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Article: Immunological responses in SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection versus SARS-CoV-2 mono-infection: case report of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.

Shahbaz, Shima / Sligl, Wendy / Osman, Mohammed / Elahi, Shokrollah

Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

2023 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 91

Abstract: Background: There is an urgent need to understand the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to inform risk-mitigation approaches for HIV-infected individuals.: Objectives: We conclude that people living with HIV (PLWH) who are antiretroviral therapy ( ... ...

Abstract	Background: There is an urgent need to understand the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to inform risk-mitigation approaches for HIV-infected individuals. Objectives: We conclude that people living with HIV (PLWH) who are antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve could be at a greater risk of morbidity or mortality once co-infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Here, we performed extensive immune phenotyping using flow cytometry. Moreover, to compare the range of values observed in the co-infected case, we have included a larger number of mono-infected cases with SARS-CoV-2. We also quantified soluble co-inhibitory/co-stimulatory molecules in the plasma of our patients. Results: We noted a robust immune activation characterized by the expansion of CD8 Conclusion: These findings imply that inadequate immune reconstitution and/or lack of access to ART could dysregulate immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can result in poor clinical outcomes in PLWH. Our study has implications for prioritizing PLWH in the vaccination program/access to ART in resource-constrained settings.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2434973-2
ISSN	1710-1492 ; 1710-1484
ISSN (online)	1710-1492
ISSN	1710-1484
DOI	10.1186/s13223-023-00846-8
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Article ; Online: Elevated ATP via enhanced miRNA-30b, 30c, and 30e downregulates the expression of CD73 in CD8+ T cells of HIV-infected individuals.

Shahbaz, Shima / Okoye, Isobel / Blevins, Gregg / Elahi, Shokrollah

PLoS pathogens

2022 Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) e1010378

Abstract: CD8+ T cells play a crucial role against chronic viral infections, however, their effector functions are influenced by the expression of co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors. For example, CD73 works with CD39 to convert highly inflammatory ATP to ... ...

Abstract	CD8+ T cells play a crucial role against chronic viral infections, however, their effector functions are influenced by the expression of co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors. For example, CD73 works with CD39 to convert highly inflammatory ATP to adenosine. However, its expression on T cells in the context of viral infections has not been well defined. Here, we analyzed the expression of CD73 on human T cells in a cohort of 102 HIV-infected individuals including those on antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART-naïve, and long-term non-progressors who were not on ART. We found that the frequency of CD73+ T cells was markedly lower among T cell subsets (e.g. naïve, effector or memory) in the peripheral blood of all HIV-infected individuals. Notably, CD73 was decreased at the cell surface, intracellular and gene levels. Functionally, CD8+CD73+ T cells exhibited decreased cytokine expression (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2) upon global or antigen-specific stimulation and impaired expression of cytolytic molecules at the gene and protein levels. In contrast, CD8+CD73+ T cells expressed elevated levels of homing receptors such as CCR7, α4β7 integrin, which suggests a migratory advantage for these cells as observed in vitro. We also observed significant migration of CD73+CD8+ T cells into the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at the time of disease relapse. Moreover, we found that elevated levels of ATP in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals upregulates the expression of miRNA30b-e in T cells in vitro. In turn, inhibition of miRNAs (30b, 30c and 30e) resulted in significant upregulation of CD73 mRNA in CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we provide a novel mechanism for the downregulation of CD73 via ATP-induced upregulation of miRNA30b, 30c and 30e in HIV infection. Finally, these observations imply that ATP-mediated downregulation of CD73 mainly occurs via its receptor, P2X1/P2RX1. Our results may in part explain why HIV-infected individuals have reduced risk of developing MS considering the role of CD73 for efficient T cell entry into the central nervous system.
MeSH term(s)	5'-Nucleotidase/genetics ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics ; HIV Infections/metabolism ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Chemical Substances	GPI-Linked Proteins ; MIRN30a microRNA, human ; MicroRNAs ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE) ; 5'-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) ; NT5E protein, human (EC 3.1.3.5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7374
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7374
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1010378
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Article ; Online: Elevated ATP via enhanced miRNA-30b, 30c, and 30e downregulates the expression of CD73 in CD8+ T cells of HIV-infected individuals.

