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Article ; Online: Detection of Airborne Nanoparticles through Enhanced Light Scattering Images.

Ye, Yan / Ou, Qisheng / Chen, Weiqi / Cao, Qingfeng / Kwak, Dong-Bin / Kuehn, Thomas / Pui, David Y H

2022 Volume 22, Issue 5

Abstract: A new method is proposed in this paper to detect airborne nanoparticles, detecting the light scattering caused by both the particle and the surrounding molecules, which can surpass the limitations of conventional laser optical methods while maintaining ... ...

Abstract	A new method is proposed in this paper to detect airborne nanoparticles, detecting the light scattering caused by both the particle and the surrounding molecules, which can surpass the limitations of conventional laser optical methods while maintaining simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This method is derived from a mathematical analysis that describes the particle light scattering phenomenon more exactly by including the influence of light scattered from surrounding gas molecules. The analysis shows that it is often too much of a simplification to consider only light scattering from the detected nanoparticle, because light scattering from the surrounding gas molecules, whether visible or invisible to the sensor, is important for nanoparticle detection. An image detection approach utilizing the light scattering from surrounding air molecules is described for the detection of airborne nanoparticles. Tests using monodisperse nanoparticles confirm that airborne particles of around 50 nm in size can even be detected using a low-cost testing device. This shows further that even when using a simple image processing code, captured particle light scattering images can be converted digitally into instantaneous particle counts or concentrations. The factors limiting conventional pulse detection are further discussed. This new method utilizes a simple static light scattering (SLS) approach to enable the development of new devices with better detection capabilities, paving the way for the further development of nanoparticle detection technology.
MeSH term(s)	Lasers ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Scattering, Radiation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s22052038
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Evaluation of decontamination methods for commercial and alternative respirator and mask materials - view from filtration aspect.

Ou, Qisheng / Pei, Chenxing / Chan Kim, Seong / Abell, Elizabeth / Pui, David Y H

Journal of aerosol science

2020 Volume 150, Page(s) 105609

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the filtration performance of three commercially available (3M 8210 respirator, Halyard 48207 surgical mask, and 3M 1820 procedure mask) and two alternative face mask and respirator materials (Halyard H600 sterilization wrap ... ...

Abstract	This study aims to evaluate the filtration performance of three commercially available (3M 8210 respirator, Halyard 48207 surgical mask, and 3M 1820 procedure mask) and two alternative face mask and respirator materials (Halyard H600 sterilization wrap and Cummins EX101) after selected decontamination treatments, including isopropanol (IPA) treatments (soaking or spraying), ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and heat treatments (dry heat at 77 °C or steam heat). Both IPA soaking and spraying removed most electrostatic charges on all four electret materials (three commercial and one alternative), causing significant deterioration of filtration efficiency to unacceptable level. The other non-electret alternative material sustained its N95-grade performance after both IPA soaking and spraying treatments, demonstrating the possible application of IPA disinfection for non-electret alternative respirator/mask materials. UVGI preserved the filtration of all three commercially available respirator/mask materials after up to 10 treatments, suggesting it can be a possible decontamination method for hospital and clinic use without compromising respirator/mask performance. The considerations of the practical implementation of this method was discussed. Between the two heat treatment methods tested, dry heat showed better compatibility with electret material by sustaining both filtration efficiency and fit (tested on commercial respirator only), although adding moisture was reported in favor of virus inactivation. Heat treatment is easily accessible method for general publics to implement at home, while it is recommended to maintain the moisture level below saturation. Comparing to size-integrated method, the size-resolved fractional efficiency measurement technique, although more time consuming, proved to be a better method for evaluating respirator/mask filtration performance after decontaminations by providing more sensitive detection of performance degradation and the capability of distinguishing charge loss to other mechanisms causing efficiency deterioration. Detailed descriptions are provided in methodology part to emphasize the cares needed for an appropriate efficiency evaluation. The limited results in this study on worn masks made of alternative sterilization wrap indicated possible performance degradation of electret material caused by normal human wearing activities, suggesting the need of assessing respirator/mask decontamination strategy by testing practically worn-and-decontaminated/reused samples instead of unworn only-decontaminated counterparts.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1499134-2
ISSN	1879-1964 ; 0021-8502
ISSN (online)	1879-1964
ISSN	0021-8502
DOI	10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105609
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Article: Protective Masks Utilizing Nonendangered Components.

Griffin, Linsey / Yu, Minji / Cloet, Alison / Arnold, Susan / Carlson, Neil / Hillmyer, Marc / Ou, Qisheng / Pei, Chenxing / Cao, Qingfeng / Pui, David / Franklin, Rhonda / Durfee, William

Journal of medical devices

2022 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 15001

Abstract: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply in the United States, there was a need for alternative products that did not rely on traditional avenues of sourcing and manufacturing. The purpose of this ... ...

