; Online: Equine infectious keratitis in Finland: Associated microbial isolates and susceptibility profiles.

Mustikka, Minna P / Grönthal, Thomas S C / Pietilä, Elina M

Veterinary ophthalmology

2019 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 148–159

Abstract: Objective: To retrospectively describe laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome associated with equine infectious keratitis in Finland.: Animals and procedures: Medical records of horses diagnosed with infectious keratitis in University of ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To retrospectively describe laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome associated with equine infectious keratitis in Finland. Animals and procedures: Medical records of horses diagnosed with infectious keratitis in University of Helsinki Equine Hospital from January 2007 to June 2018 were reviewed. Results: Forty-seven cases were included. Keratomycosis was diagnosed in 27 eyes and bacterial keratitis in 20 eyes. Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent fungal isolate (9/17, 53%), followed by Cylindrocarpon sp. (3/17, 18%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (2/17, 12%). Susceptibility was tested for 10/11 Aspergillus sp. isolates; all were susceptible to voriconazole while only two were susceptible to amphotericin B. Cylindrocarpon sp. isolates were resistant to both agents. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most frequent bacterial isolate (9/19, 47%), followed by other streptococci (4/19, 21%). All 13 Streptococcus sp. isolates were susceptible to penicillin, and all tested isolates (n = 11) were also susceptible to chloramphenicol. Mean duration of medical treatment was longer in fungal keratitis (38 days) than in bacterial keratitis (25 days) (P < .001). Twenty-six of the eyes underwent globe-sparing surgery in addition to medical therapy. Recovery was achieved in 66% (31/47) of all cases and in 59% (16/27) and 75% (15/20) (P = .264) of cases with keratomycosis and bacterial keratitis, respectively. Conclusions: Although Aspergillus sp. and S zooepidemicus were the most frequently encountered isolates, cytology, culture, and susceptibility testing are essential to differentiate bacterial and fungal keratitis and guide the clinician to choose the most efficient treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacterial Infections/epidemiology ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Finland/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases/microbiology ; Horses ; Keratitis/epidemiology ; Keratitis/microbiology ; Keratitis/veterinary ; Male ; Retrospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2011043-1
ISSN	1463-5224 ; 1463-5216
ISSN (online)	1463-5224
ISSN	1463-5216
DOI	10.1111/vop.12701
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Article ; Online: Characterisation of and risk factors for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in an equine hospital with a special reference to an outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307:CTX-M-1.

Thomson, Katariina / Eskola, Katarina / Eklund, Marjut / Suominen, Kristiina / Määttä, Merita / Junnila, Jouni / Nykäsenoja, Suvi / Niinistö, Kati / Grönthal, Thomas / Rantala, Merja

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2022 Volume 64, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) are important causative agents for infections in humans and animals. At the Equine Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki, the first infections caused by ... ...

Abstract	Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) are important causative agents for infections in humans and animals. At the Equine Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki, the first infections caused by ESBL-E were observed at the end of 2011 leading to enhanced infection surveillance. Contact patients were screened for ESBL-E by culturing infection sites and rectal screening. This study was focused on describing the epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of ESBL-E from equine patients of the EVTH during 2011-2014, and analysing putative risk factors for being positive for ESBL-E during an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307. Results: The number of ESBL-E isolations increased through 2012-2013 culminating in an outbreak of multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae ST307:bla Conclusions: The occurrence of an outbreak caused by a pathogenic ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 strain highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance of ESBL-E in veterinary hospitals. Limiting the length of hospitalisation for equine patients may reduce the risk of spread of ESBL-E. It is also important to acknowledge the importance of nasogastric tubing as a potential source of acquiring ESBL-E. As ESBL-E were also found in stomach drench pumps used with nasogastric tubes, veterinary practices should pay close attention to appropriate equipment cleaning procedures and disinfection practices.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Female ; Horse Diseases/drug therapy ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology ; Horses ; Hospitals, Animal ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy ; Klebsiella Infections/epidemiology ; Klebsiella Infections/veterinary ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Risk Factors ; beta-Lactamases
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; beta-lactamase TEM-3 (EC 3.5.2.-) ; beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-022-00621-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial protocol for postoperative infections associated with canine pyometra

Anna Ylhäinen / Sari Mölsä / Thomas Grönthal / Jouni Junnila / Merja Rantala / Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori / Katariina Thomson

BMC Veterinary Research, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Pyometra is a common infectious condition, especially in elderly bitches. In addition to an infected uterus, dogs may have concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). The preferred treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Pyometra is a common infectious condition, especially in elderly bitches. In addition to an infected uterus, dogs may have concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). The preferred treatment is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus, whereupon the general prognosis is excellent. In addition, antimicrobial therapy is frequently prescribed for postoperative treatment. However, no research exists on the benefit of postoperative antimicrobial treatment in uncomplicated canine pyometra. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in treatment of bacterial infections. Diminishing overuse of antimicrobial agents is essential for controlling the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. Methods This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled two-arm clinical trial is designed to compare the incidence of postoperative infections associated with surgical treatment of uncomplicated pyometra followed by two different treatment protocols. For the study, 150 dogs presenting with an uncomplicated pyometra and that are to undergo surgical treatment will be recruited. Dogs with body weight < 3 or > 93 kg, complicated pyometra, primary disease increasing the risk of infection, or immunosuppressive medication will be excluded. All dogs will receive one dose of sulfadoxine-trimethoprim intravenously as an antimicrobial prophylaxis. Postoperatively, dogs will be randomized to receive either a five-day course of placebo or an active drug, sulfadiazine-trimethoprim orally. During the surgery microbiological samples will be taken from urine and uterine content. The follow-up includes a control visit in 12 days and an interview of the owner 30 days after surgery. If bacteriuria is detected at the time of surgery, a urinary sample will be cultured for bacterial growth at the control visit. The primary outcome is the incidence of a postoperative surgical site infection (SSI), and the secondary outcome is the occurrence of clinical UTI with bacteriuria. Intention-to-treat ...
Keywords	Pyometra ; Dog ; Antimicrobial resistance ; Antimicrobial ; Surgical site infection ; Urinary tract infection ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Pastern dermatitis outbreak associated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans at a horse stable in Finland, 2021.

Grönthal, Thomas Sven Christer / Lehto, Anna Karoliina / Aarnio, Sanna Sofia / Eskola, Eva Katarina / Aimo-Koivisto, Elina Marjaana / Karlsson, Teemu / Koskinen, Heli Irmeli / Barkoff, Alex-Mikael / He, Qiushui / Lienemann, Taru / Rimhanen-Finne, Ruska / Mykkänen, Anna

Zoonoses and public health

2023 Volume 71, Issue 2, Page(s) 127–135

Abstract: Aims: Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest ...

Abstract	Aims: Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. C. diphtheriae and/or C. ulcerans were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable. Methods and results: Susceptibility testing, PCR for the tox gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two tox gene-positive, toxin-producing C. diphtheriae belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other C. diphtheriae (n = 2, ST828) and C. ulcerans (n = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the tox gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Horses ; Animals ; Corynebacterium diphtheriae/genetics ; Finland/epidemiology ; Diphtheria/epidemiology ; Diphtheria/microbiology ; Diphtheria/veterinary ; Disease Outbreaks ; Dermatitis/epidemiology ; Dermatitis/veterinary ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology ; Corynebacterium
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2271118-1
ISSN	1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
ISSN (online)	1863-2378
ISSN	1863-1959
DOI	10.1111/zph.13090
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