Shima Shahbaz / Isobel Okoye / Gregg Blevins / Shokrollah Elahi

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 18, Iss 3, p e

2022 Volume 1010378

Abstract	CD8+ T cells play a crucial role against chronic viral infections, however, their effector functions are influenced by the expression of co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors. For example, CD73 works with CD39 to convert highly inflammatory ATP to adenosine. However, its expression on T cells in the context of viral infections has not been well defined. Here, we analyzed the expression of CD73 on human T cells in a cohort of 102 HIV-infected individuals including those on antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART-naïve, and long-term non-progressors who were not on ART. We found that the frequency of CD73+ T cells was markedly lower among T cell subsets (e.g. naïve, effector or memory) in the peripheral blood of all HIV-infected individuals. Notably, CD73 was decreased at the cell surface, intracellular and gene levels. Functionally, CD8+CD73+ T cells exhibited decreased cytokine expression (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2) upon global or antigen-specific stimulation and impaired expression of cytolytic molecules at the gene and protein levels. In contrast, CD8+CD73+ T cells expressed elevated levels of homing receptors such as CCR7, α4β7 integrin, which suggests a migratory advantage for these cells as observed in vitro. We also observed significant migration of CD73+CD8+ T cells into the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at the time of disease relapse. Moreover, we found that elevated levels of ATP in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals upregulates the expression of miRNA30b-e in T cells in vitro. In turn, inhibition of miRNAs (30b, 30c and 30e) resulted in significant upregulation of CD73 mRNA in CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we provide a novel mechanism for the downregulation of CD73 via ATP-induced upregulation of miRNA30b, 30c and 30e in HIV infection. Finally, these observations imply that ATP-mediated downregulation of CD73 mainly occurs via its receptor, P2X1/P2RX1. Our results may in part explain why HIV-infected individuals have reduced risk of developing MS considering the role of CD73 for efficient ...
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Saito, Suguru / Shahbaz, Shima / Luo, Xian / Osman, Mohammed / Redmond, Desiree / Cohen Tervaert, Jan Willem / Li, Liang / Elahi, Shokrollah

Frontiers in immunology

2024 Volume 15, Page(s) 1341843

Abstract: Introduction: A group of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals present lingering symptoms, defined as long COVID (LC), that may last months or years post the onset of acute disease. A portion of LC patients have symptoms similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: A group of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals present lingering symptoms, defined as long COVID (LC), that may last months or years post the onset of acute disease. A portion of LC patients have symptoms similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), which results in a substantial reduction in their quality of life. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC, in particular, ME/CFS is urgently needed. Methods: We identified and studied metabolites and soluble biomarkers in plasma from LC individuals mainly exhibiting ME/CFS compared to age-sex-matched recovered individuals (R) without LC, acute COVID-19 patients (A), and to SARS-CoV-2 unexposed healthy individuals (HC). Results: Through these analyses, we identified alterations in several metabolomic pathways in LC vs other groups. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that LC differed from the R and HC groups. Of note, the R group also exhibited a different metabolomic profile than HC. Moreover, we observed a significant elevation in the plasma pro-inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, Flt-1, and sCD14) but the reduction in ATP in LC patients. Our results demonstrate that LC patients exhibit persistent metabolomic abnormalities 12 months after the acute COVID-19 disease. Of note, such metabolomic alterations can be observed in the R group 12 months after the acute disease. Hence, the metabolomic recovery period for infected individuals with SARS-CoV-2 might be long-lasting. In particular, we found a significant reduction in sarcosine and serine concentrations in LC patients, which was inversely correlated with depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction scores. Conclusion: Our study findings provide a comprehensive metabolomic knowledge base and other soluble biomarkers for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC and suggests sarcosine and serine supplementations might have potential therapeutic implications in LC patients. Finally, our study reveals that LC disproportionally affects females more than males, as evidenced by nearly 70% of our LC patients being female.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Female ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Acute Disease ; Quality of Life ; Sarcosine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Biomarkers ; Serine
Chemical Substances	Sarcosine (Z711V88R5F) ; Biomarkers ; Serine (452VLY9402)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843
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Article: Differential transcriptional and functional properties of regulatory T cells in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy and long-term non-progressors.

