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Fraser, Tamieka A / Carver, Scott / Martin, Alynn M / Mounsey, Kate / Polkinghorne, Adam / Jelocnik, Martina

2018 Volume 6, Page(s) e5291

Abstract: Background: The globally distributed epidermal ectoparasite, : Methodology: A Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the ITS-2 gene for : Results: The : Discussion: We have developed a novel, rapid and robust molecular ... ...

Abstract	Background: The globally distributed epidermal ectoparasite, Methodology: A Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the ITS-2 gene for Results: The Discussion: We have developed a novel, rapid and robust molecular assay for detecting
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.5291
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Medications for early treatment of COVID-19 in Australia.

Polkinghorne, Adam / Branley, James M

The Medical journal of Australia

2022 Volume 217 Suppl 9, Page(s) S7–S13

Abstract: Early treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can prevent hospitalisation and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who have one or more risk factors for serious COVID-19 progression. ... ...

Abstract	Early treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can prevent hospitalisation and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who have one or more risk factors for serious COVID-19 progression. While early treatment presents a range of logistical challenges, clinicians are nevertheless aided by a growing number of approved medications for early treatment of COVID-19. Medications include drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody formulations that provide passive immunisation, and immunomodulatory drugs that suppress the body's inflammatory response. Several drugs with different modes of action are approved in Australia for early treatment of COVID-19, including nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, molnupiravir, and monoclonal antibody formulations. Although these drugs are recommended, clinicians are encouraged to remain up to date on current indications, contraindications and the clinical efficacy of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 variants currently circulating in communities. Other treatments, including hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and dietary supplements, have been popularised but are not recommended for early treatment of COVID-19. As new drugs and new data on use of existing approved drugs become available, clinicians face a growing challenge in determining the optimal treatments from the array of options. As it stands, early treatment of COVID-19 needs to be individualised depending on age, pregnancy status, existing medications, and renal and liver disease status. Future treatments in development might have roles in patients with lower risk profiles and in reducing transmission as we learn to live with SARS-CoV-2.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Chemical Substances	Hydroxychloroquine (4QWG6N8QKH) ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antiviral Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-23
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	186082-3
ISSN	1326-5377 ; 0025-729X
ISSN (online)	1326-5377
ISSN	0025-729X
DOI	10.5694/mja2.51750
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Challenges and opportunities for defining the role and value of meat for our global society and economy.

Polkinghorne, Rod / Koohmaraie, Mohammad / Kaster, Collette / Troy, Declan / Rosati, Andrea

Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture

2023 Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) 75–81

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2628125-9
ISSN	2160-6064 ; 2160-6064
ISSN (online)	2160-6064
ISSN	2160-6064
DOI	10.1093/af/vfad002
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Article ; Online: How do general practitioners test and treat gonococcal infections in the Australian Capital Territory? Implications for disease surveillance and control.

Gaborit, Lorane / Polkinghorne, Ben / Marmor, Alexandra

Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)

2022 Volume 46

Abstract: Abstract: The incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) infections in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has increased since 2014 in people reporting heterosexual exposure. This population is more likely to ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: The incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) infections in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has increased since 2014 in people reporting heterosexual exposure. This population is more likely to present to general practice rather than to specialised sexual health clinics, with potential implications for disease surveillance and control. This study aimed to explore: conformity of self-reported clinical practice with sexually transmitted infection guidelines in general practice; gaps in sexual health knowledge and skills; and areas for improved support from ACT Health Communicable Disease Control. A cross-sectional survey of general practitioners (GPs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) practicing in the ACT was conducted in December 2020, using a 17-item questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Twenty-three GPs and one NP returned completed surveys (response rate 5.3%); four GPs and one NP participated in interviews. In its complex setting of competing demands, GP practice may not always meet national guidelines. In response to clinical vignettes, although all GPs ordered investigations for gonorrhoea, only 25% of these met the gold-standard by including endocervical or vaginal swabs. With respect to assessing antimicrobial sensitivities to guide treatment, only 58% correctly reported following up a positive gonococcal polymerase chain reaction test with a culture. Around two-thirds of respondents (62.5%) identified the appropriate antibiotic therapy and 75% correctly identified the responsibility of the diagnosing clinician to discuss contact tracing with the patient. Suggestions for increased support focussed on education, communication efficiency, and providing a 'safety net' for follow up.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Australia/epidemiology ; Australian Capital Territory/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; General Practitioners ; Gonorrhea/diagnosis ; Gonorrhea/drug therapy ; Gonorrhea/epidemiology ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-21
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2209-6051
ISSN (online)	2209-6051
DOI	10.33321/cdi.2022.46.45
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Article ; Online: Psittacosis contagion in 1930: an old story in a new era of zoonotic disease.