Abstract	At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply in the United States, there was a need for alternative products that did not rely on traditional avenues of sourcing and manufacturing. The purpose of this research was to develop and test alternatives to N95 respirators that could be produced locally without specialized materials and processes. Through an interdisciplinary team of experts, new mask designs that use repurposed filtration media and commercially available components were developed and tested for filtration and fit against current N95 standards. Filtration efficiency test results showed that the filtration media can be used for high-quality facemasks and quantitative fit testing demonstrated that the new mask designs could be viable alternatives to traditional N95 facemasks when those masks are in short supply. Manufacturing viability was tested utilizing a workforce to create 6000 masks over 10 days. The ability to quickly produce masks at scale using a workforce without specialized skills demonstrated the feasibility of the mask designs and manufacturing approach to address shortages of critical healthcare equipment, mitigate risk for healthcare and essential workers, and minimize the transmission and spread of disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6181
ISSN	1932-6181
DOI	10.1115/1.4053720
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Article ; Online: Theoretical Framework of a Polydisperse Cell Filtration Model.

Wang, Yujun / Gong, Jian / Su, Changsheng / Ou, Qisheng / Lyu, Qiang / Pui, David / Cunningham, Michael J

Environmental science & technology

2020 Volume 54, Issue 18, Page(s) 11230–11236

Abstract: Filtration via a porous medium is a ubiquitous process where high-fidelity physical models are needed. The classical cell model oversimplifies the filtration medium and results in biased and inaccurate predictions of the filter performance. This paper ... ...

Abstract	Filtration via a porous medium is a ubiquitous process where high-fidelity physical models are needed. The classical cell model oversimplifies the filtration medium and results in biased and inaccurate predictions of the filter performance. This paper presents the discrete framework of a polydisperse cell model that can incorporate any measured pore size distribution. A new equation connecting the polydisperse cell efficiencies and the medium efficiency is derived from first principles. For ceramic filters, the discrete model demonstrates a generic prediction capability of the filtration efficiency with a root-mean-squared difference of 5.4%, while the counterpart of the classical cell model is 26.4%. In addition, the discrete model eliminates the biased predictions of the classical cell model on sub-100 nm particles.
MeSH term(s)	Filtration ; Models, Theoretical ; Particle Size ; Porosity
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c02956
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Focal Loss Analysis of Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectance for Glaucoma Diagnosis.

Tan, Ou / Liu, Liang / You, Qisheng / Wang, Jie / Chen, Aiyin / Ing, Eliesa / Morrison, John C / Jia, Yali / Huang, David

Translational vision science & technology

2021 Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) 9

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate nerve fiber layer (NFL) reflectance for glaucoma diagnosis.: Methods: Participants were imaged with 4.5 × 4.5 mm volumetric disc scans using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The normalized NFL reflectance map was ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To evaluate nerve fiber layer (NFL) reflectance for glaucoma diagnosis. Methods: Participants were imaged with 4.5 × 4.5 mm volumetric disc scans using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The normalized NFL reflectance map was processed by an azimuthal filter to reduce directional reflectance bias caused by variation of beam incidence angle. The peripapillary area of the map was divided into 160 superpixels. Average reflectance was the mean of superpixel reflectance. Low-reflectance superpixels were identified as those with NFL reflectance below the fifth percentile normative cutoff. Focal reflectance loss was measured by summing loss in low-reflectance superpixels. Results: Thirty-five normal, 30 preperimetric, and 35 perimetric glaucoma participants were enrolled. Azimuthal filtering improved the repeatability of the normalized NFL reflectance, as measured by the pooled superpixel standard deviation (SD), from 0.73 to 0.57 dB (P < 0.001, paired t-test) and reduced the population SD from 2.14 to 1.78 dB (P < 0.001, t-test). Most glaucomatous reflectance maps showed characteristic patterns of contiguous wedge or diffuse defects. Focal NFL reflectance loss had significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity than the best NFL thickness parameter (from map or profile): 77% versus 55% (P < 0.001) in glaucoma eyes with the specificity fixed at 99%. Conclusions: Azimuthal filtering reduces the variability of NFL reflectance measurements. Focal NFL reflectance loss has excellent glaucoma diagnostic accuracy compared to the standard NFL thickness parameters. The reflectance map may be useful for localizing NFL defects. Translational relevance: The high diagnostic accuracy of NFL reflectance may make population-based screening feasible.
MeSH term(s)	Glaucoma/diagnosis ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Disk ; Prospective Studies ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Visual Fields
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2674602-5
ISSN	2164-2591 ; 2164-2591
ISSN (online)	2164-2591
ISSN	2164-2591
DOI	10.1167/tvst.10.6.9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Theoretical Framework of a Polydisperse Cell Filtration Model