Shahbaz, Shima / Jovel, Juan / Elahi, Shokrollah

Clinical & translational immunology

2021 Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) e1289

Abstract: Objectives: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are widely recognised as a subset of CD4: Methods: RNA sequencing (RNAseq), flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping and functional assays were performed to study Tregs in different HIV cohorts.: Results: Our ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are widely recognised as a subset of CD4 Methods: RNA sequencing (RNAseq), flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping and functional assays were performed to study Tregs in different HIV cohorts. Results: Our RNAseq analysis revealed that Tregs exhibit different transcriptional profiles in HIV-infected individuals. While Tregs from patients on ART upregulate pathways associated with a more suppressive (activated) phenotype, Tregs in LTNPs exhibit upregulation of pathways associated with impaired suppressive properties. These observations may explain a higher propensity for autoimmune diseases in LTNPs. Also, we found substantial upregulation of HLA-F mRNA and HLA-F protein in Tregs from HIV-infected subjects compared to healthy individuals. These observations highlight a potential role for this non-classical HLA in Tregs in the context of HIV infection, which should be investigated further in other chronic viral infections and cancer. Conclusion: Our study has provided a novel insight into Tregs at the transcriptional and functional levels in different HIV-infected groups.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-26
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2694482-0
ISSN	2050-0068
ISSN	2050-0068
DOI	10.1002/cti2.1289
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Article ; Online: Differential Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates, Namely, the Wuhan Strain, Delta, and Omicron Variants on Erythropoiesis.

Saito, Suguru / Shahbaz, Shima / Sligl, Wendy / Osman, Mohammed / Tyrrell, D Lorne / Elahi, Shokrollah

Microbiology spectrum

2022 Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) e0173022

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit different viral transmissibility and disease severity. However, their impact on erythropoiesis has not been investigated. Here, we show SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially affect erythropoiesis. This is illustrated by the ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit different viral transmissibility and disease severity. However, their impact on erythropoiesis has not been investigated. Here, we show SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially affect erythropoiesis. This is illustrated by the abundance of CD71
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; COVID-19 ; Erythropoiesis ; Granzymes ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Chemical Substances	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Granzymes (EC 3.4.21.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.01730-22
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Article ; Online: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates, namely the Wuhan strain, Delta variant, and Omicron variant, identifies differential immune profiles.

Shahbaz, Shima / Bozorgmehr, Najmeh / Lu, Julia / Osman, Mohammed / Sligl, Wendy / Tyrrell, D Lorne / Elahi, Shokrollah

Microbiology spectrum

2023 , Page(s) e0125623

Abstract: There is an urgent need to better understand the impact of different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on immune response and disease dynamics to facilitate better intervention strategies. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 ...

Abstract	There is an urgent need to better understand the impact of different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on immune response and disease dynamics to facilitate better intervention strategies. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially affect host immune responses. The magnitude and quantity of cytokines and chemokines were comparable in those infected with the Wuhan strain and the Delta variant. However, individuals infected with the Omicron variant had significantly lower levels of these mediators. We also found an elevation of plasma galectins (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) in infected individuals, in particular, in those with the original strain. Soluble galectins exert a proinflammatory role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. This was illustrated by their correlation with the plasma levels of sCD14, sCD163, enhanced TNF-α/IL-6 secretion, and increased SARS-CoV-2 infectivity
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.01256-23
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Article ; Online: Differential effects of age, sex and dexamethasone therapy on ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Shahbaz, Shima / Oyegbami, Olaide / Saito, Suguru / Osman, Mohammed / Sligl, Wendy / Elahi, Shokrollah

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 1021928

Abstract: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. Although ACE2 facilitates viral entry, its loss leads to promoting the devastating clinical symptoms of COVID-19 disease. Thus, enhanced ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression is likely to increase ... ...

Abstract	ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. Although ACE2 facilitates viral entry, its loss leads to promoting the devastating clinical symptoms of COVID-19 disease. Thus, enhanced ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression is likely to increase predisposition of target cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little evidence existed about the biological kinetics of these two enzymes and whether dexamethasone treatment modulates their expression. Here, we show that the expression of ACE2 at the protein and mRNA levels was significantly higher in the lung and heart tissues of neonatal compared to adult mice. However, the expression of TMPRSS2 was developmentally regulated. Our results may introduce a novel concept for the reduced susceptibility of the young to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, ACE2 expression but not TMPRSS2 was upregulated in adult female lungs compared to their male counterparts. Interestingly, the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions were upregulated by dexamethasone treatment in the lung and heart tissues in both neonatal and adult mice. Furthermore, our findings provide a novel mechanism for the observed differential therapeutic effects of dexamethasone in COVID-19 patients. As such, dexamethasone exhibits different therapeutic effects depending on the disease stage. This was supported by increased ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and subsequently enhanced infection of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and Vero E6 cells with SARS-CoV-2 once pre-treated with dexamethasone. Therefore, our results suggest that individuals who take dexamethasone for other clinical conditions may become more prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Mice ; Animals ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; Dexamethasone/therapeutic use ; Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
Chemical Substances	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; Dexamethasone (7S5I7G3JQL) ; TMPRSS2 protein, human (EC 3.4.21.-) ; Serine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021928
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Article ; Online: Selective Upregulation of CTLA-4 on CD8+ T Cells Restricted by HLA-B*35Px Renders them to an Exhausted Phenotype in HIV-1 infection.