Weston, Kathryn M / Polkinghorne, Adam / Branley, James M

Microbes and infection

2022 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 105076

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of zoonotic diseases. Psittacosis, a human disease resulting from infection spill-over from Chlamydia psittaci-infected birds, is a lesser-known example of a zoonosis. Psittacosis was responsible for ...

Abstract	The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of zoonotic diseases. Psittacosis, a human disease resulting from infection spill-over from Chlamydia psittaci-infected birds, is a lesser-known example of a zoonosis. Psittacosis was responsible for numerous outbreaks in the 1930s, characterised by significant human mortality and disruption to the global trade in parrots. This paper describes the epidemiological and clinical details of one family group impacted by the purchase of an infected, imported parrot. Findings are discussed in the context of a growing awareness of the health risks of global disease outbreaks, as well as social and economic impacts. Health information recorded for cases of psittacosis associated with the 1930 cluster was reviewed using contemporary knowledge of disease symptoms and epidemiology. Case details and autopsy reports were examined. Public health investigation deduced that the cluster of infections was chronologically and physically connected to the purchase and subsequent death of an imported parrot. Disease symptoms were consistent with C. psittaci infection. Epidemiological data supported the diagnoses and causes of death, despite the presenting symptoms sharing significant overlap with other common respiratory diseases. There is growing awareness of the risks of epidemiological bridges in transmitting animal diseases to humans. Historical cases are a strong reminder of the fundamental role of scientific and public health responses in the face of such contagion.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Psittacosis/epidemiology ; Psittacosis/veterinary ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Parrots
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-11
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1465093-9
ISSN	1769-714X ; 1286-4579
ISSN (online)	1769-714X
ISSN	1286-4579
DOI	10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105076
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Zs.A 5014: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Evidence for decontamination of single-use filtering facepiece respirators.

Polkinghorne, A / Branley, J

The Journal of hospital infection

2020 Volume 105, Issue 4, Page(s) 663–669

Abstract: Single-use filtering face respirators (FFRs) are critical pieces of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers treating patients with suspected upper respiratory tract pathogens. Experiences during pandemics in the 2000s, as well as the ongoing ...

Abstract	Single-use filtering face respirators (FFRs) are critical pieces of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers treating patients with suspected upper respiratory tract pathogens. Experiences during pandemics in the 2000s, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-2-CoV-2, have highlighted concerns over the pressures that sustained respiratory virus pandemics may have on supplies of FFRs globally. Decontamination of FFRs has been posited as one solution to support the re-use of FFRs with a growing body of literature over the last 10+ years beginning to examine both the efficacy of disinfection of contaminated FFRs but also the impact of the decontamination process on the FFR's performance. Physical and chemical methods of decontamination have been tested for treatment of FFRs with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, sterilization by steam, ethylene oxide and vaporous hydrogen peroxide, demonstrating the most promising results thus far. Many of these methods utilize existing equipment that may already be available in hospitals and could be re-purposed for FFR decontamination. Importantly, some methods may also be replicated on household equipment, broadening the utility of FFR decontamination across a range of healthcare settings. Utilizing techniques to experimentally contaminate FFRs with a range of microorganisms, most decontamination methods appear to reduce the risk of the mask as a source of infection to the wearer and others to negligible levels. The performance of the filter, especially the efficiency of particle penetration following treatment, varied greatly depending on the processing method as well as the model of the filter itself, however. Urgent regulatory body-supported research is required to endorse the routine decontamination of FFRs. In emergency settings, these methods should nevertheless be carefully considered as one strategy to address potential shortfalls in supplies of FFRs for healthcare workers.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Decontamination/methods ; Disinfection/methods ; Disinfection/standards ; Equipment Reuse/standards ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Respiratory Protective Devices/standards ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ultraviolet Rays
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	779366-2
ISSN	1532-2939 ; 0195-6701
ISSN (online)	1532-2939
ISSN	0195-6701
DOI	10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.032
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Zs.A 1586: Show issues

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Article: Optimal Methods of Documenting Analgesic Efficacy in Neonatal Piglets Undergoing Castration.

Sheil, Meredith / Polkinghorne, Adam

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2020 Volume 10, Issue 9

Abstract: Analgesic products for piglet castration are critically needed. This requires extensive animal experimentation such as to meet regulatory-required proof of efficacy. At present, there are no validated methods of assessing pain in neonatal piglets. This ... ...