Wang, Yujun / Gong, Jian / Su, Changsheng / Ou, Qisheng / Lyu, Qiang / Pui, David / Cunningham, Michael J

Environmental science & technology. 2020 Aug. 07, v. 54, no. 18

2020

Abstract	Filtration via a porous medium is a ubiquitous process where high-fidelity physical models are needed. The classical cell model oversimplifies the filtration medium and results in biased and inaccurate predictions of the filter performance. This paper presents the discrete framework of a polydisperse cell model that can incorporate any measured pore size distribution. A new equation connecting the polydisperse cell efficiencies and the medium efficiency is derived from first principles. For ceramic filters, the discrete model demonstrates a generic prediction capability of the filtration efficiency with a root-mean-squared difference of 5.4%, while the counterpart of the classical cell model is 26.4%. In addition, the discrete model eliminates the biased predictions of the classical cell model on sub-100 nm particles.
Keywords	ceramics ; environmental science ; equations ; filtration ; porosity ; porous media ; prediction ; technology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0807
Size	p. 11230-11236.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c02956
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Characterization and mitigation of aerosols and spatters from ultrasonic scalers.

Ou, Qisheng / Placucci, Rafael Grazzini / Danielson, Judy / Anderson, Gary / Olin, Paul / Jardine, Paul / Madden, John / Yuan, Qinghui / Grafe, Timothy H / Shao, Siyao / Hong, Jiarong / Pui, David Y H

Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)

2021 Volume 152, Issue 12, Page(s) 981–990

Abstract: Background: Dental procedures often produce aerosols and spatter, which have the potential to transmit pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The existing literature is limited.: Methods: Aerosols and spatter were ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dental procedures often produce aerosols and spatter, which have the potential to transmit pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The existing literature is limited. Methods: Aerosols and spatter were generated from an ultrasonic scaling procedure on a dental manikin and characterized via 2 optical imaging methods: digital inline holography and laser sheet imaging. Capture efficiencies of various aerosol mitigation devices were evaluated and compared. Results: The ultrasonic scaling procedure generated a wide size range of aerosols (up to a few hundred μm) and occasional large spatter, which emit at low velocity (mostly < 3 m/s). Use of a saliva ejector and high-volume evacuator (HVE) resulted in overall reductions of 63% and 88%, respectively, whereas an extraoral local extractor (ELE) resulted in a reduction of 96% at the nominal design flow setting. Conclusions: The study results showed that the use of ELE or HVE significantly reduced aerosol and spatter emission. The use of HVE generally requires an additional person to assist a dental hygienist, whereas an ELE can be operated hands free when a dental hygienist is performing ultrasonic scaling and other operations. Practical implications: An ELE aids in the reduction of aerosols and spatters during ultrasonic scaling procedures, potentially reducing transmission of oral or respiratory pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Position and airflow of the device are important to effective aerosol mitigation.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19 ; Dental Scaling ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ultrasonics
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	220622-5
ISSN	1943-4723 ; 0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
ISSN (online)	1943-4723
ISSN	0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
DOI	10.1016/j.adaj.2021.06.007
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Article: Evaluation of decontamination methods for commercial and alternative respirator and mask materials – view from filtration aspect

Ou, Qisheng / Pei, Chenxing / Chan Kim, Seong / Abell, Elizabeth / Pui, David Y.H.

J. Aerosol Sci.

Abstract	This study aims to evaluate the filtration performance of three commercially available (3M 8210 respirator, Halyard 48207 surgical mask, and 3M 1820 procedure mask) and two alternative face mask and respirator materials (Halyard H600 sterilization wrap and Cummins EX101) after selected decontamination treatments, including isopropanol (IPA) treatments (soaking or spraying), ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and heat treatments (dry heat at 77 °C or steam heat). Both IPA soaking and spraying removed most electrostatic charges on all four electret materials (three commercial and one alternative), causing significant deterioration of filtration efficiency to unacceptable level. The other non-electret alternative material sustained its N95-grade performance after both IPA soaking and spraying treatments, demonstrating the possible application of IPA disinfection for non-electret alternative respirator/mask materials. UVGI preserved the filtration of all three commercially available respirator/mask materials after up to 10 treatments, suggesting it can be a possible decontamination method for hospital and clinic use without compromising respirator/mask performance. The considerations of the practical implementation of this method was discussed. Between the two heat treatment methods tested, dry heat showed better compatibility with electret material by sustaining both filtration efficiency and fit (tested on commercial respirator only), although adding moisture was reported in favor of virus inactivation. Heat treatment is easily accessible method for general publics to implement at home, while it is recommended to maintain the moisture level below saturation. Comparing to size-integrated method, the size-resolved fractional efficiency measurement technique, although more time consuming, proved to be a better method for evaluating respirator/mask filtration performance after decontaminations by providing more sensitive detection of performance degradation and the capability of distinguishing charge loss to other mechanisms causing efficiency deterioration. Detailed descriptions are provided in methodology part to emphasize the cares needed for an appropriate efficiency evaluation. The limited results in this study on worn masks made of alternative sterilization wrap indicated possible performance degradation of electret material caused by normal human wearing activities, suggesting the need of assessing respirator/mask decontamination strategy by testing practically worn-and-decontaminated/reused samples instead of unworn only-decontaminated counterparts.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #613071
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: 17-Hydroxy-jolkinolide A inhibits osteoclast differentiation through suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs.