Elahi, Shokrollah / Shahbaz, Shima / Houston, Stan

PLoS pathogens

2020 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e1008696

Abstract: HLA-B*35Px is associated with HIV-1 disease rapid progression to AIDS. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this deleterious effect of this HLA allele on HIV-1 infection outcome has not fully understood. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role to control the ... ...

Abstract	HLA-B35Px is associated with HIV-1 disease rapid progression to AIDS. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this deleterious effect of this HLA allele on HIV-1 infection outcome has not fully understood. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role to control the viral replication but impaired CD8+ T cells represent a major hallmark of HIV-1 infection. Here, we examined the effector functions of CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px (HLA-B35:03 and HLA-B35:02), HLA-B27/B57 and non-HLA-B27/B57 (e.g. HLA-A01, A02, A03, A11, A24, A26, B40, B08, B38, B44). CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px exhibited an impaired phenotype compared with those restricted by HLA-B27/B57 and even non-HLA-B27/B57. CD8+ T cells restricted by non-HLA-B27/B57 when encountered their cognate epitopes upregulated TIM-3 and thus became suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) via TIM-3: Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Strikingly, CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px expressed fewer TIM-3 and therefore did not get suppressed by Tregs, which was similar to CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B27/B57. Instead, CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px upon recognition of their cognate epitopes upregulated CTLA-4. The transcriptional and impaired phenotype (e.g. poor effector functions) of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35 was related to persistent CTLA-4, elevated Eomes and blimp-1 but poor T-bet expression. As such, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Ipilimumab, reversed the impaired proliferative capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px but not others. This study supports the concept that CD8+ T resistance to Tregs-mediated suppression is related to allele restriction rather than the epitope specificity. Our results aid to explain a novel mechanism for the inability of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px to control viral replication.
MeSH term(s)	CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; HIV Infections/immunology ; HIV Infections/metabolism ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/immunology ; HIV-1/metabolism ; HLA-B35 Antigen/immunology ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Phenotype ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	CTLA-4 Antigen ; CTLA4 protein, human ; Cytokines ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; HLA-B35 Antigen
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7366
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1008696
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Article ; Online: Selective Upregulation of CTLA-4 on CD8+ T Cells Restricted by HLA-B*35Px Renders them to an Exhausted Phenotype in HIV-1 infection.

Shokrollah Elahi / Shima Shahbaz / Stan Houston

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e

2020 Volume 1008696

Abstract	HLA-B35Px is associated with HIV-1 disease rapid progression to AIDS. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this deleterious effect of this HLA allele on HIV-1 infection outcome has not fully understood. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role to control the viral replication but impaired CD8+ T cells represent a major hallmark of HIV-1 infection. Here, we examined the effector functions of CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px (HLA-B35:03 and HLA-B35:02), HLA-B27/B57 and non-HLA-B27/B57 (e.g. HLA-A01, A02, A03, A11, A24, A26, B40, B08, B38, B44). CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px exhibited an impaired phenotype compared with those restricted by HLA-B27/B57 and even non-HLA-B27/B57. CD8+ T cells restricted by non-HLA-B27/B57 when encountered their cognate epitopes upregulated TIM-3 and thus became suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) via TIM-3: Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Strikingly, CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px expressed fewer TIM-3 and therefore did not get suppressed by Tregs, which was similar to CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B27/B57. Instead, CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px upon recognition of their cognate epitopes upregulated CTLA-4. The transcriptional and impaired phenotype (e.g. poor effector functions) of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35 was related to persistent CTLA-4, elevated Eomes and blimp-1 but poor T-bet expression. As such, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Ipilimumab, reversed the impaired proliferative capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px but not others. This study supports the concept that CD8+ T resistance to Tregs-mediated suppression is related to allele restriction rather than the epitope specificity. Our results aid to explain a novel mechanism for the inability of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by HLA-B35Px to control viral replication.
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570 ; 616
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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