Abstract	Analgesic products for piglet castration are critically needed. This requires extensive animal experimentation such as to meet regulatory-required proof of efficacy. At present, there are no validated methods of assessing pain in neonatal piglets. This poses challenges for investigators to optimize trial design and to meet ethical obligations to minimize the number of animals needed. Pain in neonatal piglets may be subtle, transient, and/or variably expressed and, in the absence of validated methods, investigators must rely on using a range of biochemical, physiological and behavioural variables, many of which appear to have very low (or unknown) sensitivity or specificity for documenting pain, or pain-relieving effects. A previous systematic review of this subject was hampered by the high degree of variability in the literature base both in terms of methods used to assess pain and pain mitigation, as well as in outcomes reported. In this setting we provide a narrative review to assist in determining the optimal methods currently available to detect piglet pain during castration and methods to mitigate castration-induced pain. In overview, the optimal outcome variables identified are nociceptive motor and vocal response scores during castration and quantitative sensory-threshold response testing and pain-associated behaviour scores following castration.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani10091450
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Article ; Online: Lessons from a COVID-19 outbreak in the disability support sector, Australian Capital Territory, August 2021.

Phabmixay, Aruna / Polkinghorne, Ben / Marmor, Alexandra / Pingault, Nevada / Sloan-Gardner, Timothy / Kirk, Martyn

Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)

2023 Volume 47

Abstract: Abstract: People with disability are at higher risk of severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to complex client needs and available staffing, disability support providers (DSP) were limited in their ability to mitigate the introduction of SARS- ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: People with disability are at higher risk of severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to complex client needs and available staffing, disability support providers (DSP) were limited in their ability to mitigate the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into disability support settings. This report describes the characteristics of a Delta variant outbreak associated with a single DSP in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), in August 2021. We calculated attack rates for workplace exposure sites and households, using the number of people present at workplaces and households as the denominator. Thirty confirmed cases were identified, comprised of 13 support workers, six clients, and 11 household and other contacts. The median age of cases was 30.5 years (range 1 to 80 years) and 5 cases (17%) were hospitalised. No cases were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) or died. Twenty-two percent of people in close contact with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in this cluster (23/103) subsequently tested positive to SARS-CoV-2. Investigations identified multiple primary cases, with one primary case the likely infection source for at least 17 other cases. Despite the majority being eligible for vaccination, only two cases were fully vaccinated (two doses > 14 days before exposure). The mean secondary attack rate at workplace sites (15% or 12/80 close contacts infected) was lower than the tertiary attack rate (47.8% or 11/23 close contacts infected). The overall risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in DSP-related work sites was lower than for household settings (relative risk: 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.82). These findings demonstrate the importance of ongoing collaboration between governments and the disability support sector. Development and delivery of targeted health messaging to people with disability and to disability support workers, regarding infection control in the home setting, and identification of enablers for vaccination, should be the highest priorities from this collaboration.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Australian Capital Territory ; Australia/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-26
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2209-6051
ISSN (online)	2209-6051
DOI	10.33321/cdi.2023.47.34
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Article ; Online: Optimal pain indicators for field trial assessment of analgesic efficacy in piglets undergoing surgical castration

M Sheil / A Polkinghorne

Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, Vol

2021 Volume 134

Abstract: There is a growing demand for pain mitigation strategies that improve the welfare of piglets undergoing surgical castration in commercial pig production systems. While a range of potential anaesthetic and/or analgesic interventions have been trialled, ... ...

Abstract	There is a growing demand for pain mitigation strategies that improve the welfare of piglets undergoing surgical castration in commercial pig production systems. While a range of potential anaesthetic and/or analgesic interventions have been trialled, efforts to confirm efficacy in field use, are stymied by the absence of ‘gold-standard’ methods to measure pain experienced by piglets during and after surgical castration. A review of the available literature in this field reveals that many methods commonly utilised to measure piglet pain lack sensitivity and/or specificity and may be unreliable. Measurement of biomarkers of physiological responses to pain, for example, appear to be readily confounded by similar responses to handling and restraint and/or to tissue trauma, which may occur in the absence of piglet pain. Similarly, it is challenging to accurately document pain-related behaviours in neonatal piglets following castration, since such behavioural disturbances are subtle, variably expressed and short-lived as compared with those undergoing handling only. Of the methods reviewed, nociceptive motor responses and/or vocal responses during the procedure, and targeted direct observation of specific pain-related behaviours, along with mechanical sensory testing for sensory hyperalgesia following the procedure, appear to be the most reliable methods for detection of pain in neonatal piglets, with significant differences most consistently observed between castrated and non-castrated animals, and/or those receiving analgesia/anaesthesia versus those left untreated. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of current methods of measuring perioperative pain in piglets is critical to ongoing efforts by stakeholders to develop effective pain mitigation strategies.
Keywords	pain mitigation ; anaesthesia ; Biomarker ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	German
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Schlütersche Fachmedien GmbH
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Mini Review: Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals: Current Practices and Issues.

Bommana, Sankhya / Polkinghorne, Adam

Frontiers in microbiology

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 113

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Chlamydia
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113
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