Wang, Yingjian / Xu, Xiaohan / Wang, Hong-Bing / Wu, Donglin / Li, Xiao-Ou / Peng, Qisheng / Liu, Ning / Sun, Wan-Chun

International immunopharmacology

2015 Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) 513–520

Abstract: Osteoclasts (OC) are bone-specific multinucleated giant cells (MNCs) derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage cells. Inhibiting osteoclast formation is considered as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of the ... ...

Abstract	Osteoclasts (OC) are bone-specific multinucleated giant cells (MNCs) derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage cells. Inhibiting osteoclast formation is considered as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of the pathological bone loss. In this study, we investigated effects of 17-hydroxy-jolkinolide A (HJA), an ent-abietane diterpenoid isolated from the dried root of Euphorbia fischeriana, on osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL. The results showed that HJA significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation from primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). HJA also prevented bone resorption by mature osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of osteoclastic marker genes, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (Cts K) and MMP-9, was significantly inhibited by HJA. Furthermore, HJA also significantly inhibited RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of MAPK. Our results indicate that HJA has an inhibitory role in the bone loss by preventing osteoclast formation as well as its bone resorptive activity. Therefore, HJA may be useful as a therapeutic reagent for bone loss-associated diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bone Resorption/pathology ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Diterpenes/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors ; Osteoclasts/drug effects ; RANK Ligand/biosynthesis ; RANK Ligand/genetics
Chemical Substances	Diterpenes ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; NF-kappa B ; RANK Ligand ; Tnfsf11 protein, mouse ; jolkinolide A (37905-07-0) ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2043785-7
ISSN	1878-1705 ; 1567-5769
ISSN (online)	1878-1705
ISSN	1567-5769
DOI	10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.004
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Article ; Online: Effect of family history of cancers and environmental factors on risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangdong, China.

Ren, Ze-Fang / Liu, Wen-Sheng / Qin, Hai-De / Xu, Ya-Fei / Yu, Dan-Dan / Feng, Qi-Sheng / Chen, Li-Zhen / Shu, Xiao-Ou / Zeng, Yi-Xin / Jia, Wei-Hua

Cancer epidemiology

2010 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 419–424

Abstract: Background: Family history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an established risk factor for this cancer, but the contributions of family history of other types of cancer and its interaction with environmental factors have not been well characterized.! ...

Abstract	Background: Family history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an established risk factor for this cancer, but the contributions of family history of other types of cancer and its interaction with environmental factors have not been well characterized. Methods: A total of 1845 incident cases of NPC and 2275 matched controls from Guangdong, China were included in this study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from logistic regression models adjusted for smoking, consumption of alcohol, salted fish consumption, and demographic factors. Results: A significant association between the risk of NPC and family history of any cancers in first degree relatives was observed, and higher number of affected family member was related to a higher risk (P(trend)<0.01). Family history of NPC was the strongest predictor for NPC (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 2.46-4.55 for all first degree relatives). The risk of NPC was also positively associated with history of head and neck cancer among parents and lung and breast cancers among siblings. The combination of family history of cancer, especially NPC, and the consumption of salt-preserved fish significantly increased the risk for NPC. Conclusions: These results confirm that the risk for NPC increases with family history of NPC and suggest that lung and breast cancer contribute to risk for NPC. A possible interaction between family history of cancer, especially NPC, and consumption of salt-preserved fish in the development of NPC was also identified.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; China/epidemiology ; Diet ; Environment ; Female ; Food Preservation ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-05-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2508729-0
ISSN	1877-783X ; 1877-7821
ISSN (online)	1877-783X
ISSN	1877-7821
DOI	10.1016/j.canep.2010.04.011
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